装备产品概念的来源与形成过程研究
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摘要
产品概念是对拟开发新产品的形状、功能和特性的描述。产品创新的成功常常取决于产品概念开发。在市场需求快速变化、技术体系迅速膨胀背景下,装备产品概念开发日益成为本土装备制造业企业获取竞争优势的关键,如何进行有效的装备产品概念开发已成为一项重要而紧迫的课题。为此,论文以装备产品为研究对象,研究结论为本土装备产品概念开发提供行动指导。
论文采用文献分析、案例研究与统计分析相结合的方法。首先对产品概念、技术集成和复杂产品系统等相关领域的研究进行了评析,使整个研究有坚实的理论基础,文献研究中揭示出的问题也成为本研究的切入点。随后,设计初始问卷,采取专家访谈和田野调查方式,采集装备产品概念开发资料。最后,修改并确定调查问卷,选取133个装备产品开发项目进行调研,撰写案例分析报告并分析统计数据。论文主要研究工作如下。
第一,基于数据分析,探查了装备产品概念来源的分布规律及其典型特征,并分析了用户作为装备产品概念来源的作用。研究表明,制造商是装备产品概念的主要来源,用户、竞争者、第三方技术源、供应商和大学是装备产品概念来源的重要补充,本土装备产品概念需要多方参与的合作创新网络支持。案例分析表明,用户在提供需求信息、促进创意产生、加速产品概念开发方面发挥重要作用。
第二,基于多案例研究,提出了装备产品概念形成过程模型。案例分析表明,装备产品概念的形成包括需求趋势分析、用户需求识别、产品原型识别、技术模块明晰,以及技术评价与选择五个阶段。需求趋势分析包括需求提取、需求分析和需求确认,用户需求识别包括确认领先用户、访问领先用户和邀请领先用户参与互动式研发,产品原型识别包括选择产品原型、适应性改进和确定目标产品,技术模块明晰包括模块划分、模块转换和模块确定,最后,进行相关技术模块评价,并根据产品开发目标做出技术选择。
第三,在理论研究基础上,构建了装备产品概念的形成机制模型,并进行实证研究。研究表明,市场导向对产品概念绩效和产品开发绩效有正向影响,市场导向通过产品概念绩效对产品开发绩效产生间接影响。技术不确定性与产品概念绩效和产品开发绩效负相关,技术不确定性通过产品概念绩效对产品开发绩效产生间接影响,产品概念绩效对产品开发绩效有正向影响。对实证结果的讨论表明,市场导向通过用户导向、竞争者导向和本企业协作导向促进需求识别,从而改善产品概念绩效；技术不确定性促进了原型使用,从而提高产品概念绩效。
Product concept is the description of the form, function, and feature of the new product to be developed. The success of product innovation often depends on the product concept development. With the rapid change of demand and prompt expansion of technologies, the development of the equipment product concept is increasingly becoming a key point for local equipment enterprises to gain competitive advantages. Therefore, how to develop efficient concept of equipment product is becoming an important and urgent issue. Taking equipment products as the research object, the conclusions provide operational guidance for the development of concept of local equipment products.
Literature analysis and case study, as well as statistical analysis were adopted in this paper. The study begins with a comprehensive review of literature on product concept, technology integration, and complex product system. The review not only provides a sound theoretical foundation, but also reveals the breakthrough point for this study. Then, the pre-survey questionnaire is designed. The data sources were collected through expert interviews and field study. Finally, adapted from prior studies, a questionnaire investing equipment products concept from 133 development projects were developed, followed by case study reports and statistical analysis. The main contributions of this paper are as following.
First of all, based on data analysis, the distribution rules and its typical characteristics of sources of equipment product concept were explored, and the roles of user on the equipment product concept were analyzed based on case study. The paper proposes that manufacturers are the main sources of equipment product concept. Users, competitors, third-party technology providers, suppliers, and universities, are important complementary sources. Accordingly, the formation of local equipment product concept requires collective participation and cooperation among all these parties. The case study demonstrates that users play an important role in providing demand information, promoting idea generation, and speeding up the development of product concept.
Second, a formation model of equipment product concept based on multiple-case study is proposed. As presented, the formation of equipment product concept includes the following five phases, namely, demand trend analysis, user needs identification, prototype identification, technical module clarity, technology assessment and selection. Specifically, demand trend analysis involves extracting demand, demand analysis and needs confirmation; user needs identification includes identification of lead user, accessing to lead user and inviting lead user to participate in an interactive research and development; prototype identification consists of selection of prototype, adaptive improving and goal product determination; technical module clarity contains module partition, module conversion and module determination; finally, based on product development goals, technological selection are made, followed by product design evaluation index system for evaluation of the related technical modules.
Third, the formation mechanism of equipment product concept is studied on the basis of theoretical and empirical analysis. It indicates that market orientation positively affects the performance of product concept, as well as the performance of product development. In addition, market orientation indirectly affects the performance of product development by working on the performance of product concept. Technological uncertainty negatively affects the performance of product concept and the product development. Technological uncertainty indirectly acts on the performance of product development through affecting the performance of product concept. The performance of product concept positively affects the performance of product development. The empirical results show that, market orientation promotes demand identification through customer orientation, competitor orientation, and interfunctional coordination within enterprises, and consequently improves the performance of product concept. In addition, technological uncertainty promotes the use of prototype, and sequentially improves the performance of product concept.
论文采用文献分析、案例研究与统计分析相结合的方法。首先对产品概念、技术集成和复杂产品系统等相关领域的研究进行了评析,使整个研究有坚实的理论基础,文献研究中揭示出的问题也成为本研究的切入点。随后,设计初始问卷,采取专家访谈和田野调查方式,采集装备产品概念开发资料。最后,修改并确定调查问卷,选取133个装备产品开发项目进行调研,撰写案例分析报告并分析统计数据。论文主要研究工作如下。
第一,基于数据分析,探查了装备产品概念来源的分布规律及其典型特征,并分析了用户作为装备产品概念来源的作用。研究表明,制造商是装备产品概念的主要来源,用户、竞争者、第三方技术源、供应商和大学是装备产品概念来源的重要补充,本土装备产品概念需要多方参与的合作创新网络支持。案例分析表明,用户在提供需求信息、促进创意产生、加速产品概念开发方面发挥重要作用。
第二,基于多案例研究,提出了装备产品概念形成过程模型。案例分析表明,装备产品概念的形成包括需求趋势分析、用户需求识别、产品原型识别、技术模块明晰,以及技术评价与选择五个阶段。需求趋势分析包括需求提取、需求分析和需求确认,用户需求识别包括确认领先用户、访问领先用户和邀请领先用户参与互动式研发,产品原型识别包括选择产品原型、适应性改进和确定目标产品,技术模块明晰包括模块划分、模块转换和模块确定,最后,进行相关技术模块评价,并根据产品开发目标做出技术选择。
第三,在理论研究基础上,构建了装备产品概念的形成机制模型,并进行实证研究。研究表明,市场导向对产品概念绩效和产品开发绩效有正向影响,市场导向通过产品概念绩效对产品开发绩效产生间接影响。技术不确定性与产品概念绩效和产品开发绩效负相关,技术不确定性通过产品概念绩效对产品开发绩效产生间接影响,产品概念绩效对产品开发绩效有正向影响。对实证结果的讨论表明,市场导向通过用户导向、竞争者导向和本企业协作导向促进需求识别,从而改善产品概念绩效；技术不确定性促进了原型使用,从而提高产品概念绩效。
Product concept is the description of the form, function, and feature of the new product to be developed. The success of product innovation often depends on the product concept development. With the rapid change of demand and prompt expansion of technologies, the development of the equipment product concept is increasingly becoming a key point for local equipment enterprises to gain competitive advantages. Therefore, how to develop efficient concept of equipment product is becoming an important and urgent issue. Taking equipment products as the research object, the conclusions provide operational guidance for the development of concept of local equipment products.
Literature analysis and case study, as well as statistical analysis were adopted in this paper. The study begins with a comprehensive review of literature on product concept, technology integration, and complex product system. The review not only provides a sound theoretical foundation, but also reveals the breakthrough point for this study. Then, the pre-survey questionnaire is designed. The data sources were collected through expert interviews and field study. Finally, adapted from prior studies, a questionnaire investing equipment products concept from 133 development projects were developed, followed by case study reports and statistical analysis. The main contributions of this paper are as following.
First of all, based on data analysis, the distribution rules and its typical characteristics of sources of equipment product concept were explored, and the roles of user on the equipment product concept were analyzed based on case study. The paper proposes that manufacturers are the main sources of equipment product concept. Users, competitors, third-party technology providers, suppliers, and universities, are important complementary sources. Accordingly, the formation of local equipment product concept requires collective participation and cooperation among all these parties. The case study demonstrates that users play an important role in providing demand information, promoting idea generation, and speeding up the development of product concept.
Second, a formation model of equipment product concept based on multiple-case study is proposed. As presented, the formation of equipment product concept includes the following five phases, namely, demand trend analysis, user needs identification, prototype identification, technical module clarity, technology assessment and selection. Specifically, demand trend analysis involves extracting demand, demand analysis and needs confirmation; user needs identification includes identification of lead user, accessing to lead user and inviting lead user to participate in an interactive research and development; prototype identification consists of selection of prototype, adaptive improving and goal product determination; technical module clarity contains module partition, module conversion and module determination; finally, based on product development goals, technological selection are made, followed by product design evaluation index system for evaluation of the related technical modules.
Third, the formation mechanism of equipment product concept is studied on the basis of theoretical and empirical analysis. It indicates that market orientation positively affects the performance of product concept, as well as the performance of product development. In addition, market orientation indirectly affects the performance of product development by working on the performance of product concept. Technological uncertainty negatively affects the performance of product concept and the product development. Technological uncertainty indirectly acts on the performance of product development through affecting the performance of product concept. The performance of product concept positively affects the performance of product development. The empirical results show that, market orientation promotes demand identification through customer orientation, competitor orientation, and interfunctional coordination within enterprises, and consequently improves the performance of product concept. In addition, technological uncertainty promotes the use of prototype, and sequentially improves the performance of product concept.
引文
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