摘要
臭氧(O3)是地球大气中的重要微量成分之一。对流层O3浓度升高加剧了温室效应并导致日益严重的区域光化学污染。为便于理解O3与其前体物之间的复杂非线性关系,人们发展了一些可基于观测取得的指标,臭氧生成效率(OPE)属于其中较为常用的一种指标。本论文对上甸子本底站的OPE和挥发性有机物(VOCs)开展了观测研究,对VOCs与OPE之间的关系进行了探讨,并研究了不同来向气流所应的污染物和OPE值的差异。
2008年4月至2008年9月,在北京上甸子站连续监测了反应性气体浓度,计算了该站的OPE值。利用采样罐采集了上甸子站的大气样品并在实验室进行了VOCs分析。采用全二维气相色谱(GC×GC)技术分析了C4-C16之间的VOCs和含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs),采用双毛细柱气相色谱技术分析了C2-C10之间的VOCs。此外,为了保证实验数据的质量,本次试验严格执行了质量控制和质量保证措施。
基于观测的计算结果表明,2008年4月至9月的OPE的平均值为4.9±3.6,总体上各月OPE值变化不大,只是4月和7月OPE的平均值较其它月份稍高。OPE值随NOx浓度的变化基本符合二次曲线,当NOx小于14.2 ppb时,OPE随着NOx的增加而增加;当NOx大于14.2 ppb时,OPE随着NOx的增加而减少。相关分析表明,芳香烃浓度变化与OPE的相关性最好,其次是植物排放的VOCs和OVOCs,但是OVOCs等效丙烯浓度与OPE的相关程度最高。
借助后向轨迹法研究了不同来向气流对污染状况和OPE值的影响,结果表明,无论是奥运减排之前还是减排期间,最高OPE值都对应于来自西北方向的干净气流。受北京城区方向气流影响的轨迹4-6月份占31.9%, OPE值为4.7±3.3;7-9月份占26.1%, OPE值为6.6±5.5。
Ozone (O3) is one of the important trace components in Earth's atmosphere. The increase of the O3 level in the troposphere has added to global warming and caused increasingly serious regional photochemical pollution. To facilitate the understanding of the complex nonlinear relationship between O3 and its precursors, some observation-based indicators have been developed; with ozone production efficiency (OPE) being one of the common indicators. In this thesis, observational studies of OPE and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are conducted at the Shangdianzi Background Station, relationships between VOCs and OPE are discussed,and differences in pollutants concentrations and OPE values among different air parcel backward trajactories are studied.
Concentrations of reactive gases were observed at Shangdianzi station in the April-September 2008 period and the corresponding OPE values were calculated. Air samples were collected at the station using stainless steel canisters and analyzed in the laboratory for VOCs. The comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC)technique was applied to the analysis of VOCs and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in the carbon range of C4-C16, while the dual-capillary gas chromatography was used to analyzed VOCs in the carbon range of C2-C10. During the observation and analysis QA/QC measures were taken to ensure the data quality.
The observation-based OPE results show that overall average OPE at Shangdianzi was 4.9±3.6 for the period from April to September 2008, with the values in April and July being slightly higher than those in other months. The dependence of OPE on the NOx concentration can be described using an empirical parabolic function. If the concentration of NOx is lower than 14.2 ppb, OPE increases with NOx; while if the concentration of NOx is higher than 14.2 ppb, OPE decreases with NOx. The correlation analysis indicates that the concentration of aromatics is best correlated to OPE, followed by those of biogenic VOCs and OVOCs. However, the propylene-equivalent concentration of OVOCs is best correlated to OPE.
Backward trajectories of air parcel were calculated and used to characterize the influences of the air parcel trajectory on pollutants and OPE. The results show that both in the emission control period of Olympic Games in Beijing and in the period before, the OPE value was highest when relatively clean air parcels were from the northwest sector. In the April-June period about 31.9% of the trajectories were affected by the Beijing City and the corresponding OPE was 4.7±3.3, while in the July-September period about 26.1% of the trajectories were affected by the city, and the corresponding OPE was 6.6±5.5.
引文
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