马兰庄铁矿合理边际品位的研究
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摘要
矿石开采边际品位的确定是矿产业中一个非常重要的决策问题,它一方面直接影响到矿山企业经济效益高低,同时还影响整个国家的矿产资源有效利用的水平。矿石开采边际品位的确定涉及到复杂的分析与计算,它与经济管理、地质、采矿、选矿、应用数学、计算机等学科知识紧密相联系。结合马兰庄铁矿沙河山采场的实际情况,运用确定边际品位的准优化模型和建立的线性规划配矿模型以实现系统优化。
首先对国内外关于矿石开采品位指标经济分析研究的思想方法演进做了较详尽的分析与评价,并根据经济分析方法的典型特征进行了历史阶段的分期。深入地剖析了影响矿石开采边际品位经济性的主要技术经济因素,为最优化模型的建立和应用提供了变量关联性分析基础。
针对马兰庄铁矿的实际情况,综合地运用管理经济学中多种决策成本理论,通过运用准优化模型,分析研究了在当前开采品位指标的基础上,进一步降低矿石开采边际品位的经济性,计算出不同贴现率下矿山剩余服务年限内各年份的最优的边际品位,并确定出了各年份品位可下调的界限。同时应用价格和成本波动时的动态模型,求出矿山可随时根据市场变化调节的最优的边际品位值。这类模型建模过程简单,计算方便,对马兰庄铁矿进行低品位矿利用分析具有可操作性。此模型对于其他单金属露天矿山同样适用。
最后在此基础上分析了马兰庄铁矿的生产计划和费用支出情况,建立了线性规划配矿模型,求出了能使矿山当期效益达到最大的最优开采方案,并可按照实际情况的变化不断调整。
The determination of cutoff grade in mining operation is an important decision-making problem. On one hand, it directly affects the economic benefits of a mine. On the other hand, it has a great impact on the efficient utilization of mineral resource in a whole nation. The determination of cutoff grade involves complicated analysis and calculations, and it also has close relations with the knowledge of geology, mining, mineral processing, applied mathematics, economics and management. Combining the actual conditions in Shaheshan Stope, Malanzhuang Mine with the constructed optimizing model and ore-blending model achieved system optimization.
First, the evolution of the theories and models of cutoff grade both in China and abroad is described, historical period is determined according to their analytical method. The technological and economic factors relating to the cutoff grade analysis are studied, providing the basis for the inter-variable relations analysis in optimization modeling.
Aiming at the real actuality of Malanzhuang iron mine, by utilizing many kinds of decision theories of cost control in Management Economics, and use the optimizing model to confirm if it is economical to reduce the current cutoff grade furtthermore. And every year’s optimal cutoff grade in the life of the mine for the different discount rates are worked out.It also confirms the lower limit of the cutoff grade of every year. At the same time,use the model of price and cost fluctuation, the optimal cutoff grade for the variational market is worked out. They are especially applicable for the economic analysis of the utilization of low-grade ores in Malanzhuang iron mine. As well, this model is applicable to other single metal open-pit mines.
Finally,on the basis of above analyzing the production plan and expenditure disposition, the model of linear programming ore blending is set up. With this established model, the scheme of optimal exploitation is put forward. And also it can be adjusted constantly according to actual situation.
首先对国内外关于矿石开采品位指标经济分析研究的思想方法演进做了较详尽的分析与评价,并根据经济分析方法的典型特征进行了历史阶段的分期。深入地剖析了影响矿石开采边际品位经济性的主要技术经济因素,为最优化模型的建立和应用提供了变量关联性分析基础。
针对马兰庄铁矿的实际情况,综合地运用管理经济学中多种决策成本理论,通过运用准优化模型,分析研究了在当前开采品位指标的基础上,进一步降低矿石开采边际品位的经济性,计算出不同贴现率下矿山剩余服务年限内各年份的最优的边际品位,并确定出了各年份品位可下调的界限。同时应用价格和成本波动时的动态模型,求出矿山可随时根据市场变化调节的最优的边际品位值。这类模型建模过程简单,计算方便,对马兰庄铁矿进行低品位矿利用分析具有可操作性。此模型对于其他单金属露天矿山同样适用。
最后在此基础上分析了马兰庄铁矿的生产计划和费用支出情况,建立了线性规划配矿模型,求出了能使矿山当期效益达到最大的最优开采方案,并可按照实际情况的变化不断调整。
The determination of cutoff grade in mining operation is an important decision-making problem. On one hand, it directly affects the economic benefits of a mine. On the other hand, it has a great impact on the efficient utilization of mineral resource in a whole nation. The determination of cutoff grade involves complicated analysis and calculations, and it also has close relations with the knowledge of geology, mining, mineral processing, applied mathematics, economics and management. Combining the actual conditions in Shaheshan Stope, Malanzhuang Mine with the constructed optimizing model and ore-blending model achieved system optimization.
First, the evolution of the theories and models of cutoff grade both in China and abroad is described, historical period is determined according to their analytical method. The technological and economic factors relating to the cutoff grade analysis are studied, providing the basis for the inter-variable relations analysis in optimization modeling.
Aiming at the real actuality of Malanzhuang iron mine, by utilizing many kinds of decision theories of cost control in Management Economics, and use the optimizing model to confirm if it is economical to reduce the current cutoff grade furtthermore. And every year’s optimal cutoff grade in the life of the mine for the different discount rates are worked out.It also confirms the lower limit of the cutoff grade of every year. At the same time,use the model of price and cost fluctuation, the optimal cutoff grade for the variational market is worked out. They are especially applicable for the economic analysis of the utilization of low-grade ores in Malanzhuang iron mine. As well, this model is applicable to other single metal open-pit mines.
Finally,on the basis of above analyzing the production plan and expenditure disposition, the model of linear programming ore blending is set up. With this established model, the scheme of optimal exploitation is put forward. And also it can be adjusted constantly according to actual situation.
引文
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[3]胡明清.边际品位的调整与低品位矿石资源的回收[J].采矿技术,2006(3):594-596.
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[51]徐焘.地质经济学的几个研究课题[J].矿产地质动态,1985(l):77-80.
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[2]杨占峰,柳建勇.白云鄂博铁矿磁铁矿石边际品位的研究[J].矿业快报,2007(7):35-37.
[3]胡明清.边际品位的调整与低品位矿石资源的回收[J].采矿技术,2006(3):594-596.
[4]初道忠,王青,任凤玉.国外某地下铜矿边际品位的研究[J].中国矿业,2007(4):94-97.
[5]谢英亮.露天矿边际品位最优化的经济分析[D].长沙:中南大学,2004.
[6]李小平.合理确定露天开采矿山的边际品位[J].金属矿山,2000(10):16-17.
[7] TAYLOR.General background theory of cutoff grade[J].Min.Metall,1972:160-79.
[8]王青.露天矿整体最优化[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.
[9] CARLISLE D.Economic aspects of the definition of ore[J]. Metall,1964:89-99.
[10] KALCOV D.G.Discussionon cutoff grade[J].Min.Metall,London:January,1973:40-41.
[11] MUSGROVE P,Lead grade-tonnage relation.Mining Magzine,London:112,1965:36-44.
[12] KRIGE D.G.Effective pay limits for selective mining[J].MinMetall,62,Jan,1962,345-363.
[13] ERICKSON J.D.Long-range openpit Planning.Mine Engineering 20 April,1968:75-78.
[14] VIKERS.Marginal analysis,its application in determining cutoff grade[J].Min.Eng,1961:578-582.
[15] HALLS,Determination of optimum ore reserves and plant size by incremental finacial analysis[M].CIM.72.August.1969.
[16] HENNING U,calculation of cutoff grade[J].Min.March,1963:54-57.
[17] LANE K.F.Commercial aspects of choosing cutoff grades.In proceedings of The sixteenth APCOM symposium.1979[C].Tueson,Arizona,1979.
[18] LANE K.F.Choosing the optimum cutoff grade[J].Mines,1964,8(4):11-29.
[19] TAYLOR H.K.The northern porphyries:Local features and their effects on valuation and planning[J].Min. Engineering.Nov.1980:41-67.
[20] TAYLOR H.K.Cutoff grades-some further reflections.Min[J].Metall,1985,5(4):204-16.
[21] NILSSON D.Optimum cutoff grade in underground mining[J].Min.,1982,6(4):65-70.
[22] LANE K.F.The economic definition of ore[M].Mining Journal Books.London,1988.
[23] ARNOLD R.P,George V.S.Planning and operational cutoff grades based on computerizated net present value and net cash flow.CIM Bulletin,1985,7:47-51.
[24] SCHAAP . Principles of an adaptive concentrator cutoff grade policy[J] . Min.Metall, 1986,1(6):15-21.
[25] OMER Mol.Cutoff grade determination for mines producing direct-shipp iron ore[J].Min. Metall,1984,289:283-286.
[26] TATIYA R.R..Cutoff grade decisions in relation to an India copper-mining complex[J].Min. Metall,1989,105:127-131.
[27] DOWD.P.A.Open-pit optimization-part optimal open-pit design[J].Min.Metall,1993,102:95-104.
[28] CAVENDER.Determination of the optimun lifetime of a mining project using discounted cash flow and option pricing techniques[J].Mining Engineering,1992:1262-1268.
[29] HASSAN Sevim . Production planning with working-slope maximum-metall pit sequence[J].Min.Metall,1996,8:93-98.
[30] SEVIM H.A dynamic programming based algorithm for optimum production planning in open-pit mines[J].Metallurgy and Exploration,1994,8(2):151-230.
[31] DOWD P.A.Risk assessment in reserve estimation and open-pit planning[J].Trans Inst Min.Metall,1994,103:48-54.
[32] HALATCHEV R.A . Risk model of planned profit from a surface mining venture[J].Min.Metall,1996,10(5):137-141.
[33] QING WANG.Long-term open-pit production scheduling through dynamic phase-bench sequencing[J].Min.Metall,1996,8:99-103.
[34] SAMIS M,Poulin R.Valuing management flexibility:A basis to compare the standard DCF and MAP valuation frameworks[J].CIM Blulletin,April 1998:69-74.
[35] MOYEN N . Valuing risk and flexibility:A comparison of methods[J] . Resources Policy,1996(22):63-74.
[36] SMITH L.D.Discount rates and risk assessment in mineral project evaluntions[J].CIM Bulletin,1995,9(989)34-43.
[37] M ARMSTRONG.Option pricing:a new approach to valuing mining projects[J].CIM Bulletin.1997,4:37-44.
[38]长沙黑色矿山设计研究院.黑色冶金矿山技术经济设计参考资料(自编),1979,长沙,82-93.
[39]刘建平.对脉状钨矿工业指标再行试就的一点看法[J].大吉山科技1984(2):4-8.
[40]李泽临.边际品位小议[J].有色金属(矿山),1981(6):39-40.
[41]李程光.生产矿山最低作业品位探讨[J].江西冶金,1983(2):10-11.
[42]任启明.确定矿山工业指标中几个问题的探讨[J].冶金经济分折,1983(4):36-41.
[43]王介甫,许楚彬.关于矿床工业指标的研究[J].化工矿山技术,1984(6):9-14.
[44]王惠民.浅谈矿石工业指标[J].化工矿山技术,1982(3):47-50.
[45]张玉清.用动态法确定开采工业品位的探讨[J].矿山地质,1986(1):12-15.
[46]叶胜德.矿床经济评价中的贴现方法探讨[J].矿产地质动态,1985(ll):28-31.
[47]刘新.论最佳边际品位及其确定[J].地质经济动态,1985(l):25-34.
[48]王成发.关于经济地质学的几个问题[J].矿产地质动态,1984(3):6-9.
[49]钱抗生.开创冶金地质工作新局面[J].矿产地质动态,1984(10):18-20.
[50]扬久柱.关于合理确定黑钨脉状矿开采价值问题研究[J].有色金属(矿山)1986(3):9-13.
[51]徐焘.地质经济学的几个研究课题[J].矿产地质动态,1985(l):77-80.
[52]陈显贵.关于露天矿最低工业品位的探讨[J].矿业科技工作者,1986(2):10-15.
[53]李菊平.矿石可采品位及可采厚度的技术经济分析[J].冶金经济分析,1987(4):23-29.
[54]徐焘.矿石级差品位指标与兰纳的边际品位理论[J].数量经济技术经济究,1985(14):41-47.
[55]谢英亮.露天矿边际品位计算[J].矿业科技,1987(4):7-12.
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