船舶进出港规则对沿海散货港区航道通过能力的影响
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摘要
全球经济和贸易的日益繁荣,促进了航运事业的快速发展,船舶尺寸大型化的趋势愈加明显,数量迅速增长。船舶的大型化和数量的增加,在带来港口规模效益的同时,也对港口的配套设施提出了更高的要求。随着港区泊位规模的扩大,来港船舶数量的增多,使得航道内船舶交通日益繁忙,造成航道的使用冲突,单线航道尤为明显。已建航道开始无法满足当前船舶安全高效进出港的要求,此时航道的通过能力就成为吞吐量提高和港口发展的瓶颈。虽然改扩建航道可以明显提高航道通过能力,但受前期建设制约,港口和主航道的总体布局难以进行大幅度的修改,所以在船舶通航管理方面寻求有效的调度方式,采用合理的船舶进出港规则,尽量避免扩建航道从而可以大大节约工程投资。然而针对不同的港区条件,何种船舶进出港规则才能更有效的提高航道通过能力,是港口规划和建设部门亟待解决的问题。
矿石、煤炭等大宗散货的远洋国际贸易运输,大多数是由大型散货船来完成,与其他船型相比,近年来散货船舶专业化、大型化的趋势更加显著,故本文针对沿海散货港区,首先综合分析港口船舶航行作业过程及常用的船舶进出港规则；然后,利用计算机仿真技术,构建基于不同规则的沿海散货港区船舶航行作业系统仿真模型；最后,针对不同航道条件和不同规模的进出口港区进行仿真试验,量化不同船舶进出港规则下航道通过能力、通航历时和港口服务水平三者的对应关系,研究进出港规则对航道通过能力的影响,进而确定不同的船舶进出港规则所适合港区航道类型,为实际港口的运营管理提供一定的理论依据。
With growing prosperity of the global economy and trade, the development of the shipping career is rapidly promoted. The ship size and number is growing faster. The upsizing of ship and increase in number bring in the economies of scale effect, moreover brings in higher requirements for the matched port facilities need to be satisfied. With the expansion of the berth scale of port and increasing in the number of coming ships, it makes the vessel traffic increasingly busy in waterway, the conflict become more and more obviously especially in single-line waterway. Existing waterways can't meet the requirements of ships'entering and leaving port safely and efficiently any more, therefore waterway capacity is becoming bottleneck in the throughput improvement and port development. Although waterway expansion can improve waterway ability, it's difficult to change the general layout of port and main waterway because of the constraint of pre-construction. In this respect of ship navigation management, the reasonable rules of ship entering and leaving port is effective, consequently avoiding expansion can save the investment of project greatly. However in view of the different port conditions, which rule can improve waterway capacity effectively is the urgent problem need to be solved by port planning and construction department
Large bulk ships complete most of international ocean transportation of major bulks such as ore, coal, etc. Compared with other types of ship, the specialization trend and upsizing trend of bulk ships are more prominent. Based on the analysis of rules and ship navigational process, this paper establishes a simulation model for ships navigation system by using computer simulation technology in coastal bulk port area, which is based on different rules of ship entering and leaving port. Through the simulation experiment on bulk port areas with different scales and research on influence of different rules on waterway capacity, the relationships among water capacity, travel time and port service level under different rules are obtained, then the best rule for certain port can be determined, which provide certain theoretical basis for actual operational management.
矿石、煤炭等大宗散货的远洋国际贸易运输,大多数是由大型散货船来完成,与其他船型相比,近年来散货船舶专业化、大型化的趋势更加显著,故本文针对沿海散货港区,首先综合分析港口船舶航行作业过程及常用的船舶进出港规则；然后,利用计算机仿真技术,构建基于不同规则的沿海散货港区船舶航行作业系统仿真模型；最后,针对不同航道条件和不同规模的进出口港区进行仿真试验,量化不同船舶进出港规则下航道通过能力、通航历时和港口服务水平三者的对应关系,研究进出港规则对航道通过能力的影响,进而确定不同的船舶进出港规则所适合港区航道类型,为实际港口的运营管理提供一定的理论依据。
With growing prosperity of the global economy and trade, the development of the shipping career is rapidly promoted. The ship size and number is growing faster. The upsizing of ship and increase in number bring in the economies of scale effect, moreover brings in higher requirements for the matched port facilities need to be satisfied. With the expansion of the berth scale of port and increasing in the number of coming ships, it makes the vessel traffic increasingly busy in waterway, the conflict become more and more obviously especially in single-line waterway. Existing waterways can't meet the requirements of ships'entering and leaving port safely and efficiently any more, therefore waterway capacity is becoming bottleneck in the throughput improvement and port development. Although waterway expansion can improve waterway ability, it's difficult to change the general layout of port and main waterway because of the constraint of pre-construction. In this respect of ship navigation management, the reasonable rules of ship entering and leaving port is effective, consequently avoiding expansion can save the investment of project greatly. However in view of the different port conditions, which rule can improve waterway capacity effectively is the urgent problem need to be solved by port planning and construction department
Large bulk ships complete most of international ocean transportation of major bulks such as ore, coal, etc. Compared with other types of ship, the specialization trend and upsizing trend of bulk ships are more prominent. Based on the analysis of rules and ship navigational process, this paper establishes a simulation model for ships navigation system by using computer simulation technology in coastal bulk port area, which is based on different rules of ship entering and leaving port. Through the simulation experiment on bulk port areas with different scales and research on influence of different rules on waterway capacity, the relationships among water capacity, travel time and port service level under different rules are obtained, then the best rule for certain port can be determined, which provide certain theoretical basis for actual operational management.
引文
[1]宣敏明.利用乘潮水位航道的通过能力计算[J].水道港口,1995,(2)：20-26.
[2]宋向群,胡学文,唐国磊等.沿海港区复式航道等级组合优化研究[J].水道港口,2011,32(2)：149-152.
[3]刘敬贤,张涛,刘文.船舶交通流组合预测方法研究[J].中国航海,2009,32(3)：80-84.
[4]李子强.基于交通流分析的航道通过能力研究[J].山东交通学院学报,2009,17(4)：32-35.
[5]张保华.基于船舶领域理论的水道通过能力研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2009.
[6]王中华.基于遗传算法的港口船舶调度优化问题研究[D].上海：上海海事大学,2007.
[7]刘敬贤.大型海港进港主航道通过能力及交通组织规模研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2009.
[8]王磊,周瑞平.散货船装载计算软件配载状态图形模拟方法的研究[J].船舶,2009,(3)：50-54.
[9]郭子坚.港口规划与布置(第三版)[M].北京：北京人民交通出版社,2011.
[10]鲁子爱,林民标.港口服务系统的计算机仿真研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),1999,(3)：17-21.
[11]杨兴晏.海港船舶到港规律浅析[J].港工技术.1986,(1)：6-13.
[12]鲁凡.船舶到港分布假设的统计检验方法[J].水运工程,1986,(6)：13-14+18.
[13]Jagerman D, Altiok T. Vessel arrival process and queuing in marine ports handling bulk materials[J]. Queuing Systems,2003,45(3):223-243.
[14]EI-Naggar M E. Application of queuing theory to the container terminal at Alexandria seaport[J]. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management,2010, 1(4):77-85.
[15]鲁子爱.排队论在港口规划中的应用[J].水运工程,1997,(8)：11-15.
[16]张维中.排队理论在确定集装箱码头吞吐能力中的应用[J].海岸工程,1998,(1)：67-71.
[17]张一诺.港口通用泊位最佳数量的计算方法[J].系统工程理论与实践,1983,(1)：35-41.
[18]宋德星.排队论在集装箱码头设计中的应用[J].水运工程,1995,(2)：17-21.
[19]王历臻.船舶运输工艺与组织[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1985.
[20]长江航道局.航道工程手册[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2005.
[21]王亥索,张冠群.进港航道通过能力经验公式的比较分析[J].港工技术,2009,46(5)：5-7.
[22]刘明俊,万长征.航道通过能力影响因素分析[J].航海工程,2008,(5)：116-118.
[23]董宇,姜晔,何良德.内河航道通过能力计算方法研究[J].水运工程,2007,(1)：59-65.
[24]卞艺杰.航道通过能力研究[J].水运工程,2000,(8)：27-30+48.
[25]吴兆麟,朱军.海上交通工程(第二版)[M].大连：大连海事大学出版社,2004.
[26]郭子坚,王文渊,唐国磊等.基于港口服务水平的沿海港口航道通过能力[J].中国港湾建设,2010,(Z1)：46-48.
[27]董宇.航道通过能力及服务水平研究[D].南京：河海大学,2006.
[28]张家华,岳巧红.建立航道服务水平评价指标体系[J].水运管理,2006,28(8)：19-21.
[29]宋向群,付超,郭子坚,王文渊.沿海集装箱港区单向航道服务水平研究(下)[J].水运工程,2010,(7)：107-111.
[30]Jay H, Barry R. Production and Operation Management[M]. Paramus:Prentice Hall International Editions,1995.
[31]Pasqual L, Rina M M. Berth planning and resources optimization at a container terminal via discrete event simulation[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2001,133(3):537-547.
[32]Maurizio B, Azedine B, Mohamed R. Object oriented model for container terminal distributed simulation[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2006,175: 1731-1751.
[33]Gong I Y, Kim Y G, Lee C M, et al, Development of harbor capability assessment simulation system by the application of fuzzy algorithm[C]. Proceeding of MARSIM'96, Denmark,1996:161-167o
[34]Nam K C, Kwak K S, Yu N S. Simulation study of container terminal performance[J]. Journal of Waterway Port Coastal And Ocean Engineering-Asce,2002,128(3):126-132.
[35]Cortes P, Munuzuri J, Ibanez J N, et al. Simulation of freight traffic in the Seville inland port [J]. Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory,2007,15(3):256-271.
[36]Kia M, Shayan E, Ghotb F. Investigation of Port Capacity Under a New Approach by Computer Simulation[J]. Computer & Industrial Engineering,2002,42:533-540.
[37]Ramani K V. An Interactive Simulation model for the logistics planning of container operations in seaports[J].SIMULATION,1996,66(5):291-300.
[38]王磊,周瑞平.散货船装载计算软件配载状态图形模拟方法的研究[J].船舶,2009,(3)：50-54.
[39]中华人民共和国海事局.中国沿海内河水域航行规则[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1998.
[40]陈琦.船舶进出港安全间距对沿海港口航道通过能力的影响分析[D].大连：大连理工大学,2011.
[41]宋向群,张静,郭子坚等.通航历时对沿海散货港区航道通过能力的影响分析[J].港工技术,2010,47(2)：18-20.
[2]宋向群,胡学文,唐国磊等.沿海港区复式航道等级组合优化研究[J].水道港口,2011,32(2)：149-152.
[3]刘敬贤,张涛,刘文.船舶交通流组合预测方法研究[J].中国航海,2009,32(3)：80-84.
[4]李子强.基于交通流分析的航道通过能力研究[J].山东交通学院学报,2009,17(4)：32-35.
[5]张保华.基于船舶领域理论的水道通过能力研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2009.
[6]王中华.基于遗传算法的港口船舶调度优化问题研究[D].上海：上海海事大学,2007.
[7]刘敬贤.大型海港进港主航道通过能力及交通组织规模研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2009.
[8]王磊,周瑞平.散货船装载计算软件配载状态图形模拟方法的研究[J].船舶,2009,(3)：50-54.
[9]郭子坚.港口规划与布置(第三版)[M].北京：北京人民交通出版社,2011.
[10]鲁子爱,林民标.港口服务系统的计算机仿真研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),1999,(3)：17-21.
[11]杨兴晏.海港船舶到港规律浅析[J].港工技术.1986,(1)：6-13.
[12]鲁凡.船舶到港分布假设的统计检验方法[J].水运工程,1986,(6)：13-14+18.
[13]Jagerman D, Altiok T. Vessel arrival process and queuing in marine ports handling bulk materials[J]. Queuing Systems,2003,45(3):223-243.
[14]EI-Naggar M E. Application of queuing theory to the container terminal at Alexandria seaport[J]. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management,2010, 1(4):77-85.
[15]鲁子爱.排队论在港口规划中的应用[J].水运工程,1997,(8)：11-15.
[16]张维中.排队理论在确定集装箱码头吞吐能力中的应用[J].海岸工程,1998,(1)：67-71.
[17]张一诺.港口通用泊位最佳数量的计算方法[J].系统工程理论与实践,1983,(1)：35-41.
[18]宋德星.排队论在集装箱码头设计中的应用[J].水运工程,1995,(2)：17-21.
[19]王历臻.船舶运输工艺与组织[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1985.
[20]长江航道局.航道工程手册[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2005.
[21]王亥索,张冠群.进港航道通过能力经验公式的比较分析[J].港工技术,2009,46(5)：5-7.
[22]刘明俊,万长征.航道通过能力影响因素分析[J].航海工程,2008,(5)：116-118.
[23]董宇,姜晔,何良德.内河航道通过能力计算方法研究[J].水运工程,2007,(1)：59-65.
[24]卞艺杰.航道通过能力研究[J].水运工程,2000,(8)：27-30+48.
[25]吴兆麟,朱军.海上交通工程(第二版)[M].大连：大连海事大学出版社,2004.
[26]郭子坚,王文渊,唐国磊等.基于港口服务水平的沿海港口航道通过能力[J].中国港湾建设,2010,(Z1)：46-48.
[27]董宇.航道通过能力及服务水平研究[D].南京：河海大学,2006.
[28]张家华,岳巧红.建立航道服务水平评价指标体系[J].水运管理,2006,28(8)：19-21.
[29]宋向群,付超,郭子坚,王文渊.沿海集装箱港区单向航道服务水平研究(下)[J].水运工程,2010,(7)：107-111.
[30]Jay H, Barry R. Production and Operation Management[M]. Paramus:Prentice Hall International Editions,1995.
[31]Pasqual L, Rina M M. Berth planning and resources optimization at a container terminal via discrete event simulation[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2001,133(3):537-547.
[32]Maurizio B, Azedine B, Mohamed R. Object oriented model for container terminal distributed simulation[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2006,175: 1731-1751.
[33]Gong I Y, Kim Y G, Lee C M, et al, Development of harbor capability assessment simulation system by the application of fuzzy algorithm[C]. Proceeding of MARSIM'96, Denmark,1996:161-167o
[34]Nam K C, Kwak K S, Yu N S. Simulation study of container terminal performance[J]. Journal of Waterway Port Coastal And Ocean Engineering-Asce,2002,128(3):126-132.
[35]Cortes P, Munuzuri J, Ibanez J N, et al. Simulation of freight traffic in the Seville inland port [J]. Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory,2007,15(3):256-271.
[36]Kia M, Shayan E, Ghotb F. Investigation of Port Capacity Under a New Approach by Computer Simulation[J]. Computer & Industrial Engineering,2002,42:533-540.
[37]Ramani K V. An Interactive Simulation model for the logistics planning of container operations in seaports[J].SIMULATION,1996,66(5):291-300.
[38]王磊,周瑞平.散货船装载计算软件配载状态图形模拟方法的研究[J].船舶,2009,(3)：50-54.
[39]中华人民共和国海事局.中国沿海内河水域航行规则[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1998.
[40]陈琦.船舶进出港安全间距对沿海港口航道通过能力的影响分析[D].大连：大连理工大学,2011.
[41]宋向群,张静,郭子坚等.通航历时对沿海散货港区航道通过能力的影响分析[J].港工技术,2010,47(2)：18-20.