高速公路生态绿化植物的选择研究
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摘要
高速公路建设在给人类带来巨大经济效益和社会效益的同时，也给沿线生态环境造成了极大的影响，为降低这种破坏程度，高速公路绿化已成为高速公路建设中一项不可缺少的内容。
高速公路的绿化工程，实质上是一种生态恢复工程。植物，作为生态恢复的前提和重要物质基础，其选择至关重要，是绿化成功的关键。而在当前的绿化设计中，这一环节还存在不少问题，如不尊重原生生态环境，物种多样性考虑不够，本土植物运用较少，外来物种抗性研究匮乏等，植物选择原则有待进一步完善和标准化。因此，本文以生态学理论为指导，综合考虑交通功能和景观效果，分别从优先选用乡土植物、合理引用外来植物、提高生物多样性、土壤适应性、管护粗放性、绿化功能需求分析、苗木的易获取性及经济可承受性七个方面，对物种选择这一问题进行了比较系统深入的研究。
本文还以随岳(中)高速公路的绿化工程为例，依据上述植物选择原则，结合沿线实际情况，对中央隔离带、边坡、互通立交和服务区等主要绿化区域的植物选择问题进行了细致研究，并对原绿化方案中存在的不足，提出了改进建议。
高速公路绿化树种选定以后，如何有效搭配也很关键，它将直接影响到生态功能的发挥和景观价值的高低。因此，绿化设计中应遵循相应的植物配置原理，如生态位原理、互惠共生原理和物种多样性原理等，对植物进行合理的组合，以充分利用资源，使绿地系统最大程度地发挥综合效益。
高速公路绿化主要起到保护、改善和恢复原生生态环境的作用，而目前绿化工程中诸多环节制约着这一目标的实现。植物选择作为各项工作开展的基础，它的不断完善有利于推动其它环节的继续探索，共同实现公路建设的可持续发展。
When the freeway construction brought huge economic and social benefits to human beings, it also made a great harmful impact to ecological environment along the line. In order to eliminate the demolishment, the freeway greening had been an important part of the freeway construction.
The essential of freeway afforestation is the ecological recovery engineering actually. Being the premise and main physical foundation to the ecological recovery, plants selection is very crucial, which decides freeway afforestation is whether or not successful. However, lots of problems exit in the current afforestation designing. For example, the original ecological environment is always ignored, species diversity is less considered, native species are not being applied extensively, the research on adaptability of exotic species is absent. Therefore, plants selection needs to be perfected and standardized urgently.
Regarding the ecological theory as guidelines, considering the traffic function and landscape synthetically, this thesis researches the question more systematically and deeply from seven aspects, which include selecting the local plants preferentially, choosing exotic plants scientifically, improving biodiversity, soil adaptability, maintenance management facility, the afforestation function analyzation, easy seedlings acquisition and economic feasibility.
Based on Suizhou-Yueyang freeway construction, according to above principles, the methods to choose plant species scientifically on freeway side slopes, interchanges, central reserve, and service area are discussed detailedly. Moreover, this thesis proposes some improved suggestions to the original afforestation engineering design. After choosing suitable plant species, plant disposition becomes another key element, which affects ecological function and landscape value directly. Therefore, it's better arrange plants following corresponding principles, such as niche, mutualism and biological diversity and so on, so as to utilize resources completely and maximize the compehensive benefit of green space system.
The main purpose of freeway afforestation is to protect, improve and restore the original eco-environment, but in current afforestation project, many factors restrict the realization of this target. As the foundation of the other work, plant selection perfection will promote the further research of other factors and realize the sustainable freeways development together.
高速公路的绿化工程，实质上是一种生态恢复工程。植物，作为生态恢复的前提和重要物质基础，其选择至关重要，是绿化成功的关键。而在当前的绿化设计中，这一环节还存在不少问题，如不尊重原生生态环境，物种多样性考虑不够，本土植物运用较少，外来物种抗性研究匮乏等，植物选择原则有待进一步完善和标准化。因此，本文以生态学理论为指导，综合考虑交通功能和景观效果，分别从优先选用乡土植物、合理引用外来植物、提高生物多样性、土壤适应性、管护粗放性、绿化功能需求分析、苗木的易获取性及经济可承受性七个方面，对物种选择这一问题进行了比较系统深入的研究。
本文还以随岳(中)高速公路的绿化工程为例，依据上述植物选择原则，结合沿线实际情况，对中央隔离带、边坡、互通立交和服务区等主要绿化区域的植物选择问题进行了细致研究，并对原绿化方案中存在的不足，提出了改进建议。
高速公路绿化树种选定以后，如何有效搭配也很关键，它将直接影响到生态功能的发挥和景观价值的高低。因此，绿化设计中应遵循相应的植物配置原理，如生态位原理、互惠共生原理和物种多样性原理等，对植物进行合理的组合，以充分利用资源，使绿地系统最大程度地发挥综合效益。
高速公路绿化主要起到保护、改善和恢复原生生态环境的作用，而目前绿化工程中诸多环节制约着这一目标的实现。植物选择作为各项工作开展的基础，它的不断完善有利于推动其它环节的继续探索，共同实现公路建设的可持续发展。
When the freeway construction brought huge economic and social benefits to human beings, it also made a great harmful impact to ecological environment along the line. In order to eliminate the demolishment, the freeway greening had been an important part of the freeway construction.
The essential of freeway afforestation is the ecological recovery engineering actually. Being the premise and main physical foundation to the ecological recovery, plants selection is very crucial, which decides freeway afforestation is whether or not successful. However, lots of problems exit in the current afforestation designing. For example, the original ecological environment is always ignored, species diversity is less considered, native species are not being applied extensively, the research on adaptability of exotic species is absent. Therefore, plants selection needs to be perfected and standardized urgently.
Regarding the ecological theory as guidelines, considering the traffic function and landscape synthetically, this thesis researches the question more systematically and deeply from seven aspects, which include selecting the local plants preferentially, choosing exotic plants scientifically, improving biodiversity, soil adaptability, maintenance management facility, the afforestation function analyzation, easy seedlings acquisition and economic feasibility.
Based on Suizhou-Yueyang freeway construction, according to above principles, the methods to choose plant species scientifically on freeway side slopes, interchanges, central reserve, and service area are discussed detailedly. Moreover, this thesis proposes some improved suggestions to the original afforestation engineering design. After choosing suitable plant species, plant disposition becomes another key element, which affects ecological function and landscape value directly. Therefore, it's better arrange plants following corresponding principles, such as niche, mutualism and biological diversity and so on, so as to utilize resources completely and maximize the compehensive benefit of green space system.
The main purpose of freeway afforestation is to protect, improve and restore the original eco-environment, but in current afforestation project, many factors restrict the realization of this target. As the foundation of the other work, plant selection perfection will promote the further research of other factors and realize the sustainable freeways development together.
引文
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[7] Helliwell, J. J., R. B. Whitlatch & R. W. Osman. Species Diversity and Invasion Resistance in A Marine Ecosystem[J]. Scinence. 1999 (286): 1577～1579
[8] Baundry, S., A.H. Prieur_Richard & K. Grigulis. Invasibility and Diversity of Plant Communities: from Patterns to Processes[J]. Diversity and Distribution. 1999 (5) : 41～49
[9] Greenway M. Constructed Wetlands in Queenlands: Performance Efficiency and Nutrient Bioaccumulation[J]. Ecol Eng. 1997 (12) : 39～55
[10] John Ormsee Simonds. A Manual of Site Planning and Design Second Edition. Landscape Architecture[M]. 1983
[11] 伍石生．中外公路建设环保理念之比较[J]．中外公路，2005，25(4)：210～212
[12] 苏杭，王维阳．欧洲五国高速公路服务区考察[J]．辽宁交通科技，2003(4)：14～15
[13] 李旭光，毛文碧．日本的公路边坡绿化与防护[J]．公路交通科技，1995，2(12)：59～64
[14] 刘秀峰．贵遵高等级公路边坡生境调查及植被演替初探[J]．贵州农业科学，2000，28(6)：41～44
[15] 孙青，卓慕宁，朱利安．论高速公路建设中的生态破坏及其恢复[J]．土壤与环境，2002．11(2)：210～212
[16] 李自强．运用层次分析法解决宁夏石中高速公路北段边坡绿化植物的选择问题[J]．宁夏大学学报，2004(1)：72～76
[17] 刘孔杰，周存秀．生物多样性在路域植被恢复中的应用[J]．交通环保，2002(4)：10～12
[18] 刘龙，高航，孙建斌．西宁盐碱地区高速公路植被恢复技术探讨[J]．公路，2004(1)： 115～118
[19] 罗澍．深圳滨海大道工程的生态影响与生态补偿[J]．中国环境监测，2000(3)：48～50
[20] 俞孔坚．生物保护的景观生态安全格局[J]．生态学报，1999(1)：8～15
[21] 杨晓清．我省高等级公路建设对湿地的影响及对策[J]．云南交通科技，1999(4)：9～10
[22] 王永安，王双生．公路绿地系统的生态学分析[J]．华东公路，2002(3)：69～73
[23] 陈金成．高速公路生态绿化设计浅析[J]．河北林果研究，2006，21(3)：350～353
[24] Shono, Kenichi, Stuart J. Regeneration of Native Plant Species in Restored Forests on Degraded Lands in Singapore[J]. Forest Ecology and Management. 2006, 237 (1) : 574～582
[25] Chiarucci A, Dominicis VD. Effects of Pine Plantations on Ultramafic Vegetation of Central Italy[J]. Israel J plant Scien. 1995, 43 (1) : 7～20
[26] 刘龙，王茂文．耒宜高速公路绿化与景观改善技术[J]．公路交通科技，2003(1)：163～165
[27] 张强，陈雨人．高等级公路中绿化与安全的关系分析[J]．公路，2005(11)：197～202
[28] 杨霞．东北地区城市绿化观叶树种的选择与应用：[D]．吉林：东北林业大学，2004
[29] 张少飞．试论公路彩色绿化与交通安全[J]．河北林业科技，2005(4)：24～25
[30] Tilman D. Community Invisibility Recruitment Limitation and Grassland Biodiversity[J]. Ecology. 1997, 78 (1): 81～92
[31] 禹忠耀，郭俊杰，孙建芳．太旧高速公路中央分隔带绿化树种选择[J]．山西建筑，2002(11)：140～141
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