滨海盐土脱盐熟化后微生物学特性研究
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摘要
本文对天津经济技术开发区的滨海原生盐土和用客土法与新土源法改良后土壤中主要微生物类群数量(包括细菌、放线菌、真菌)以及土壤生物化学作用强度(即土壤呼吸作用强度、氨化作用强度、转化酶活性、蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性)等进行了测试研究，结果表明用客土法和新土源法对滨海盐土进行改良，能显著或极显著提高土壤微生物数量，增强土壤生物活性。
改良后土壤微生物年平均总数显著高于未改良土壤，新土源改良后土壤微生物年平均总数高于客土改良后土壤。土壤表层微生物数量约为底层数量的3倍。
在细菌、放线菌、真菌三大类群微生物中，细菌占绝对优势，其次是放线菌，真菌所占比例最小。芽孢杆菌是细菌的主要组成部分，在芽孢杆菌中蜡质芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和蜂房芽孢杆菌为优势菌；放线菌主要是链霉菌属放线菌，其中青色类群、灰褐类群和白孢类群为优势菌，黄色类群、玫瑰褐类群、弗氏类群、烬灰类群放线菌是改良后土壤中新增类群；青霉、黑曲霉是原生盐土中优势真菌，枝霉和腐霉是土壤改良后的优势真菌。
通过客土改良土壤中氨化细菌的数量提高了1300～20000倍，反硝化细菌的数量提高了300～500倍；新土源改良土壤中氨化细菌的数量提高约900倍，反硝化细菌数量提高了约500倍。好气性自生固氮菌、纤维素分解菌、硝化细菌是土壤改良后新增生理类群，固氮菌在客土改良土壤中数量较多，而硝化细菌和纤维素分解菌在新土源改良土壤中数量较多。
改良土壤呼吸作用强度平均提高了约1.5倍，氨化作用强度有极显著的提高。
客土改良土壤转化酶活性提高了6～15倍，蛋白酶活性提高了1.5～4.5倍，脲酶活性提高了2.5～6倍；新土源改良土壤转化酶活性提高了约5倍，蛋白酶活性提高了约3倍，脲酶活性提高了约3倍。客土改良土壤平均生物化学活性与新土源改良土壤生物化学活性差异不明显。
方差分析结果表明，改良土壤细菌数量、土壤生物化学活性均显著或极显著高于未改良原生盐土。在两种改良方式之间，差异不明显。
相关分析结果表明，土壤细菌数量，转化酶、蛋白酶、脲酶活性与土壤有机质含量呈显著或极显著正相关，与土壤盐分含量呈显著负相关，说明土壤改良后土壤盐分得到控制，土壤肥力增加。
用客土和新土源两种土源对滨海盐土进行改良均能降低土壤盐分、增加土壤有机质含量，改善土壤质量，提高土壤肥力。通过客土法改良，土壤生物化学作用强度较高，新土源法改良后土壤微生物数量较多，新土源更有利于微生物生长繁殖。
Soil microorganisms, mainly bacteria, actinomyces and fiingi and soil biochemical activities, including respiration, ammoniation, invertase, proteinase, urease in salinized and improved soil were investigated during 2001 in Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA).
It was shown that both Guest Soil and New Soil could be used to lift the land level and improve the original salinized soil. The microorganism numbers and the biochemical activities of improved soil were higher than that of salinized soil.
The mean annual amount of soil microorganism are in order of New Soil improved earth, Guest Soil improved earth, Original Salinized Soil. The amount of microorganism in topsoil was about 3 times higher than that in subsurface soil. The dominant genera of Bacillus were B.cereus, B.subtilis, B.licheniformis and B.alvei. The dominant genera of actinomyces were Glaucus, Griseofuscus and Albosporus . The dominant genera of fungi in Original Salinized Soil were Penicillium and Asergillus, while in improved soil were Thamnidium and Pythium.
In improved soil the amount of cellulose decomposing bacteria was increased by 100~500 times, denitrobacteria amount increased more than SOOtimes, amino-bacteria amount increased more than 1000 times. Azotobacter and nitrobacteria were new inhabitants in improved soil.
After the soil improvement, the mean annual respiration intensity was improved by about 1.5 times, the activity of invertase was raised by about 5~10 times, the activity of proteinase was raised by about 2~4 times, and the activity of urease was raised by about 2~5 times.
ANONA shows that the amount of bacteria and the boichemical activities in improved soil is higher than that in original salinized soil significantly. The biochemical activities were higher under the earth improved by Guest Soil, while under the New Soil improved earth the microbe amount was higher.
The correlation analysis shows that the correlation is significant between biochemical activities and organic matter content hi the soil, it also shows that biochemical activities and the salt content correlated negatively. That is to say after soil improvement the salt content was controlled and the organic matter was increased.
High organic matter and low salt content were favorable to microbial reproduction and biochemical process. After the soil was unproved by either way, the salt content decreased and the organic matter content increased. The New Soil unproved earth is more favorable to microorganism.
改良后土壤微生物年平均总数显著高于未改良土壤，新土源改良后土壤微生物年平均总数高于客土改良后土壤。土壤表层微生物数量约为底层数量的3倍。
在细菌、放线菌、真菌三大类群微生物中，细菌占绝对优势，其次是放线菌，真菌所占比例最小。芽孢杆菌是细菌的主要组成部分，在芽孢杆菌中蜡质芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和蜂房芽孢杆菌为优势菌；放线菌主要是链霉菌属放线菌，其中青色类群、灰褐类群和白孢类群为优势菌，黄色类群、玫瑰褐类群、弗氏类群、烬灰类群放线菌是改良后土壤中新增类群；青霉、黑曲霉是原生盐土中优势真菌，枝霉和腐霉是土壤改良后的优势真菌。
通过客土改良土壤中氨化细菌的数量提高了1300～20000倍，反硝化细菌的数量提高了300～500倍；新土源改良土壤中氨化细菌的数量提高约900倍，反硝化细菌数量提高了约500倍。好气性自生固氮菌、纤维素分解菌、硝化细菌是土壤改良后新增生理类群，固氮菌在客土改良土壤中数量较多，而硝化细菌和纤维素分解菌在新土源改良土壤中数量较多。
改良土壤呼吸作用强度平均提高了约1.5倍，氨化作用强度有极显著的提高。
客土改良土壤转化酶活性提高了6～15倍，蛋白酶活性提高了1.5～4.5倍，脲酶活性提高了2.5～6倍；新土源改良土壤转化酶活性提高了约5倍，蛋白酶活性提高了约3倍，脲酶活性提高了约3倍。客土改良土壤平均生物化学活性与新土源改良土壤生物化学活性差异不明显。
方差分析结果表明，改良土壤细菌数量、土壤生物化学活性均显著或极显著高于未改良原生盐土。在两种改良方式之间，差异不明显。
相关分析结果表明，土壤细菌数量，转化酶、蛋白酶、脲酶活性与土壤有机质含量呈显著或极显著正相关，与土壤盐分含量呈显著负相关，说明土壤改良后土壤盐分得到控制，土壤肥力增加。
用客土和新土源两种土源对滨海盐土进行改良均能降低土壤盐分、增加土壤有机质含量，改善土壤质量，提高土壤肥力。通过客土法改良，土壤生物化学作用强度较高，新土源法改良后土壤微生物数量较多，新土源更有利于微生物生长繁殖。
Soil microorganisms, mainly bacteria, actinomyces and fiingi and soil biochemical activities, including respiration, ammoniation, invertase, proteinase, urease in salinized and improved soil were investigated during 2001 in Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA).
It was shown that both Guest Soil and New Soil could be used to lift the land level and improve the original salinized soil. The microorganism numbers and the biochemical activities of improved soil were higher than that of salinized soil.
The mean annual amount of soil microorganism are in order of New Soil improved earth, Guest Soil improved earth, Original Salinized Soil. The amount of microorganism in topsoil was about 3 times higher than that in subsurface soil. The dominant genera of Bacillus were B.cereus, B.subtilis, B.licheniformis and B.alvei. The dominant genera of actinomyces were Glaucus, Griseofuscus and Albosporus . The dominant genera of fungi in Original Salinized Soil were Penicillium and Asergillus, while in improved soil were Thamnidium and Pythium.
In improved soil the amount of cellulose decomposing bacteria was increased by 100~500 times, denitrobacteria amount increased more than SOOtimes, amino-bacteria amount increased more than 1000 times. Azotobacter and nitrobacteria were new inhabitants in improved soil.
After the soil improvement, the mean annual respiration intensity was improved by about 1.5 times, the activity of invertase was raised by about 5~10 times, the activity of proteinase was raised by about 2~4 times, and the activity of urease was raised by about 2~5 times.
ANONA shows that the amount of bacteria and the boichemical activities in improved soil is higher than that in original salinized soil significantly. The biochemical activities were higher under the earth improved by Guest Soil, while under the New Soil improved earth the microbe amount was higher.
The correlation analysis shows that the correlation is significant between biochemical activities and organic matter content hi the soil, it also shows that biochemical activities and the salt content correlated negatively. That is to say after soil improvement the salt content was controlled and the organic matter was increased.
High organic matter and low salt content were favorable to microbial reproduction and biochemical process. After the soil was unproved by either way, the salt content decreased and the organic matter content increased. The New Soil unproved earth is more favorable to microorganism.
引文
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[2] Kennedy AC and Papendick R I. Microbial Characteristics of Soil Quality, Soil Water Conserv,1995,50:243～248
[3] 陈华癸，李阜棣，陈文新，曹燕珍编著，土壤微生物学，上海科学技术出版社，1981：10，15～18，40～45．
[4] Waksman, S. A., Priinciples of Soil microbiology,. The Williams &Wilkins Company, Baltimore 1927
[5] 李阜棣，当代土壤微生物学的活跃研究领域，土壤学报
[6] 杨苏声，细菌分类学，中国农业大学出版社，1990
[7] Powlson D S, Brookes P C, Christensen B T. Measurement of soil microbial biomass provides an early indication of changes in total soil organic matter due to straw incorporation. Soil Biol. Biochem.,1987,19:159～164.
[8] Warkentin B P. The changing concept of soil quality. J. Soil and Water Conservation, 1995,50:226～228
[9] Kennedy A C. Microbial characteristics of soil quality. J. Siol and Water Conservation,1995,50:243～248
[10] 孙波，赵其国，张兆林等，土壤质量与持续环境，土壤，1995：(5)：225～234
[11] Tiedje M J, Nusslen K, Xia BC.The vast worl;d of microbial diversity. International Symposium-New Frontiers in Microbiology, 1997,26～28
[12] 赵吉，廖仰南等，草原生态系统的土壤微生物生态，中国草地，1999，3：57～67)
[13] 单娜娜等，塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工绿地土壤微生物生态学特性研究，干旱区研究，2001，18(4)：52～56
[14] 罗明，邱沃，新疆平原荒漠盐渍草地土壤微生物生态分布的研究，中国草地，1995，5：29～33
[15] Vance E D,P C Brookes, and Jenkinson D S, An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass, Soil Biol. Biochem, 1987,19:703～707
[16] [德]B．施特尔马赫著，钱嘉渊译，酶的测定方法，中国轻工业出版社，1991
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