摘要
近二十年来,国内外高度重视高性能混凝土的研究和开发。传统混凝土的设计主要考虑强度指标,忽视了混凝土的耐久性。工程实例表明,很多混凝土过早破坏的原因是因为耐久性差。然而,混凝土的开裂、渗漏是引起混凝土耐久性不良的最重要因素之一。目前,解决混凝土开裂的方法是综合的,我们调查研究了混凝土开裂的原因,开发研制了高性能抗裂外加剂,优化混凝土的设计和施工方法,并通过补偿收缩达到混凝土体积稳定,提高抗裂强度,满足混凝土拌和物高工作性能的要求。本研究采用多种测试技术,应用表面物理化学、结构化学、固体化学、复合材料学、断裂力学等多学科的理论与方法,从不同的角度进行深入的研究和探讨。
通过调查研究建筑工程中出现的混凝土开裂、渗漏问题,发现混凝土在非荷载作用下开裂主要是由混凝土的自收缩、干燥收缩、温度收缩、塑性收缩、碳化收缩等各种收缩变形引起的。各种收缩变形叠加后,混凝土的限制收缩值超过极限拉伸率导致裂缝的产生。混凝土浇筑初期开裂主要是温度变形和自收缩引起,后期开裂则主要是因干缩所致。
本文讨论了粉煤灰、矿渣、杜拉纤维对混凝土膨胀性能的影响,在补偿收缩混凝土中,掺合料使其膨胀率减低,杜拉纤维可以提高混凝土的体积稳定性,显著提高劈拉强度。施工和养护对混凝土抗裂防渗性能有重要影响;对于复合抗裂防水高性能混凝土,湿养护时间不宜低于14天。
为了全面地考虑原材料、施工、养护、抗拉强度和极限拉伸率等因素对混凝土抗裂性能的影响, 利用数学概率分析方法,引入体积开裂概率的概念评估混凝土的抗裂性能。
应用材料复合技术,无机-有机多组份复合,研制出一种新型复合抗裂材料,提高混凝土的抗裂防渗性能,且满足混凝土的强度和工作性要求。同时,提出一套完整的制备抗裂高性能混凝土的技术方法。通过系统深入的理论分析,运用多种现代分析测试手段,从材料各组份间的物理化学作用入手,系统研究材料中各组分与结构性能之间的关系,各相之间化学反应和各相分布状态,在已知的化学反应动力学和反应机理的基础上,探明材料增强和抗裂原理,
胡建勤:高性能混凝土抗裂性能及其机理的研究
实现材料性能可设计的目的。
无机增强抗裂材料WJ 掺入普通混凝土中,在水化硬化过程中
生成一定量的微膨胀结晶体,降低空隙率,改善混凝土中孔结构分
布。其膨胀驱动力是凝胶尺寸的晶体钙矾石吸水肿胀和结晶状钙矾
石对孔隙产生膨胀压的共同作用。当WJ掺量为8%一12儿 在钢筋和
邻位的限制下,使混凝土产生0.02%——一0.06%的膨胀率,可在结构
内建立自应力值 a/ 0.2-0.6 MP a,抵消了混凝土因各种收缩变形造成
的拉应力,使混凝土内部的拉应力值降低,从而改善了混凝土的应_
力状态,体积稳定性和抗裂能力显著提高。
有机减水保塑剂YJ,提高混凝土拌和物的工作性,降低坍落度
经时损夫,提高强度和抗渗性能,并降低混凝土早期水化温升,推
迟水化热高峰出现,有效地防止早期温度收缩裂缝。
混凝土中掺入复合抗裂材料KLFS 可大幅提高混凝土的抗裂防
渗能力,混凝土渗透高度比为19%,28d 劈拉强度由基准混凝土的
2.81MPa 提高到 3.28 MPa;28d 抗压强度比 为 135%;拌和物工作
性能优良。应用KLFS,成功配制出C50-C70复合抗裂防渗高性能混
凝土,并在实际工程中得到应用。
复合抗裂防渗高性能混凝土的抗裂防渗机理:
… (1)复合抗裂材料KLFS 中的含铝相材料与水泥水化产物氢氧
化钙反应形成钙矾石,在限制条件下产生体积膨胀,起补偿收缩作
用,并使混凝土密实:
(2)KLFS 中的无机物质 人与氢氧化钙反应缓慢形成大量微小
晶体,填充孔隙,增大密实性;
(3)KLFS中*组分具有高效减水保塑作用,使高性能混凝土
获得满意的工作性能:
(4)纤维在混凝土三维乱向分布,形成交错的网状结构,约
束混凝土体积的改变;
(5)优化各原材料间的相对比例,增大混凝土密实性,改善各
相界面的结构和孔结构。
Research and preparation on high performance concrete have been made great progress both home and abroad near twenty years. The compressive strength has been regarded as a major index when we design traditional concrete, but its durability has been neglected. The examples of engineering have shown that much concrete is prematurely destroyed for their weak durability, and yet, the first reason for weak durability is cracking and leakage of concrete. The methods to solve the problem of concrete cracking is comprehensive. We research the causes of concrete cracking,develop the high performance anti-cracking additive, optimize the concrete mix and construction techniques , increase the stability of concrete volume by shrinkage compensation, enhance splitting tensile strength, and can meet demand of high workability of fresh concrete..In the study, a thorough investigation of this problem is made from all points of view, with the aid of various modern measurement & testing technology and different theories & methods in surface physical chemistry, structural chemistry, solid-state chemistry, composite materials, fracture mechanics, etc.
Our research results have shown that the various shrinkage of concrete cause concrete cracking in building engineering, such as autogenous shrinkage,dry shrinkage,temperature shrinkage,plastic shrinkage,carbonized shrinkage,etc. When the confined shrinkage value which resulted from the confined action of all above shrinkage exceed the ultimate tensile strain, cracks occur. At the primeval moulded time, cracks are mainly caused by temperature shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage, after that, it is mostly caused by dry shrinkage.
The effects of mineral additive such as fly ash,slag, and Dura fiber on concrete expansive property are studied, the results show that these mineral admixture reduce shrinkage in common concrete and also reduce expansive value in shrinkage -compensating concrete. It is very important for reducing and compensating concrete shrinkage and preventing cracks forming to construction and curing. The expansive property of concrete curing in water is better than that curing in air.The curing time of multiple anti-cracking and impermeability concrete can not less than 14 days.
Ill
To take all account of the factors such as raw materials, construction, curing, and tensile strength, limit tensile strain, etc.,which have effect on anti-cracking property of concrete,the overall crack probability is brought forward to access anti-cracking property of concrete ,with aid of mathematics.
A new kind of multiple anti-cracking additive composed of multiple organic and inorganic ingredient is developed.lt improves anti-cracking and impermeability property of concrete.and can meet the demands of compressive strength and workability of fresh concrete.At the same time, we offer the integrity manufacture method of anti-cracking HPC.
We discussed the relationship among compositions, construction and properties, studied the chemical reactions of phases, made the mechanism of reinforced and crack-resistance of concrete clear, and made concrete designed according to properties and engineering demand.
Inorganic anti-cracking reinforced chemical additive ,called WJ, generates some tittle expansive crystals in hydration process in concrete to reduce the porosity and improve the distribution of pore size.The expansive power is process in common to tumefaction that petty crystalloid AFt suck water and pressure to concrete pores that AFt crystal gather volume.Its adding weight was 8%--12% in cement, its restrained expansive ratio was about 0.02%--0.06% ,and relevantil brought self-stress 0.2Mpa?.6Mpa.
The concrete added organic water-reduce and plastic agent,called YJ,would improve concrete workability, and reduce slump loss, decrease the exothermic rate at the early stage and postpone the arrival time of the highest temperature.lt is compatible to cement well,and had good retarding property, and some air-entrained effect.
HPC which added multiple anti-cracking additive ,called
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