北方农村传统采暖方式与室内热环境研究
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摘要
我国北方农村建筑采暖技术转换与更新的关键是对既有传统采暖形式的改进与创新。论文在大量的现有理论整理、现场调研与热物理环境测试的基础上,对我国北方农村传统民居的各种采暖方式进行了介绍与热过程的描述,并系统地研究了最典型的火炕采暖民居建筑在冬季采暖期的热过程。
根据动态热平衡理论,通过对火炕采暖民居室内空气与内外表面动态热平衡的分析,建立了其室内热环境动态热过程的通用数学模型。
运用反应系数法对火炕采暖民居动态热过程数学模型进行离散求解。在只计算火炕表面与室内其他各表面的辐射换热,而忽略室内其他各表面之间的辐射换热的情况下,给出了此房间的简化分析模型；在忽略火炕内部各表面辐射换热的情况下,给出了火炕的简化分析模型。将两种模型联接,在火炕不同的运行模式下,给出了火炕采暖民居室内空气温度与炕面温度的逐时数值解析解。
给出了火炕采暖民居太阳辐射得热与长波辐射得热的计算方式,并对其内外各表面换热系数的取值方法进行了研究。根据满足人体舒适时的室内空气温度与MRT的关系,在炕面温度取舒适值并且室外计算温度按标准取值的条件下,确定了其室内空气温度的舒适值范围。在此基础上,根据火炕采暖民居内有一面高温辐射源的特殊性质,在室外计算温度波动的情况下,对其室内表面逐一给出总换热系数的取值范围,并根据辐射换热系数与对流换热系数的比例得到火炕表面辐射换热量占70%左右的结论。
采用MATLAB编写了火炕采暖民居的室内热环境数值计算主程序与求解反应系数的子程序。通过计算结果与现场测试结果的对比验证,证实了上述数学模型能较准确地反应火炕采暖民居在冬季采暖期的实际运行情况。最后通过改变模型输入参数得到的数据与实际测试数据进行对比,提出了改善火炕采暖民居冬季室内热环境应采取的措施。
The improvements or innovations of the traditional Chinese kang are crucial for converting or renewing heating technologies in the future for the rural houses in north China. Various kinds of heating methods and their thermal processes of the traditional rural houses in north China are described in this paper, based on amount of existing theories, field investigations and thermal environment tests. The thermal process of the most typical house with the traditional kang in the heating period is systematically studied in this paper.
According to the thermodynamics equilibrium theory, a common mathematical model of dynamic thermal process, which stands for the indoor thermal environment of the room with the kang, is founded through the analysis of dynamic thermal equilibrium of indoor air temperatures and temperatures of inside and outside surfaces.
This model is dispersed and solved by using reaction coefficient. A simplified mathematical model of the room is put forward, only taking into account the radiation heat transfer between the surfaces of the kang and the other interior surfaces, while ignoring the reciprocal radiation heat transfer between all other interior surfaces; a simplified mathematical model of the kang is also put forward, while ignoring the radiation reciprocal heat transfer between surfaces inside the kang. With two models connected, the hourly values of indoor air temperature and surface temperature are brought forward in the case of different burning mode of the kang.
Methods are given to calculate heat gain from solar and long-wave radiation of the house with the kang, and the methods to make sure the values of heat transfer coefficient of internal and external surface are also studied. The comfort value range of the indoor air temperatures is confirmed, in the condition of given comfortable kang surface temperatures and standard outdoor temperatures, according to the relationship of subjective comfortable temperature of human, indoor air temperature and MRT. On this basis, the value range of heat transfer coefficient of each interior surface is given, with accounting outdoor temperatures fluctuating, due to the particularity of the room that the high temperature heat source is on one side. It comes to a conclusion that the percentage of the radiation heat transfer of the kang surface is about 70%, based on the ratio of radiation heat transfer coefficient and convective heat transfer coefficient on its surface.
A main program of the calculation and a subroutine for solving the reaction coefficient is given by using MATLAB. It is proved that the aforementioned mathematical model can accurately present the actual working of the houses with the kang during the heating period. Finally, measures are proposed to improve the winter indoor thermal environment of the house with the kang, via comparing the data obtained by changing input parameters of the model with the actual test data.
根据动态热平衡理论,通过对火炕采暖民居室内空气与内外表面动态热平衡的分析,建立了其室内热环境动态热过程的通用数学模型。
运用反应系数法对火炕采暖民居动态热过程数学模型进行离散求解。在只计算火炕表面与室内其他各表面的辐射换热,而忽略室内其他各表面之间的辐射换热的情况下,给出了此房间的简化分析模型；在忽略火炕内部各表面辐射换热的情况下,给出了火炕的简化分析模型。将两种模型联接,在火炕不同的运行模式下,给出了火炕采暖民居室内空气温度与炕面温度的逐时数值解析解。
给出了火炕采暖民居太阳辐射得热与长波辐射得热的计算方式,并对其内外各表面换热系数的取值方法进行了研究。根据满足人体舒适时的室内空气温度与MRT的关系,在炕面温度取舒适值并且室外计算温度按标准取值的条件下,确定了其室内空气温度的舒适值范围。在此基础上,根据火炕采暖民居内有一面高温辐射源的特殊性质,在室外计算温度波动的情况下,对其室内表面逐一给出总换热系数的取值范围,并根据辐射换热系数与对流换热系数的比例得到火炕表面辐射换热量占70%左右的结论。
采用MATLAB编写了火炕采暖民居的室内热环境数值计算主程序与求解反应系数的子程序。通过计算结果与现场测试结果的对比验证,证实了上述数学模型能较准确地反应火炕采暖民居在冬季采暖期的实际运行情况。最后通过改变模型输入参数得到的数据与实际测试数据进行对比,提出了改善火炕采暖民居冬季室内热环境应采取的措施。
The improvements or innovations of the traditional Chinese kang are crucial for converting or renewing heating technologies in the future for the rural houses in north China. Various kinds of heating methods and their thermal processes of the traditional rural houses in north China are described in this paper, based on amount of existing theories, field investigations and thermal environment tests. The thermal process of the most typical house with the traditional kang in the heating period is systematically studied in this paper.
According to the thermodynamics equilibrium theory, a common mathematical model of dynamic thermal process, which stands for the indoor thermal environment of the room with the kang, is founded through the analysis of dynamic thermal equilibrium of indoor air temperatures and temperatures of inside and outside surfaces.
This model is dispersed and solved by using reaction coefficient. A simplified mathematical model of the room is put forward, only taking into account the radiation heat transfer between the surfaces of the kang and the other interior surfaces, while ignoring the reciprocal radiation heat transfer between all other interior surfaces; a simplified mathematical model of the kang is also put forward, while ignoring the radiation reciprocal heat transfer between surfaces inside the kang. With two models connected, the hourly values of indoor air temperature and surface temperature are brought forward in the case of different burning mode of the kang.
Methods are given to calculate heat gain from solar and long-wave radiation of the house with the kang, and the methods to make sure the values of heat transfer coefficient of internal and external surface are also studied. The comfort value range of the indoor air temperatures is confirmed, in the condition of given comfortable kang surface temperatures and standard outdoor temperatures, according to the relationship of subjective comfortable temperature of human, indoor air temperature and MRT. On this basis, the value range of heat transfer coefficient of each interior surface is given, with accounting outdoor temperatures fluctuating, due to the particularity of the room that the high temperature heat source is on one side. It comes to a conclusion that the percentage of the radiation heat transfer of the kang surface is about 70%, based on the ratio of radiation heat transfer coefficient and convective heat transfer coefficient on its surface.
A main program of the calculation and a subroutine for solving the reaction coefficient is given by using MATLAB. It is proved that the aforementioned mathematical model can accurately present the actual working of the houses with the kang during the heating period. Finally, measures are proposed to improve the winter indoor thermal environment of the house with the kang, via comparing the data obtained by changing input parameters of the model with the actual test data.
引文
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