单杂质能量集成工业用水网络设计研究
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摘要
工业企业面临着日益严峻的节能和节水任务，对工业用水网络设计进行研究具有重要意义。本论文采用数学规划方法，以新鲜水最小消耗量和最小热公用工程消耗量为目标，兼顾成本目标，对工业用水网络的设计进行了研究，研究主要包括以下内容：
1．研究了质量交换网络的状态空间表示方法，并将这种方法推广到过程网络系统，这里的过程网络系统包括了质量交换网络系统和换热网络系统。本方法将过程网络系统集成问题分为三个相对独立的有机单元——输入输出单元、质量交换网络单元和换热网络单元。输入输出单元中确定了流股的分配关系和输入输出关系；质量交换网络单元和换热网络单元确定了质/热交换过程，它们可以看成是集成算子，针对不同的集成规则可以建立不同的算子。对每个算子建立相应的数学规划模型，为采用数学规划方法研究过程网络系统提供了可行性和系统有效的方法。
2．研究了单杂质工业用水网络最优性必要条件，这些必要条件为简化以最小新鲜水消耗为目标的数学规划模型提供了便利。它将原本的NLP模型转化为LP模型，这样不仅使问题的求解变得可行、容易和方便，而且节省了计算成本。本论文还对这些必要性条件进行了严格的数学证明。
3．对最小新鲜水消耗和最小热公用工程用量单杂质工业用水网络的设计进行了研究。论文在单杂质工业用水网络分析的基础上建立了最少新鲜水消耗NLP数学规划模型，确定了最小新鲜水目标；然后引入状态空间表示法，把最小新鲜水目标作为一个约束条件建立了以最小公用工程为目标的LP数学规划模型；最后建立了以流股匹配数为目标的MILP数学规划模型，设计换热网络和相应的用水网络。
4．论文最后对本论文所提出的方法进行了实例分析，还采用了一个合并策略对换热网络做了进一步优化。应用算例表明，基于状态空间表示的数学规划方法在能量集成工业用水网络设计中是一种有效的方法。
It’s very important to carry out a research on the design of industrial water-using networks because of the more and more critical problems of energy conservation and water saving in industrial enterprises. This paper attempts to carry out a methodological research on the industrial water-using network with single contaminant and featuring minimum fresh water targeting and minimum heating utility targeting, and at the same time considering the capital costs. The content of this paper are as follows:
1.The conceptual framework and application of the State Space Approach to mass exchanging network, are presented. And this paper extends this method to the process network system, which includes mass and heat exchanger networks. This approach divides the process network system into three relatively independent organic units——input and output unit, mass exchanging network unit and heat exchanging network unit. The input and output unit is in charge of the input, output and distribution of the streams. While the mass/heat exchanging network unit defines the mass/heat exchanging connection, which can be described as operator for process integration. Different principles of process integration correspond to different operators. And corresponding mathematical programming models are developed to solve the problem.
2.The necessary optimality conditions of water utilization network in process plants with single contaminant are brought out. These necessary conditions are used to simplify the NLP model featuring minimum fresh water targeting to LP model, which not only makes the problem easy to be solved but also saves the computing cost. The strict mathematical proofs for these conditions are carried out in this paper.
3.The design of water utilization network with single contaminant and featuring minimum fresh water and minimum heating utility are carried out. Based on the structure analysis of water-using network with single contaminant, this paper first develops NLP model featuring minimum fresh water targeting, which is then turned into LP model by use of necessary optimal conditions. And then, the State Space Approach of water utilization network is employed to form LP model featuring minimum fresh water utilization and minimum heat utility targeting. Finally a MILP model featuring minimum number of matches is developed to design the heat exchanger network and its corresponding water utilization network.
4.In the end an example has been employed to illustrate the application of the approach discussed in this paper. What’s more, a merging procedure has been introduced to further optimize the heat exchanger network. The example shows that the method based on the state space representation is efficient.
1．研究了质量交换网络的状态空间表示方法，并将这种方法推广到过程网络系统，这里的过程网络系统包括了质量交换网络系统和换热网络系统。本方法将过程网络系统集成问题分为三个相对独立的有机单元——输入输出单元、质量交换网络单元和换热网络单元。输入输出单元中确定了流股的分配关系和输入输出关系；质量交换网络单元和换热网络单元确定了质/热交换过程，它们可以看成是集成算子，针对不同的集成规则可以建立不同的算子。对每个算子建立相应的数学规划模型，为采用数学规划方法研究过程网络系统提供了可行性和系统有效的方法。
2．研究了单杂质工业用水网络最优性必要条件，这些必要条件为简化以最小新鲜水消耗为目标的数学规划模型提供了便利。它将原本的NLP模型转化为LP模型，这样不仅使问题的求解变得可行、容易和方便，而且节省了计算成本。本论文还对这些必要性条件进行了严格的数学证明。
3．对最小新鲜水消耗和最小热公用工程用量单杂质工业用水网络的设计进行了研究。论文在单杂质工业用水网络分析的基础上建立了最少新鲜水消耗NLP数学规划模型，确定了最小新鲜水目标；然后引入状态空间表示法，把最小新鲜水目标作为一个约束条件建立了以最小公用工程为目标的LP数学规划模型；最后建立了以流股匹配数为目标的MILP数学规划模型，设计换热网络和相应的用水网络。
4．论文最后对本论文所提出的方法进行了实例分析，还采用了一个合并策略对换热网络做了进一步优化。应用算例表明，基于状态空间表示的数学规划方法在能量集成工业用水网络设计中是一种有效的方法。
It’s very important to carry out a research on the design of industrial water-using networks because of the more and more critical problems of energy conservation and water saving in industrial enterprises. This paper attempts to carry out a methodological research on the industrial water-using network with single contaminant and featuring minimum fresh water targeting and minimum heating utility targeting, and at the same time considering the capital costs. The content of this paper are as follows:
1.The conceptual framework and application of the State Space Approach to mass exchanging network, are presented. And this paper extends this method to the process network system, which includes mass and heat exchanger networks. This approach divides the process network system into three relatively independent organic units——input and output unit, mass exchanging network unit and heat exchanging network unit. The input and output unit is in charge of the input, output and distribution of the streams. While the mass/heat exchanging network unit defines the mass/heat exchanging connection, which can be described as operator for process integration. Different principles of process integration correspond to different operators. And corresponding mathematical programming models are developed to solve the problem.
2.The necessary optimality conditions of water utilization network in process plants with single contaminant are brought out. These necessary conditions are used to simplify the NLP model featuring minimum fresh water targeting to LP model, which not only makes the problem easy to be solved but also saves the computing cost. The strict mathematical proofs for these conditions are carried out in this paper.
3.The design of water utilization network with single contaminant and featuring minimum fresh water and minimum heating utility are carried out. Based on the structure analysis of water-using network with single contaminant, this paper first develops NLP model featuring minimum fresh water targeting, which is then turned into LP model by use of necessary optimal conditions. And then, the State Space Approach of water utilization network is employed to form LP model featuring minimum fresh water utilization and minimum heat utility targeting. Finally a MILP model featuring minimum number of matches is developed to design the heat exchanger network and its corresponding water utilization network.
4.In the end an example has been employed to illustrate the application of the approach discussed in this paper. What’s more, a merging procedure has been introduced to further optimize the heat exchanger network. The example shows that the method based on the state space representation is efficient.
引文
[1]伊斯雷尔.贝科维奇编.世界能源，上海译文出版社，1983
[2]崔峨,尹洪超.热能系统分析与最优综合.大连：大连理工大学出版社.1994，7
[3]Gaggioli R A,Sama D A,et al.Integration of a New Process into an Existing Site: a case studying the application in the contex of overall processes.Chem Eng Res,1988
[4]华贲,吴国东等.化工过程能量综合的火用经济调优法.化学工程，1992，2
[5]Umeda T,Itoh J,Shiroko K. Heat Exchanger System Synthesis by Thermodynamic Approach .Chem Eng Prog ,1978,74:70～76
[6]Linnhoff B. User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy.Warwick Publishing Company,1994
[7]Migule Bagajewicz. A review of recent design procedures for water networks in refineries and process plants. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2000, 24: 2093-2113
[8]W.-C. J.Kuo and R.Smith. Designing for the interactions between water-use and effluent treatment. Trans IChem, March 1998, Vol.76(Part A): 287-301
[9]俞路.化工过程用水网络的系统综合，大连理工大学硕士论文，1999
[10]A.Alva-Argaez, A.C.Kokossis and R.Smith. Wastewater minimization of industrial systems using an integrated approach. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 1998, Vol.22(Supple): 741-744
[11]Y.P.Wang and R.Smith. Wastewater minimization. Chemical Engineering Science, 1994, Vol.49(7): 981-1006
[12]周兵. 再生用水网络设计方法研究. [硕士学位论文]. 大连: 大连理工大学化学工程系, 2001
[13]Vikas R.Dhole, Nand Ramchandani, Richard A.Tainsh and Marek Wasilewski. Make your process water pay for itself. Chemical Engineering, 1996, January: 100-103
[14]尹芳. 新型水夹点技术的应用与研究. [硕士学位论文]. 大连: 大连理工大学化学工程系, 2001
[15]Olesen,S.G.&Polley,S.G..A simple methodology for the design of water networks handling single contaminants. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1997,Part A,75
[16]Kuo,W.C.J&Smith,R..Designing for the interactions between water-use and effluent treatment. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1998,Part A,76,287-301
[17]P.Castro, H.Matos, M.C.Fernandes and C.Pedro Nunes. Improvements for mass-exchange networks design. Chemical Engineering Science, 1999, 54: 1649-1665
[18]Doyle,S.J.&Smith,R. Targeting water reuse with multiple contaminants.
Transactions of International Chemical Engineering , 1997,Part B,75(3),181-189
[19]Ching-Huei Huang, Chuei-Tin Chang, Han-Chern Ling and Cheng-Chang Chang. A mathematical Programming Model for Water Usage and Treatment Network Design. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1999, 38: 2666-2679
[20]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..A new algorithmic design procedure for the design of water utilization systems in refineries and process plants.Proceedings of PRESS 99 meeting .Budapest,1999.
[21]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..Watersave. A new approach to the design of water utilization systems in refineries and process plants. Proceedings of the second international conference on refining process ,American Institute of Chemical Engineering meeting.Houston,T.X. ,1999
[22]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..On the optimality conditions of water utilization systems in process plants with single contaminants .Chemical Engineering Science, in press,2000.
[23]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..Algorithmic procedure to design water utilization systems in refineries and process plants. Chemical Engineering Science , submitted,2000.
[24]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..On the use of linear models for the design of water utilization systems in refineries and process plants .Annual American Institute of Chemical Engineering meeting. Dallas , Chemical Engineering Research & Design , submitted,2000.
[25]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..On the necessary conditions of optimality of water utilization systems in process plants with multiple contaminants. Chemical Engineering Science , submitted,2000.
[26]Miguel J.Bagajewicz, Margiori Rivas, Mariano J,Savelski. A robust method to obtain optimal and sub-optimal design and retrofit solutions of water utilization systems with multiple contaminants in process plants. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2000, 24: 1461-1466
[27]李保红. 水分配网络设计与改造方法研究. [博士学位论文]. 大连: 大连理工大学化学工程系, 2001
[28]Belhateche,D.H..Choose appropriate wastewater treatment technologies. Chemical Engineering Process, 1995,August,32
[29]T.K.Zhelev and N.Bhaw. Combined water-oxygen pinch analysis for better wastewater treatment management. Waste Management, 2000, 20: 665-670
[30]Y.P.Wang and R.Smith. Design of distributed effluent treatment systems. Chemical Engineering Science, 1994, 49(18): 3127-3145
[31]Wen-Chu Janice Kuo and Robin Smith. Effluent treatment system design. Chemical Engineering Science, 1997, 52(23): 4273-4290
[32]Douglas,J.M..Conceptual design of chemical processes.New York McGraw-Hill
1988
[33]D.Petrides, R.Cruz and J.Calandrains. Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities Using Process Simulation. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 1998, 22(Supple): 339-346
[33]A.A.Linninger & A.Chakraborty. Synthesis and optimization of waste treatment flowsheets. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 1999, 23: 1415-1425
[34]B.Galan & I.E.Crossmann. Optimal Design of Distributed Wastewater Treatment Networks. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1998, 37: 4036-4048
[35]Y.P.Wang and R.Smith. Wastewater minimization with flowrate constraints. Trans IChemE, November 1995, Vol.73(Part A): 889-904
[36]Savelski,M.,Lingareddy,S.&Bagajewicz,M..Design and retrofit of water utilization systems and zero discharge cycles in refineries and process plants.Paper 188g.American Institute of Chemical Engineering annual meeting. Los Angeles,1997.
[37]Savulescu,L.E.&Smith,R.Simultaneous energy and water minimization.American Institute of Chemical Engineering annual meeting,Paper 41f.Miami,FL 1998
[38]Bagajewicz,M.,Rodera,H.,&Savelski,M.Energy efficient water utilization systems in refineries and process plants.Computer&Chemical Engineering, Submitted
[39]Mariano J.Savelski,Miguel J.Bagajewicz.On the optimality conditions of water utilization systems in process plants with single contaminants.Chemical Engineering Scince 2000,55: 5035-5048
[40]L.E.Savulescu ,M.Sorin&R.Smith.Direct and Indirect heat transfer in water network systems. Applied Thermal Engineering 2002,22: 981-988
[41]Linnhof,B.,Mason,D.R.and Wardle,I.Understanding heat exchanger networks.Cumpt.Chem.Engng 1979,295-302
[42]Wood.R.M.,Wilcox,R.J.Grossmann,I.E A note on the number of minimum units for heat exchanger synthesis Cumpt.Chem.Engng.1985,14:1165-1184
[43] Olesen,S.G.&Polley,S.G..A simple methodology for the design of water networks handling single contaminants.Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers,1997 (Part A),75
[2]崔峨,尹洪超.热能系统分析与最优综合.大连：大连理工大学出版社.1994，7
[3]Gaggioli R A,Sama D A,et al.Integration of a New Process into an Existing Site: a case studying the application in the contex of overall processes.Chem Eng Res,1988
[4]华贲,吴国东等.化工过程能量综合的火用经济调优法.化学工程，1992，2
[5]Umeda T,Itoh J,Shiroko K. Heat Exchanger System Synthesis by Thermodynamic Approach .Chem Eng Prog ,1978,74:70～76
[6]Linnhoff B. User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy.Warwick Publishing Company,1994
[7]Migule Bagajewicz. A review of recent design procedures for water networks in refineries and process plants. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2000, 24: 2093-2113
[8]W.-C. J.Kuo and R.Smith. Designing for the interactions between water-use and effluent treatment. Trans IChem, March 1998, Vol.76(Part A): 287-301
[9]俞路.化工过程用水网络的系统综合，大连理工大学硕士论文，1999
[10]A.Alva-Argaez, A.C.Kokossis and R.Smith. Wastewater minimization of industrial systems using an integrated approach. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 1998, Vol.22(Supple): 741-744
[11]Y.P.Wang and R.Smith. Wastewater minimization. Chemical Engineering Science, 1994, Vol.49(7): 981-1006
[12]周兵. 再生用水网络设计方法研究. [硕士学位论文]. 大连: 大连理工大学化学工程系, 2001
[13]Vikas R.Dhole, Nand Ramchandani, Richard A.Tainsh and Marek Wasilewski. Make your process water pay for itself. Chemical Engineering, 1996, January: 100-103
[14]尹芳. 新型水夹点技术的应用与研究. [硕士学位论文]. 大连: 大连理工大学化学工程系, 2001
[15]Olesen,S.G.&Polley,S.G..A simple methodology for the design of water networks handling single contaminants. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1997,Part A,75
[16]Kuo,W.C.J&Smith,R..Designing for the interactions between water-use and effluent treatment. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1998,Part A,76,287-301
[17]P.Castro, H.Matos, M.C.Fernandes and C.Pedro Nunes. Improvements for mass-exchange networks design. Chemical Engineering Science, 1999, 54: 1649-1665
[18]Doyle,S.J.&Smith,R. Targeting water reuse with multiple contaminants.
Transactions of International Chemical Engineering , 1997,Part B,75(3),181-189
[19]Ching-Huei Huang, Chuei-Tin Chang, Han-Chern Ling and Cheng-Chang Chang. A mathematical Programming Model for Water Usage and Treatment Network Design. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1999, 38: 2666-2679
[20]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..A new algorithmic design procedure for the design of water utilization systems in refineries and process plants.Proceedings of PRESS 99 meeting .Budapest,1999.
[21]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..Watersave. A new approach to the design of water utilization systems in refineries and process plants. Proceedings of the second international conference on refining process ,American Institute of Chemical Engineering meeting.Houston,T.X. ,1999
[22]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..On the optimality conditions of water utilization systems in process plants with single contaminants .Chemical Engineering Science, in press,2000.
[23]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..Algorithmic procedure to design water utilization systems in refineries and process plants. Chemical Engineering Science , submitted,2000.
[24]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..On the use of linear models for the design of water utilization systems in refineries and process plants .Annual American Institute of Chemical Engineering meeting. Dallas , Chemical Engineering Research & Design , submitted,2000.
[25]Savelski,M.,& Bagajewicz,M..On the necessary conditions of optimality of water utilization systems in process plants with multiple contaminants. Chemical Engineering Science , submitted,2000.
[26]Miguel J.Bagajewicz, Margiori Rivas, Mariano J,Savelski. A robust method to obtain optimal and sub-optimal design and retrofit solutions of water utilization systems with multiple contaminants in process plants. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2000, 24: 1461-1466
[27]李保红. 水分配网络设计与改造方法研究. [博士学位论文]. 大连: 大连理工大学化学工程系, 2001
[28]Belhateche,D.H..Choose appropriate wastewater treatment technologies. Chemical Engineering Process, 1995,August,32
[29]T.K.Zhelev and N.Bhaw. Combined water-oxygen pinch analysis for better wastewater treatment management. Waste Management, 2000, 20: 665-670
[30]Y.P.Wang and R.Smith. Design of distributed effluent treatment systems. Chemical Engineering Science, 1994, 49(18): 3127-3145
[31]Wen-Chu Janice Kuo and Robin Smith. Effluent treatment system design. Chemical Engineering Science, 1997, 52(23): 4273-4290
[32]Douglas,J.M..Conceptual design of chemical processes.New York McGraw-Hill
1988
[33]D.Petrides, R.Cruz and J.Calandrains. Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities Using Process Simulation. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 1998, 22(Supple): 339-346
[33]A.A.Linninger & A.Chakraborty. Synthesis and optimization of waste treatment flowsheets. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 1999, 23: 1415-1425
[34]B.Galan & I.E.Crossmann. Optimal Design of Distributed Wastewater Treatment Networks. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1998, 37: 4036-4048
[35]Y.P.Wang and R.Smith. Wastewater minimization with flowrate constraints. Trans IChemE, November 1995, Vol.73(Part A): 889-904
[36]Savelski,M.,Lingareddy,S.&Bagajewicz,M..Design and retrofit of water utilization systems and zero discharge cycles in refineries and process plants.Paper 188g.American Institute of Chemical Engineering annual meeting. Los Angeles,1997.
[37]Savulescu,L.E.&Smith,R.Simultaneous energy and water minimization.American Institute of Chemical Engineering annual meeting,Paper 41f.Miami,FL 1998
[38]Bagajewicz,M.,Rodera,H.,&Savelski,M.Energy efficient water utilization systems in refineries and process plants.Computer&Chemical Engineering, Submitted
[39]Mariano J.Savelski,Miguel J.Bagajewicz.On the optimality conditions of water utilization systems in process plants with single contaminants.Chemical Engineering Scince 2000,55: 5035-5048
[40]L.E.Savulescu ,M.Sorin&R.Smith.Direct and Indirect heat transfer in water network systems. Applied Thermal Engineering 2002,22: 981-988
[41]Linnhof,B.,Mason,D.R.and Wardle,I.Understanding heat exchanger networks.Cumpt.Chem.Engng 1979,295-302
[42]Wood.R.M.,Wilcox,R.J.Grossmann,I.E A note on the number of minimum units for heat exchanger synthesis Cumpt.Chem.Engng.1985,14:1165-1184
[43] Olesen,S.G.&Polley,S.G..A simple methodology for the design of water networks handling single contaminants.Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers,1997 (Part A),75