城市风景名胜公园环境容量研究
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摘要
本文针对城市风景名胜公园环境的特点,建立符合其环境特征的评价指标体系,进而对各项容量标准进行细化:将游憩空间分为建筑内部空间、室外集散空间、游览道路空间和水上游览空间等几个主要部分;将内部设施细分为停车场、公厕、游船、坐凳、茶室、餐厅等几类;将生态容量细分为大气生态容量、水体生态容量和固体垃圾生态容量等;将社会经济环境容量细分为当地居民心理容量、住宿接待容量、交通设施容量和餐饮接待容量等分项容量。分别确定量化评价标准,从而使评价结果更加准确。随后,建立以寻找环境可持续发展主要“限制性因子”为主要目的的风景名胜公园环境容量评价模型,提出利用环境容量容载率,判断可持续发展限制性影响因子的评价方法,以扬州瘦西湖风景名胜公园为例进行实例研究,分别测算出空间容量、生态容量、内部设施容量和社会经济容量及各分项容载率、综合容载率。经测算,扬州瘦西湖风景名胜公园的综合容载率,一年中大部分时间处于“严重弱载”的水平,且具有明显的季节性。其可持续发展的主要限制性因子包括:游览道路空间容量、内部餐厅接待容量、水体和大气生态容量、城市餐饮和住宿接待容量等。最后,有针对性地提出相应的调控措施和发展对策。
Evaluation methods of the scenic park environmental capacity (EC) was improved on the basis of the existing research results. Firstly, evaluation index system was established. Evaluation criterion is too general and not sufficient to calculate the scenic park EC scientifically and accurately, was further divided. Detailedly, four kinds of sub-capacity were chosen to set up the evaluation system, they are spatial carrying capacity(SCC), facility carrying capacity(FCC), ecological carrying capacity(ECC) and social- economic carrying capacity(SECC). In this evaluation system, SCC includes building space capacity, outdoor activity space capacity, road traffic capacity and water tour spaces capacity. FCC includes parking, public toilets, boats, seats, tearooms and restaurants. ECC includes atmosphere capacity, water capacity, solid waste capacity and biological environment capacity. SECC includes capacities of resident cognitive level, accommodation, management, transport, restaurants and municipal facility. In addition, a threshold value of each capacity is identified according to their respective features to obtain an optimized evaluation of the scenic park environmental capacity. Fourth, an evaluation model is established to search the "limiting factors" for sustainable exploiting the park potential. Using this model, the environmental capacity rate (ECR) of an urban park can also be calculated conveniently. Fifth, the EC of the Slender West Lake Park, a famous and typical scenic park located in Yangzhou, is investigated elaborately as a case study. The SCC, FCC, ECC, SECC, together with integrated and sub-items ECR were calculated using the model mentioned above. The results indicated that the integrated ECR of the Slender West Lake Park is far below saturation and presents a typical seasonal fluctuation. The "limiting factors" preventing sustainable development of this park are road traffic capacity, restaurant capacity, atmosphere and water capacity and municipal accommodation capacity. Finally, several suggestions were provided to improve the planning and management of the Slender West Lake Park in the future.
Evaluation methods of the scenic park environmental capacity (EC) was improved on the basis of the existing research results. Firstly, evaluation index system was established. Evaluation criterion is too general and not sufficient to calculate the scenic park EC scientifically and accurately, was further divided. Detailedly, four kinds of sub-capacity were chosen to set up the evaluation system, they are spatial carrying capacity(SCC), facility carrying capacity(FCC), ecological carrying capacity(ECC) and social- economic carrying capacity(SECC). In this evaluation system, SCC includes building space capacity, outdoor activity space capacity, road traffic capacity and water tour spaces capacity. FCC includes parking, public toilets, boats, seats, tearooms and restaurants. ECC includes atmosphere capacity, water capacity, solid waste capacity and biological environment capacity. SECC includes capacities of resident cognitive level, accommodation, management, transport, restaurants and municipal facility. In addition, a threshold value of each capacity is identified according to their respective features to obtain an optimized evaluation of the scenic park environmental capacity. Fourth, an evaluation model is established to search the "limiting factors" for sustainable exploiting the park potential. Using this model, the environmental capacity rate (ECR) of an urban park can also be calculated conveniently. Fifth, the EC of the Slender West Lake Park, a famous and typical scenic park located in Yangzhou, is investigated elaborately as a case study. The SCC, FCC, ECC, SECC, together with integrated and sub-items ECR were calculated using the model mentioned above. The results indicated that the integrated ECR of the Slender West Lake Park is far below saturation and presents a typical seasonal fluctuation. The "limiting factors" preventing sustainable development of this park are road traffic capacity, restaurant capacity, atmosphere and water capacity and municipal accommodation capacity. Finally, several suggestions were provided to improve the planning and management of the Slender West Lake Park in the future.
引文
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