对我国篮球训练体制改革的研究
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摘要
改革开放以来，随着市场经济的逐步建立，体育事业面向市场、走向市场、以产业化为方向，已成为体育发展的必然趋势。我国的篮球事业随着改革开放的深化，为再创辉煌提供了良好的社会环境和机遇，它摆脱了过去几十年计划经济体制下形成的传统观念和原有管理体制、运行机制模式的束缚。我国篮球原有的训练体制在计划经济时期曾为我国的篮球事业作出了较大的贡献，但是，随着经济体制的转轨，在篮球体制改革的过程中，我国原有的训练体制会遇到一些新的问题。针对所遇到的问题该如何解决是其关键。我国篮球训练体制应如何改革，对我国篮球训练体制的改革进行研究，具有较强的现实意义。
本文运用了文献法、专家访谈法和逻辑方法，系统的阐述了我国篮球训练体制的形成历史及现状，揭示了我国篮球训练体制现状的利与弊。通过与美国的篮球训练体制进行比较研究，有针对性的借鉴美国篮球训练体制的优势，探讨我国篮球训练体制改革的对策。
研究结果表明：我国篮球运动训练体制在经济体制转型的过程中，有优势但也存在着缺陷。其优势为：（1）篮球管理中心的建立，有利于当前领导与推动我国篮球事业在改革中发展。（2）随着我国篮球职业化的改革，我国篮球运动竞赛制度开始与国际接轨，推动了我国篮球运动产业化的进程。（3）俱乐部正处于推向市场进行经营实体自主管理的尝试时期，前景广阔。其缺陷表现在：（1）体制不完全适应社会主义市场经济，国家对篮球管的过多过死，社会办篮球的积极性、创造性不能很好的发挥。俱乐部产权不清晰、法规不够健全。（2）企业、体委、篮管中心之间矛盾突出。（3） 后备人才培养体制单一，学校体育与竞技体育接不上轨。（4）教练员选拔与培养未能形成科学体系。（5） 职业联赛比赛场次少，强
度不大。
通过在管理体制、后备人才培养、教练员的任用、篮球竞赛制度、俱乐部运行机制五个方面对美国的篮球训练体制进行分析，结合我国实情和我国竞技体育体制现状，提出我国篮球训练体制改革的对策：（1）篮球协会应转变观念，理顺篮球协会与俱乐部的关系。（2）以学校为主，俱乐部为辅，多种方式并存方式发展，使我国篮球培养后备运动员走学训结合的道路。（3）改革运动员的选拔渠道。（4）加强教练员培训与考核，建立教练员培训制度。（5）增加甲级队数量，增加比赛场次。
Since our country carried out the reformation and the open policies to the world, the sports commercialization has been the necessary tendency for the development of the sports with the market economic establishment. With the development of the reformation in our country, basketball sports provide us the good social environments and opportunities and has got rid of the old-fashioned management system formed in the past decades. The past management system had made a great contribution to the basketball sports in our country. But with the reformation of economic system, the old training system has met with the new problems. How to solve them is the key. How to reform the training system of the basketball sports here and how to study the reformation have their realistic magnificence.
The assay is based on the theories of psychology, physical tactics and sports training. The documents, the way of interview, the systemic, scientific, logical and statistical ways are applied in the assay. It makes a systematical statement of the formation And has disclosed the advantages and disadvantages of the present basketball training system. By the comparison of our training system with that of USA, we make use of the superiority of the USA training system and discuss the reformation of the basketball training system.
The research results suggest that our basketball training system has both advantages and disadvantages during the transition of our economic system. Its advantages are (1) that the establishment of the basketball management center benefits the development of the basketball sports in our country and (2) that with the basketball professional reformation in our country the basketball games begin to be in the line
with the international ones, which has promoted the commercial course of the sports and (3) the basketball clubs are in the stage of being pushed into the markets and becoming the equivalent entities, which have the bright future. The disadvantages are (1) that the system can't adapt to the socialist market economy. The country is too strict with the basketball games, which contuse the enthusiasms of basketball games sponsored by the clubs and their creativities can't be brought into full play.
The property rights of the clubs are clear. The rules are not as clear as a bell and (2) the contradictions between the enterprises and physical committee and basketball management center are distinct. The system of the trainee in support is not flexible. The school physical training and sports are in the line and (4) the selection and the training of the coaches are made in the scientific way and (5) the professional league matches are held less.
Through the management system, the training of trainee in support, the use of the coaches, the system of the basketball games and the club operation, the assay analyses the system of the USA basketball training and combine the present situation in our country and put forward the countermeasures of the basketball training system in our country. (1) the basketball associations should change their mind and get on good terms with the clubs. (2) the university should play the main role and clubs should do the minor one. The basketball players in support should be trained and learn the new techniques. (3) the selection of players should be reformed. (4) the training and examination of the coaches should be strengthened. The training system of the coaches should be established. (5) the number of A class teams should be added and basketball games should be increased.
本文运用了文献法、专家访谈法和逻辑方法，系统的阐述了我国篮球训练体制的形成历史及现状，揭示了我国篮球训练体制现状的利与弊。通过与美国的篮球训练体制进行比较研究，有针对性的借鉴美国篮球训练体制的优势，探讨我国篮球训练体制改革的对策。
研究结果表明：我国篮球运动训练体制在经济体制转型的过程中，有优势但也存在着缺陷。其优势为：（1）篮球管理中心的建立，有利于当前领导与推动我国篮球事业在改革中发展。（2）随着我国篮球职业化的改革，我国篮球运动竞赛制度开始与国际接轨，推动了我国篮球运动产业化的进程。（3）俱乐部正处于推向市场进行经营实体自主管理的尝试时期，前景广阔。其缺陷表现在：（1）体制不完全适应社会主义市场经济，国家对篮球管的过多过死，社会办篮球的积极性、创造性不能很好的发挥。俱乐部产权不清晰、法规不够健全。（2）企业、体委、篮管中心之间矛盾突出。（3） 后备人才培养体制单一，学校体育与竞技体育接不上轨。（4）教练员选拔与培养未能形成科学体系。（5） 职业联赛比赛场次少，强
度不大。
通过在管理体制、后备人才培养、教练员的任用、篮球竞赛制度、俱乐部运行机制五个方面对美国的篮球训练体制进行分析，结合我国实情和我国竞技体育体制现状，提出我国篮球训练体制改革的对策：（1）篮球协会应转变观念，理顺篮球协会与俱乐部的关系。（2）以学校为主，俱乐部为辅，多种方式并存方式发展，使我国篮球培养后备运动员走学训结合的道路。（3）改革运动员的选拔渠道。（4）加强教练员培训与考核，建立教练员培训制度。（5）增加甲级队数量，增加比赛场次。
Since our country carried out the reformation and the open policies to the world, the sports commercialization has been the necessary tendency for the development of the sports with the market economic establishment. With the development of the reformation in our country, basketball sports provide us the good social environments and opportunities and has got rid of the old-fashioned management system formed in the past decades. The past management system had made a great contribution to the basketball sports in our country. But with the reformation of economic system, the old training system has met with the new problems. How to solve them is the key. How to reform the training system of the basketball sports here and how to study the reformation have their realistic magnificence.
The assay is based on the theories of psychology, physical tactics and sports training. The documents, the way of interview, the systemic, scientific, logical and statistical ways are applied in the assay. It makes a systematical statement of the formation And has disclosed the advantages and disadvantages of the present basketball training system. By the comparison of our training system with that of USA, we make use of the superiority of the USA training system and discuss the reformation of the basketball training system.
The research results suggest that our basketball training system has both advantages and disadvantages during the transition of our economic system. Its advantages are (1) that the establishment of the basketball management center benefits the development of the basketball sports in our country and (2) that with the basketball professional reformation in our country the basketball games begin to be in the line
with the international ones, which has promoted the commercial course of the sports and (3) the basketball clubs are in the stage of being pushed into the markets and becoming the equivalent entities, which have the bright future. The disadvantages are (1) that the system can't adapt to the socialist market economy. The country is too strict with the basketball games, which contuse the enthusiasms of basketball games sponsored by the clubs and their creativities can't be brought into full play.
The property rights of the clubs are clear. The rules are not as clear as a bell and (2) the contradictions between the enterprises and physical committee and basketball management center are distinct. The system of the trainee in support is not flexible. The school physical training and sports are in the line and (4) the selection and the training of the coaches are made in the scientific way and (5) the professional league matches are held less.
Through the management system, the training of trainee in support, the use of the coaches, the system of the basketball games and the club operation, the assay analyses the system of the USA basketball training and combine the present situation in our country and put forward the countermeasures of the basketball training system in our country. (1) the basketball associations should change their mind and get on good terms with the clubs. (2) the university should play the main role and clubs should do the minor one. The basketball players in support should be trained and learn the new techniques. (3) the selection of players should be reformed. (4) the training and examination of the coaches should be strengthened. The training system of the coaches should be established. (5) the number of A class teams should be added and basketball games should be increased.
引文
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2．骆先鸣.比较四国体育运动训练体制［J］.体育教学与训练.1991.（2）25～26.
3．凌平.中国体育体制改革的过程特征［J］.山东体育学院学报.1998.（1）8～11.
4．凌平.中国竞技体育改革若干问题探讨［J］.上海体育学院学报.1994.（1）28～31.
5．刘志敏.中日竞技体育的兴衰与两国运动训练体制的比较［J］.体育与科学.2002.（3）66～69.
6．车保仁等.完善项目纵现训练体制的几点思考［J］.山东体育科技.1994.（1）4～6.
7．于善旭.对当前使用“举国体制”概念的质疑［J］.天津体育学院学报.2002.（2）43～45.
8．李红艳.后备人才培养的四大问题和四大对策［J］.体育博览.
9．白喜林. 对我国篮球后备力量培养体制的思考［J］.中国学校体育.1998.（2）49～50.
10．李红艳等.我国竞技体育后备人才培养现状的研究［J］.山东体育学院学报.2002.（1）22～23.
11．姜明等.中国篮球后备力量培养的建议［J］.西安体育学院学报.2002.（2）85～86.
12．白喜林等.中国篮球运动的持续发展与篮球后备力量［J］.北京体育大学学报.
1999.（3）10～12.
13．郭经宙.我国竞技体育后备人才培养现状分析［J］.武汉体育学院学报.2002.（2）
18～20.
14．董少斌.浅滩篮球后备人才的储备［J］.四川体育科学.2002.（3）36～37.
15．高建磊.我国篮球竞技后备人才可持续发展影响因素的研究［J］.
广州体育学院学报.2001.（1）82～85.
16． 刘玉林.世界篮球运动发展趋势和我国篮球运动改革现状［J］.成都体育学院学报.
2000（2）69～72.
17．郑刚.论中国女篮“滑坡现象”的成因及其对策［J］.武汉体育学院学报.1999.
（5）32～35.
18．吴金元.我国“三大球”的滑坡与后备力量的培养［J］.体育.2001.（4）56～59.
19．李敦杰.世界篮球市场发展对我们的启示［J］.北京体育大学学报.2000.（4）460～462.
20．孙保生.中国篮球市场将在变革中形成［J］.体育博览.1995.（2）10～11.
21．黄顺和.我国篮球运动现状与对策的探讨［J］.福建体育学院学报.1992.（1）10～12.
22．陈京生.从篮球角度对莫斯科和北京、浙江省少体校体制的比较研究［J］.
安徽体育科技.1992.（4）23～28.
23．王新华.中国篮球运动的理论思维与突破［J］.沈阳体育学院学报.2000.（4）16～17.
24．张晓东.中国篮球运动的职业化发展和困惑［J］.山东体育学院学报.2000.（3）
47～49.
25．杨铁黎.深化我国职业篮球体制改革的对策研究［J］.成都体育学院学报.2001.（2）
61～64.
26．信兰成.篮球改革与发展的思路和措施［J］.体育文史.2000.（2）19～21.
27．孙民治.21世纪世界篮球竞技运动的发展趋势——兼论中国篮球运动现状及对策［J］.
体育科学.2001.（1）44～46.
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