论平等价值的证成、批评与反驳
摘要
本文所要讨论的是关于平等价值的证成方式、所受到的批评以及平等价值的拥护者对这些批评的反驳。平等的价值理论是从价值学说的角度对平等是否是好的，以及为什么是好的这些问题给予规范性的解答。根据对平等价值的分类，我们将平等价值的证成分为三类：分别是工具价值的证成、内在价值的证成和混合价值的证成。自由至上主义对平等价值做出了系统化的批评。认为平等是一个未经证明的观点，是一种情绪化的嫉妒政治。平等原则作为一个模式化的正义原则，容易为自由所扰乱。要解决这个问题，就要完全禁止人们之间的自愿交换和馈赠，而这侵犯了人们的基本权利。优先性主义和充分性主义是新近从平等主义中分离出来的新理论。他们对于平等的价值有新的看法。优先性主义认为平等主义可以分为目的论的平等主义和道义论的平等主义两种。在优先性主义看来，这两种平等主义都面临着不能克服的致命缺陷。充分性主义认为真正重要的是每个人都获得足够的，而不是相同的。只有平等能够帮助人们达到某个重要的福利门槛时，平等才是有价值的。充分性主义认为平等主义错误的把人们的注意力引向了衡量福利的相对标准，而真正重要的是衡量福利的绝对标准。况且平等主义并没有得到证明，还很容易造成灾难性的分配后果。通过梳理上面几种理论流派的争论，本文认为平等价值要得到证成，就必须克服两个具体的批评：一个是空洞概念的批评，一个是处境下降的批评。克服空洞概念的批评有助于使平等价值获得独立的规范性内容；而克服处境下降的批评能够说明平等价值是一种工具性的价值，从而获得一种重要性。最后本文提出一种分层次的平等价值理论。最核心的是比较性正义的观念，这指示了一种有很强效力的平等价值主张。中间层次的是一种经过妥协的有条件的平等主义。它只在特定情况下支持平等价值。以及最外围的道德平等观念，这种观念既可能支持平等价值的主张，也可能反对平等价值的主张。
The theme of this paper is to explore the controversy which relates to the value ofequality. Equality and the value of equality are very close concepts. This paper arguesthat the value of equality means that wether equality is good, and how equality is good.Therefore, from the point of view of value theory, we discuss equality in politicalphilosophy. First, from the consideration of two distinction of goodness, Equality can bedivided into three pieces: there are equality as instrumental value, equality as intrinsicvalue, and equality as extrinsic value. equality as instrumental value means we persueequality for some other goods. equality as intrinsic value,means we persue equality forequality itself, not for other goods. equality as extrinsic value means we persue equalitypartly for other good, partly for equality itself, or for equality itself in some coditions.This paper argues that such justification of equality need to address a lot of criticism.This paper choose three kinds of criticism to equality, there are criticism of Nozick,criticism of priority theory, and criticism of sufficiency theory. criticism of Nozick is asystematic criticism.He argues that equality is an unproven principle, it is a jealousypolitics.Equality is a patterned principle, it is easily disrupted by voluntary exchangeand gifts. Unless we forbiden the voluntary exchange and gifts, in other words, violatethe basic rights of person, the Egalitarianism can not solve this problem. And hisconcept of self-ownership proved this point. The egalitarians think Nozick's theory isalso lack of justification. And the property rights is not too strict to violate any tax forredistribution. And Nozick's concept of self-ownership can not support his concept of property rights.
Criticism of Priority theory based on Parfit’s classification of egalitarianism. In hisopinion, egalitarianism can be divided into two kinds: teleological egalitarianism anddeontological egalitarianism. Parfitt believe teleological egalitarianism facing thelevelling down objection. According to person-affecting principle, we must abandonteleological egalitarianism.Although deontological egalitarian able to overcomelevelling down objection, but it does not explain the "divided world" example. So it isnot a ideal principle. Parfit think his priority view can explain why do we favorate theworst off. And the priority view can avoid the levelling down objection and the dividedworld objection. And Negal’s justification of acceptence can support priority view.
But egalitarians believe there can not be distincted between the priority view andthe egalitarianism. Because each priority view can be found a corresponding theory ofequality.and in fact, priority view itself facing the levelling down objection.Sufficiency theory believe the most important thing is everyone gets enough, not getsthe same. The sufficientarianism believe that the importance of welfare threshold. Whenperson reach the welfare threshold,we can say he gets enough. And the redistributionabove welfare threshold is not important. Egalitarian draws person’s attention to therelative standard of welfare is not appropriate. The important thing is absolute standardof person’s welfare. Equality is an unproven principle and lead to CatastrophicConsequences. Egalitarian think the relative standard of welfare is important. Disastrousdistributional consequences are not required by egalitarianism at all. And the principleof sufficiency can not set a reasonable threshold for the welfare, which makes peoplesuspect the appeal of the principle of sufficiency.
Based on the analysis above, the ideal justification of equality must respond to twodifferent criticisms: the levelling down objection, and the empty idea objection.Defenders of the egalitarianism carried out a lot of refute. The egalitarian think equalityhas a unique normative content, equality is not an empty idea. Egalitarianism have theirown independent views on which aspect is moral relevance, and which is moral Irrelevance. According to the distinction between comparative justice andnon-comparative justice, equality is a principle of comparative justice. Facing thelevelling down objection, Egalitarian has two kinds of response. One is recognized thatthe attractiveness of the levelling down objection, and revise the Egalitarianism. Theother is insisted on equality have plenty of reasons to support the levelling down.We can make a description of equality in three levels: in the context of comparativejustice, equality has a strong appeal as a principle of distribution. It can overcome alotof criticisms. And clarify the normative content of the principle of equality. Make surethe value of equality will not equivalent to entitlement theory and deserve principle.Secondly, when we distribute some Substantial goods, we can insist that the conditionalegalitarianism. we can insist that the equal distribution of Pareto optimal is the bestdistribution. Although in this contidtion, the principle of equality always Beoverwhelmed by principle of welfare. Third, the moral equality sometimes able tosupport value of equality, but this is not a solid support. It will also allow a lot ofnon-egalitarianism principles. In this paper, it is reasonable to believe the assumption ofequality. After the visits equality as a universal emtitlement theory or deserved theory,we believe that some principles supported by moral equality indeed are principles ofequality, and can not be equated to deserve theory or emtitlement theory. Such as, theequality of political symbolism.
The theme of this paper is to explore the controversy which relates to the value ofequality. Equality and the value of equality are very close concepts. This paper arguesthat the value of equality means that wether equality is good, and how equality is good.Therefore, from the point of view of value theory, we discuss equality in politicalphilosophy. First, from the consideration of two distinction of goodness, Equality can bedivided into three pieces: there are equality as instrumental value, equality as intrinsicvalue, and equality as extrinsic value. equality as instrumental value means we persueequality for some other goods. equality as intrinsic value,means we persue equality forequality itself, not for other goods. equality as extrinsic value means we persue equalitypartly for other good, partly for equality itself, or for equality itself in some coditions.This paper argues that such justification of equality need to address a lot of criticism.This paper choose three kinds of criticism to equality, there are criticism of Nozick,criticism of priority theory, and criticism of sufficiency theory. criticism of Nozick is asystematic criticism.He argues that equality is an unproven principle, it is a jealousypolitics.Equality is a patterned principle, it is easily disrupted by voluntary exchangeand gifts. Unless we forbiden the voluntary exchange and gifts, in other words, violatethe basic rights of person, the Egalitarianism can not solve this problem. And hisconcept of self-ownership proved this point. The egalitarians think Nozick's theory isalso lack of justification. And the property rights is not too strict to violate any tax forredistribution. And Nozick's concept of self-ownership can not support his concept of property rights.
Criticism of Priority theory based on Parfit’s classification of egalitarianism. In hisopinion, egalitarianism can be divided into two kinds: teleological egalitarianism anddeontological egalitarianism. Parfitt believe teleological egalitarianism facing thelevelling down objection. According to person-affecting principle, we must abandonteleological egalitarianism.Although deontological egalitarian able to overcomelevelling down objection, but it does not explain the "divided world" example. So it isnot a ideal principle. Parfit think his priority view can explain why do we favorate theworst off. And the priority view can avoid the levelling down objection and the dividedworld objection. And Negal’s justification of acceptence can support priority view.
But egalitarians believe there can not be distincted between the priority view andthe egalitarianism. Because each priority view can be found a corresponding theory ofequality.and in fact, priority view itself facing the levelling down objection.Sufficiency theory believe the most important thing is everyone gets enough, not getsthe same. The sufficientarianism believe that the importance of welfare threshold. Whenperson reach the welfare threshold,we can say he gets enough. And the redistributionabove welfare threshold is not important. Egalitarian draws person’s attention to therelative standard of welfare is not appropriate. The important thing is absolute standardof person’s welfare. Equality is an unproven principle and lead to CatastrophicConsequences. Egalitarian think the relative standard of welfare is important. Disastrousdistributional consequences are not required by egalitarianism at all. And the principleof sufficiency can not set a reasonable threshold for the welfare, which makes peoplesuspect the appeal of the principle of sufficiency.
Based on the analysis above, the ideal justification of equality must respond to twodifferent criticisms: the levelling down objection, and the empty idea objection.Defenders of the egalitarianism carried out a lot of refute. The egalitarian think equalityhas a unique normative content, equality is not an empty idea. Egalitarianism have theirown independent views on which aspect is moral relevance, and which is moral Irrelevance. According to the distinction between comparative justice andnon-comparative justice, equality is a principle of comparative justice. Facing thelevelling down objection, Egalitarian has two kinds of response. One is recognized thatthe attractiveness of the levelling down objection, and revise the Egalitarianism. Theother is insisted on equality have plenty of reasons to support the levelling down.We can make a description of equality in three levels: in the context of comparativejustice, equality has a strong appeal as a principle of distribution. It can overcome alotof criticisms. And clarify the normative content of the principle of equality. Make surethe value of equality will not equivalent to entitlement theory and deserve principle.Secondly, when we distribute some Substantial goods, we can insist that the conditionalegalitarianism. we can insist that the equal distribution of Pareto optimal is the bestdistribution. Although in this contidtion, the principle of equality always Beoverwhelmed by principle of welfare. Third, the moral equality sometimes able tosupport value of equality, but this is not a solid support. It will also allow a lot ofnon-egalitarianism principles. In this paper, it is reasonable to believe the assumption ofequality. After the visits equality as a universal emtitlement theory or deserved theory,we believe that some principles supported by moral equality indeed are principles ofequality, and can not be equated to deserve theory or emtitlement theory. Such as, theequality of political symbolism.
引文
1罗纳德·德沃金：《至上的美德——平等的理论与实践》，冯克利译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2007年版，第1页。
2罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府，国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第279页。
1关于数值平等和比例平等的论述参见斯坦福哲学在线相关词条Http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/。
1参见Alfred Tuttle Williams，’The concept of equality‐in the writtings of Rouseau, Benthem, and Kant’, New York:Columbia University,1907.
2Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
3参见斯坦福哲学在线相关词条Http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/。
1William T. Blackstone,’the Concpt of Equality’, Athens: University of georgia,1969.
2Richard Flathman,”Equality and Generalization,a Formal Analysis”,in the Notion of Equality ed.by ManeHajdin,2000p39.
3Felix E oppenheim,”Egalitarianism as a Descriptive Concept”, in the Notion of Equality ed.by Mane Hajdin,2000p33.
4这个例子详见Felix E oppenheim,”Egalitarianism as a Descriptive Concept”, in the Notion of Equality ed.by ManeHajdin,2000p33.
5Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
1Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995.
2Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
3德雷克·帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社，2006年第1版，第203页。
4参见Mason,A.,‘Egalitarianism and the Levelling Down Objection’,Analysis,61/3:246–54.
1Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
2Harry Brighouse,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3.
3Thomas Christiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value ofEquality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
4Temkin, L. S.‘,Intergenerational Inequality’, in P. Laslett and J. S. Fishkin (eds.), Justice Between Age Groups andGenerations New Haven: Yale University Press,169–205.
1参见Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
2Thomas Christiano,’the Constitution of Equality’,oxford: Oxford University Press,2008.
3罗纳德·德沃金：《至上的美德——平等的理论与实践》，冯克利译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2007年版，第130页。
4Christopher Ake,’Justice as Equality’, in Phylosophy and Public Affairs Vol.5,No.1(Autum1975),69‐89.
5Joel Feinberg,’ Noncomparative Justice’, in The Philosophcal Review,Vol.83, No.3(Jul.1974),pp297‐338.
6William T. Blackstone,’ On the Meaning and Justification of Equality Principle’, in Echics,Vol.77,No.4, pp.239‐253.
7William T. Blackstone,’the Concpt of Equality’ Athens: University of georgia,1969.
1Michael Quinn,’ Justice and Egalitarianism’, London: Garland Publishing Inc.1991.
2William T. Blackstone,’ On the Meaning and Justification of Equality Principle’, in Echics,Vol.77,No.4,(vol，1967)pp.239‐253.
3Harold Laski,‘Liberty and Equality’, in the Concpt of Equality,1969.
4John Plamenatz,’Equality of Opportunity’, in the Concpt of Equality,1969.
1W G Runciman,’ Social Equality’, in Philosophcal Quarterly, Vol.17, No.68(jul,1967), pp.221‐230.
2Dennis Mckerlie,‘Equality’, in the Notion of Equality ed.by Mane Hajdin,2000.
3John Wilson,‘Equality’, London: Harourt, Brace&World,1966.
4Andrew Reck,‘the Metaphiscs of Equality’, in the Concpt of Equality,1969.
5Ben and Peters,’Justice and Equality’, in the Concpt of Equality,1969.
6Isaiah Berlin,‘Equality’, in the Concpt of Equality,1969.
7John H Schaar,‘Some ways of thinking of equality’, in the Journal of Politics，Vol.26, No.4(Nov.,1964), pp867‐895.
1Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’, In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995.
2参见Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
1Klemens Kappel,‘Equality, Priority and Time’, in the Notion of Equality ed.by Mane Hajdin,2000.
2托马斯·内格尔：《人的问题》，万以译，上海：上海译文出版社2000年版。
3Madison Powers,‘Forget about Equality’, in the Notion of Equality ed.by Mane Hajdin,2000.
4Nils Holtug,‘Prioritarianism’,参见Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on theNature and Value of Equality’, Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
5Larry Temkin,‘inequalities’, in the Notion of Equality ed.by Mane Hajdin,2000.
6详见Martin Peterson and sven ove Hanson,Equality and priority Utilitas Vol17. No.3.
1哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版。
2M Fleurbaey,‘Equal Opportunity for Equal Social Outcome’, in Economic and Philosophy,1995,No.11.
1参见Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4.
2约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第8页。
3Peter Westen,”The Empty Ideal of Equality” Harvard Law Review, Vol.96,No.3, p.547.
1Kent Greenawalt,“Prescriptive Equality:Two Steps Forward” Harvard Law Revi–ew Vol.110,No.6,1270‐1271.
2参见罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府，国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版。
3参见乔纳森·沃尔夫：《政治哲学导论》，王涛等译，长春：吉林出版集团，2009年版，第178‐179页；它们也同样出现在乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》，王天成、张颖译，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999年版，第112页。
1参见Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
2这个观点参见罗纳德·德沃金：《至上的美德——平等的理论与实践》，冯克利译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2007年版，第84‐85页。
3参见柯亨：《自我所有、自由和平等》，李朝晖译，北京：东方出版社，2008年版。
4乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》，王天成、张颖译，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999年版。
5T M scanlon,‘The Deversity Objections to Inequality’, in Ideal of Equality, New York: St. Martin Press,2000.
1Larry Temkin,‘Inequalities’, New York: Oxford University Press,1993.
1G A Cohen,‘Rescuing Justice and Equality’, Cambrige: Harvard University Press,2008.
2Ellen Freeber,‘Regarding equality’, Lanham: Lexingdon Books,2001.
3Ingmar Persson,‘A Defense of Extreme Egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value ofEquality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
4Thomas Christiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value ofEquality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
1迈克尔沃尔泽：《正义诸领域—为多元主义与平等一辩》，禇松燕译，南京：译林出版社2002年版。
2参见Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
3Richard Arneson,‘Against Complex Equality’, in Pluralism, Justice and Equality, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995.
4Iris Marion Young,‘Justice and Politics Difference’, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1990.5
1伊丽莎白·安德森：《平等的意义何在？》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第245页。
2伊丽莎白·安德森：《平等的意义何在？》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第246页。
3Linda Barclay,‘Feminist Distributive Justice and the Relevance of Equal Relations’, in Egalitarianism‐New Essays onthe Nature and Value of Equality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
4参见http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/.
1Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，An Introduction to Comtenporary Egalitariansim,’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’, Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007, p.2.
1参见罗伯特·达尔：《论政治平等》，谢岳译，上海：上海人民出版社，2010年版。
1参见《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第311‐312页。
1Cristine M Korsgaard,‘Two Distinctions of Goodness ‘,The Philosophical Review, Vol.92, No.2, P170.
2Cristine M Korsgaard,‘Two Distinctions of Goodness ‘,The Philosophical Review, Vol.92, No.2, P169.
1参见Cristine M Korsgaard,‘Two Distinctions of Goodness ‘,The Philosophical Review, Vol.92, No.2, P174.
2参见Cristine M Korsgaard,‘Two Distinctions of Goodness ‘,The Philosophical Review, Vol.92, No.2, P190.
1伊曼努尔·康德：《道德形而上学原理》，苗力田译，上海：上海人民出版社，2005年版，第8页。
2伊曼努尔·康德：《道德形而上学原理》，苗力田译，上海：上海人民出版社，2005年版，第9‐10页。
3Cristine M Korsgaard,‘Two Distinctions of Goodness ‘,The Philosophical Review, Vol.92, No.2, P192.
4对这篇文章的批评见斯坦福哲学在线：http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value‐intrinsic‐extrinsic/
1Derek Parfit,’Euqality and Priority’,Ratio (new series),x3december1997, P204.
2Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P83.
1参见Igmar Persson,‘Adefense of extreme egalitarianism’in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P89-91.
2这个例子参见Igmar Persson,‘Adefense of extreme egalitarianism’in Egalitarianism-New essays on the natureand value of equality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P91.
3Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P92.
1Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P93.
2同上
3Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P94.
1Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P95.
2Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P95.
3罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第279页。
1参见威尔·金里卡：《当代政治哲学》，刘莘译，上海：上海三联书店，2003年版，第106‐107页。
2约翰·罗尔斯：《正义论》，何怀宏等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2009年版，第6页。
3姚大志：《罗尔斯》，长春：长春出版社，2011年版，第10页。
1托马斯·内格尔：《人的问题》，万以译，上海：上海译文出版社2000年版，第131页。
2托马斯·内格尔：《人的问题》，万以译，上海：上海译文出版社2000年版，第132‐133页。
1托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第144页。
2托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第145页。
1托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第159页。
1托马斯·内格尔：《人的问题》，万以译，上海：上海译文出版社2000年版，第115页。
2托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第233‐234页。
1托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第229页。
2这里需要假设处境较好者福利水平的恶化，还没有达到造成痛苦的程度。
3Harold Lasky,‘Liberty and equality’, in the concept of equality ed. By William T Blackstone,1969, P169.
4托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第231页。
1关于复合平等的含义，参见迈克尔·沃尔泽：《正义诸领域——为多元主义与平等一辩》，褚松燕译，南京：译林出版社，2002年版，第19‐25页。
2John P Plamenatz,‘Equality of opportunity’, in the concept of equality ed. By William T Blackstone,1969, P86.
1托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第227页。
2托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第245页。
1Andrew Mason,‘Egalitarianism and Levelling down Objection’, Analysis, Vol.61, No.3, P248.
1Thomas Cristiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’, in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P42.
2Thomas Cristiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’, in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P46.
3Thomas Cristiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’, in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P44.
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第279页。
2同上
3这种对平等的证明参见Bernard Williams,‘The Idea of Equality’, in Equality and Justice Vol.2, ed by PeterVallentyne, New York: Routledge Press,2003.
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第283页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第285页。
2参见姚大志：《何谓正义：当代西方政治哲学研究》，北京：人民出版社，2007年版，第84页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第187页。
2罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第191页。
3罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第184页
4罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第192-193页。
5罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第196页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第197页。
2乔纳森·沃尔夫：《政治哲学导论》，陈任博等译，长春:吉林出版集团，2009年版，第:178-179页。
1塞缪尔·弗莱施哈克尔：《分配正义简史》，吴万伟译，南京:译林出版社,2010年版，第162页。.
2罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第196页
1威尔·金里卡：《当代政治哲学》，刘莘译，上海：上海三联书店，2003年版，第199页。
1Larry Temkin, Equality, priority or what, economics and philosophy2003.19p68.
2Nils Holtug, Prioritarianism, in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality, Nils Holtug andKasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
3也有学者认为优先性作为分配正义的原则最早来自于布鲁姆，但是这个真正引起政治哲学家们的注意，要等到帕菲特1995年的讲座以后。因此本文将优先性原则的产生放到了帕菲特这里。见what is differencebetween egalitarianism and prioritariansim.p12.
4Derek Parfit,Euqality or Priority? In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p85.
5迈克尔沃尔泽：《正义诸领域—为多元主义与平等一辩》，禇松燕译，南京：译林出版社2002年版，第2‐3页。
1这种对功利主义的批评及事例详见Martin Peterson and sven ove Hanson,’Equality and priority’, Utilitas Vol17.No.3p302.
2学界对平等本身是否要求效用的最大化存在争议，这涉及到对平等的处境下降的批评，我们以后会详细说明。
3德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第203页。
1关于加权功利主义参见Pual weirich,’utility temper with equality’,No s Vol.17,No.3pp423‐439.
2Derek Parfit,Euqality or Priority? In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p100.
3Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,pp103-104.黑体字的显示方式为本文作者所加。
4德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第205页。黑体字的显示方式为本文作者所加。
1德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第204页。
2德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第207页。
3Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p104.
1Martin Peterson and sven ove Hanson,’Equality and priority’, Utilitas Vol17. No.3,p301.
1Bertil Tungodden,’The value of equlity’,Economics and philosophy19(2003)1-44,p24.
2Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p84.
1德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第201页。
1德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第204页。
2德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第200页。
1参见孙一平：《相对优势还是绝对劣势——平等观念与优先性理论之辩》一文，载于《学习与探索》2010年第4期。
1哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第179页。
1哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第185页。
2约翰·罗尔斯：《正义论》，何怀宏等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2009年版，第81页。
1哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第179页。
1这个例子参见Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p746.
2哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第177页。
1Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p755.
2充分性原则的两个主题参见Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1.
1哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第189页。
1这种对于充分性原则的分类，参见Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1.
1Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p756.
1这四种对充分性原则的论证请参见Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1,304‐312.
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第290页。
2约翰·罗尔斯：《正义论》，何怀宏等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2009年版，第422页。
1乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》王天成等译，.哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社,1999年版，第91页。
2罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第196页。
3乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》王天成等译，.哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1999年版，第91页。
4G·A·科亨：《自我所有、自由和平等》，李朝晖译，北京：东方出版社，2008年版，第36页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第254页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第193页。
2罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第181-182页。
3G·A·科亨：《自我所有、自由和平等》，李朝晖译，北京：东方出版社，2008年版，第51页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第314页。
2乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》王天成等译，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社,1999年版，第95页。
3罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第181页。
1G·A·科亨：《自我所有、自由和平等》，李朝晖译，北京：东方出版社，2008年版，第31页。
1G·A·科亨：《自我所有、自由和平等》，李朝晖译，北京：东方出版社，2008年版，第82页。
2威尔·金里卡：《当代政治哲学》，刘莘译，上海：上海三联书店，2003年版，第204页。
1参见威尔·金里卡：《当代政治哲学》，刘莘译，上海：上海三联书店，2003年版，第215页。
2这种归纳参见乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》王天成等译，.哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999年版，第28页。
1Karsten Klint Jensen,‘what is difference between Egalitarianism and Prioritarianism?’,18.
2德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第205页。
1Bertil Tungodden,’The value of equlity’,Economics and philosophy19(2003)1-44,pp23-24.
2由高收入人群向低收入人群转移财富，只要不改变各群体财富的相对排名，就会使不平等指标的值降低。
1Marc Fleurbaey,’Equality versus priority:How relevant is the distinction?’ in D.Wickler and C.J.L Murray ed.Justic,Wellbeing,Health: Ethical Issues in Health Resource Allocation. p6.
2Martin Peterson and sven ove Hanson,’Equality and priority’, Utilitas Vol17No.3,303-304.
3详见Martin Peterson and sven ove Hanson,Equality and priority Utilitas Vol17. No.3,第五节。
1哈里法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第177页。
2Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p755.
1Marc Fleurbaey,’Equality versus priority:How relevant is the distinction?’ in D.Wickler and C.J.L Murray ed.Justic,Wellbeing,Health: Ethical Issues in Health Resource Allocation.p4.
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第293页。
2Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p.104.
1Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p.100.
2德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第205页。
3Bertil Tungodden,’The value of equlity’,Economics and philosophy19(2003)1-44,pp24-25.
1Harry Brighouse,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3,p474.
2Harry Brighouse,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3,pp475-476.
3孙一平：《相对优势还是绝对劣势——平等观念与优先性理论之辩》，载于《学习与探索》2010年第4期，第79页。
4Harry Brighouse,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3,p475.
1参见罗伯特·达尔：《论政治平等》，谢岳译，上海：上海人民出版社，2010年版。
2Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p748.
1Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1,p.307.
1Larry Temkin, Egalitarianism Defended, in Ethics, Vol113, pp.773‐774.
1Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p755.
2Nils Holtug, Prioritarianism, in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality, Nils Holtug andKasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007, pp149‐150.
1Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p758.
1Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p762.
2塞缪尔·弗莱施哈克尔：《分配正义简史》，吴万伟译，南京：译林出版社，2010年，第169页。
1Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1,p.316.
1这个可悲的例子参见Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1,p.314.
1Peter Westen,”The Empty Ideal of Equality” Harvard Law Review, Vol.96,No.3, p543.
1怀斯坦对平等的这些批评参见Peter Westen,”The Empty Ideal of Equality” Harvard Law Review, Vol.96,No.3,第一部分。
1参见约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第5页。
2约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第8页。
1Erwin Chemerinsky，‘In Defense of Eqaulity: A Reply to Professor Westen’, in Michigan Law Review, Vol.81,p.578.
1Erwin Chemerinsky，‘In Defense of Eqaulity: A Reply to Professor Westen’, in Michigan Law Review,Vol.81,pp.579‐580.
2这个例子参见Erwin Chemerinsky，‘In Defense of Eqaulity: A Reply to Professor Westen’, in Michigan Law Review,Vol.81,pp.580‐581.
3参见参见约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第7页。
1这两个例子参见Kent Greenawalt,‘How Empty Is the Idea of Eqaulity’, in Columbia Law Review,Vol.83,pp.1171‐1173.
2参见Kent Greenawalt,‘How Empty Is the Idea of Eqaulity’, in Columbia Law Review, Vol.83,pp.1175.
1这个例子参见Athony D’amato,‘Is Equality a Totally Empty Idea?’, in Heinonline, Vol.81,p600.
1Athony D’amato,‘Is Equality a Totally Empty Idea?’, in Heinonline, Vol.81,p602.
1两种人际比较的区别参见Joel Feinberg,‘Noncomparative Justice’, in The Phelosophical Review, Vol.83, No.3,p.303.
2Joel Feinberg,‘Noncomparative Justice’, in The Phelosophical Review, Vol.83, No.3, pp.311‐312.
3Joel Feinberg,‘Noncomparative Justice’, in The Phelosophical Review, Vol.83, No.3, p.314.
1Philip Montague,’Comparative and Non‐comparative Justice’, The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.30, No.119, p131.
2Philip Montague,’Comparative and Non‐comparative Justice’, The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.30, No.119, p133.
3Philip Montague,’Comparative and Non‐comparative Justice’, The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.30, No.119, p134.
1这个例子出自Joshua Hoffman,‘A New Theory of Comparative and Non‐comparative Justice’, Philosophical Study,Vol.70, No.2, p.7.
2约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第11页。
1Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, p248.
2参见Mason,A.,‘Egalitarianism and the Levelling Down Objection’,Analysis,61/3:246–254.
3Harry Brighouse,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3.
4Thomas Christiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value ofEquality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
1德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第210页。
2Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, p248.
1这种批评请参见Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, p255.
2这里的内在价值是指本身就是好的价值。当然根据科尔斯戈德的定义，我们应该称之为非工具价值更为贴切。
1参见Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, pp.258‐262.
2参见Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, pp.264‐268.
1参见Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, pp.272‐277.
2Nils Holtug,‘Egalitarianism and the Levelling Down Objection’, in Analysis, Vol.58, No.2, p.167.
1Nils Holtug,‘Egalitarianism and the Levelling Down Objection’, in Analysis, Vol.58, No.2, p.170.
1Andrew Mason,‘Egalitarianism and Levelling down Objection’, Analysis, Vol.61, No.3, p.248.
1Ksper Lippert Rasmussen,‘The Insignifisance of the Distinction of Beteween Telic and Teontic Egalitarianism’, inEgalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007,pp.113‐118.
1Jonathan Wolff,‘Levelling Down’, in Challeges to Democracy: The PSA Yearbook2000ed., K Dowding, J. Hughesand H. Margetts, Macmillan2001, p.4.
2参见Jonathan Wolff,‘Levelling Down’, in Challeges to Democracy: The PSA Yearbook2000ed., K Dowding, J.Hughes and H. Margetts, Macmillan2001, pp.4—10.
1参见Jonathan Wolff,‘Levelling Down’, in Challeges to Democracy: The PSA Yearbook2000ed., K Dowding, J.Hughes and H. Margetts, Macmillan2001, pp.16—17.
1具体详见Thomas Cristiano,‘Inequality，Injustice and Levelling Down’, Ratio,Vol.21,No.4, pp.409-410.
1Harry Brighouse and Adam Swift,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3, p.472.
1参见Joshua Hoffman,‘A New Theory of Comparative and Non‐comparative Justice’, Philosophical Study, Vol.70,No.2.
1布莱恩·巴利：《社会正义论》，曹海军译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2007年版，第218页。
2参见布莱恩·巴利：《社会正义论》，曹海军译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2007年版，第218页。
3参见布莱恩·巴利：《社会正义论》，曹海军译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2007年版，第219页。
1约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第9页。
1Bertil Tungodden,‘The Value of Equality’, in Economics and Philosophy Vol.19, p.4.
2Thomas Cristiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’, in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,p.50.
1参见Thomas Cristiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’, in Egalitarianism‐New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen2007.
2约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第8页。
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1、斯坦福哲学在线关于“平等”的词条Http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/
2、斯坦福哲学在线关于“平等主义”的词条Http://plato.-stanford.edu/-entries/egalitarianism/
2罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府，国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第279页。
1关于数值平等和比例平等的论述参见斯坦福哲学在线相关词条Http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/。
1参见Alfred Tuttle Williams，’The concept of equality‐in the writtings of Rouseau, Benthem, and Kant’, New York:Columbia University,1907.
2Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
3参见斯坦福哲学在线相关词条Http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/。
1William T. Blackstone,’the Concpt of Equality’, Athens: University of georgia,1969.
2Richard Flathman,”Equality and Generalization,a Formal Analysis”,in the Notion of Equality ed.by ManeHajdin,2000p39.
3Felix E oppenheim,”Egalitarianism as a Descriptive Concept”, in the Notion of Equality ed.by Mane Hajdin,2000p33.
4这个例子详见Felix E oppenheim,”Egalitarianism as a Descriptive Concept”, in the Notion of Equality ed.by ManeHajdin,2000p33.
5Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
1Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995.
2Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
3德雷克·帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社，2006年第1版，第203页。
4参见Mason,A.,‘Egalitarianism and the Levelling Down Objection’,Analysis,61/3:246–54.
1Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
2Harry Brighouse,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3.
3Thomas Christiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value ofEquality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
4Temkin, L. S.‘,Intergenerational Inequality’, in P. Laslett and J. S. Fishkin (eds.), Justice Between Age Groups andGenerations New Haven: Yale University Press,169–205.
1参见Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
2Thomas Christiano,’the Constitution of Equality’,oxford: Oxford University Press,2008.
3罗纳德·德沃金：《至上的美德——平等的理论与实践》，冯克利译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2007年版，第130页。
4Christopher Ake,’Justice as Equality’, in Phylosophy and Public Affairs Vol.5,No.1(Autum1975),69‐89.
5Joel Feinberg,’ Noncomparative Justice’, in The Philosophcal Review,Vol.83, No.3(Jul.1974),pp297‐338.
6William T. Blackstone,’ On the Meaning and Justification of Equality Principle’, in Echics,Vol.77,No.4, pp.239‐253.
7William T. Blackstone,’the Concpt of Equality’ Athens: University of georgia,1969.
1Michael Quinn,’ Justice and Egalitarianism’, London: Garland Publishing Inc.1991.
2William T. Blackstone,’ On the Meaning and Justification of Equality Principle’, in Echics,Vol.77,No.4,(vol，1967)pp.239‐253.
3Harold Laski,‘Liberty and Equality’, in the Concpt of Equality,1969.
4John Plamenatz,’Equality of Opportunity’, in the Concpt of Equality,1969.
1W G Runciman,’ Social Equality’, in Philosophcal Quarterly, Vol.17, No.68(jul,1967), pp.221‐230.
2Dennis Mckerlie,‘Equality’, in the Notion of Equality ed.by Mane Hajdin,2000.
3John Wilson,‘Equality’, London: Harourt, Brace&World,1966.
4Andrew Reck,‘the Metaphiscs of Equality’, in the Concpt of Equality,1969.
5Ben and Peters,’Justice and Equality’, in the Concpt of Equality,1969.
6Isaiah Berlin,‘Equality’, in the Concpt of Equality,1969.
7John H Schaar,‘Some ways of thinking of equality’, in the Journal of Politics，Vol.26, No.4(Nov.,1964), pp867‐895.
1Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’, In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995.
2参见Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
1Klemens Kappel,‘Equality, Priority and Time’, in the Notion of Equality ed.by Mane Hajdin,2000.
2托马斯·内格尔：《人的问题》，万以译，上海：上海译文出版社2000年版。
3Madison Powers,‘Forget about Equality’, in the Notion of Equality ed.by Mane Hajdin,2000.
4Nils Holtug,‘Prioritarianism’,参见Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on theNature and Value of Equality’, Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
5Larry Temkin,‘inequalities’, in the Notion of Equality ed.by Mane Hajdin,2000.
6详见Martin Peterson and sven ove Hanson,Equality and priority Utilitas Vol17. No.3.
1哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版。
2M Fleurbaey,‘Equal Opportunity for Equal Social Outcome’, in Economic and Philosophy,1995,No.11.
1参见Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4.
2约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第8页。
3Peter Westen,”The Empty Ideal of Equality” Harvard Law Review, Vol.96,No.3, p.547.
1Kent Greenawalt,“Prescriptive Equality:Two Steps Forward” Harvard Law Revi–ew Vol.110,No.6,1270‐1271.
2参见罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府，国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版。
3参见乔纳森·沃尔夫：《政治哲学导论》，王涛等译，长春：吉林出版集团，2009年版，第178‐179页；它们也同样出现在乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》，王天成、张颖译，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999年版，第112页。
1参见Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
2这个观点参见罗纳德·德沃金：《至上的美德——平等的理论与实践》，冯克利译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2007年版，第84‐85页。
3参见柯亨：《自我所有、自由和平等》，李朝晖译，北京：东方出版社，2008年版。
4乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》，王天成、张颖译，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999年版。
5T M scanlon,‘The Deversity Objections to Inequality’, in Ideal of Equality, New York: St. Martin Press,2000.
1Larry Temkin,‘Inequalities’, New York: Oxford University Press,1993.
1G A Cohen,‘Rescuing Justice and Equality’, Cambrige: Harvard University Press,2008.
2Ellen Freeber,‘Regarding equality’, Lanham: Lexingdon Books,2001.
3Ingmar Persson,‘A Defense of Extreme Egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value ofEquality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
4Thomas Christiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value ofEquality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
1迈克尔沃尔泽：《正义诸领域—为多元主义与平等一辩》，禇松燕译，南京：译林出版社2002年版。
2参见Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007.
3Richard Arneson,‘Against Complex Equality’, in Pluralism, Justice and Equality, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995.
4Iris Marion Young,‘Justice and Politics Difference’, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1990.5
1伊丽莎白·安德森：《平等的意义何在？》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第245页。
2伊丽莎白·安德森：《平等的意义何在？》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第246页。
3Linda Barclay,‘Feminist Distributive Justice and the Relevance of Equal Relations’, in Egalitarianism‐New Essays onthe Nature and Value of Equality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
4参见http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/.
1Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen，An Introduction to Comtenporary Egalitariansim,’Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality’, Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007, p.2.
1参见罗伯特·达尔：《论政治平等》，谢岳译，上海：上海人民出版社，2010年版。
1参见《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第311‐312页。
1Cristine M Korsgaard,‘Two Distinctions of Goodness ‘,The Philosophical Review, Vol.92, No.2, P170.
2Cristine M Korsgaard,‘Two Distinctions of Goodness ‘,The Philosophical Review, Vol.92, No.2, P169.
1参见Cristine M Korsgaard,‘Two Distinctions of Goodness ‘,The Philosophical Review, Vol.92, No.2, P174.
2参见Cristine M Korsgaard,‘Two Distinctions of Goodness ‘,The Philosophical Review, Vol.92, No.2, P190.
1伊曼努尔·康德：《道德形而上学原理》，苗力田译，上海：上海人民出版社，2005年版，第8页。
2伊曼努尔·康德：《道德形而上学原理》，苗力田译，上海：上海人民出版社，2005年版，第9‐10页。
3Cristine M Korsgaard,‘Two Distinctions of Goodness ‘,The Philosophical Review, Vol.92, No.2, P192.
4对这篇文章的批评见斯坦福哲学在线：http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value‐intrinsic‐extrinsic/
1Derek Parfit,’Euqality and Priority’,Ratio (new series),x3december1997, P204.
2Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P83.
1参见Igmar Persson,‘Adefense of extreme egalitarianism’in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P89-91.
2这个例子参见Igmar Persson,‘Adefense of extreme egalitarianism’in Egalitarianism-New essays on the natureand value of equality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P91.
3Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P92.
1Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P93.
2同上
3Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P94.
1Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P95.
2Igmar Persson,‘A defense of extreme egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P95.
3罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第279页。
1参见威尔·金里卡：《当代政治哲学》，刘莘译，上海：上海三联书店，2003年版，第106‐107页。
2约翰·罗尔斯：《正义论》，何怀宏等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2009年版，第6页。
3姚大志：《罗尔斯》，长春：长春出版社，2011年版，第10页。
1托马斯·内格尔：《人的问题》，万以译，上海：上海译文出版社2000年版，第131页。
2托马斯·内格尔：《人的问题》，万以译，上海：上海译文出版社2000年版，第132‐133页。
1托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第144页。
2托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第145页。
1托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第159页。
1托马斯·内格尔：《人的问题》，万以译，上海：上海译文出版社2000年版，第115页。
2托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第233‐234页。
1托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第229页。
2这里需要假设处境较好者福利水平的恶化，还没有达到造成痛苦的程度。
3Harold Lasky,‘Liberty and equality’, in the concept of equality ed. By William T Blackstone,1969, P169.
4托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第231页。
1关于复合平等的含义，参见迈克尔·沃尔泽：《正义诸领域——为多元主义与平等一辩》，褚松燕译，南京：译林出版社，2002年版，第19‐25页。
2John P Plamenatz,‘Equality of opportunity’, in the concept of equality ed. By William T Blackstone,1969, P86.
1托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第227页。
2托马斯·斯坎伦：《宽容之难》，杨伟清等译，北京：人民出版社，2008年版，第245页。
1Andrew Mason,‘Egalitarianism and Levelling down Objection’, Analysis, Vol.61, No.3, P248.
1Thomas Cristiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’, in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P42.
2Thomas Cristiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’, in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P46.
3Thomas Cristiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’, in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,P44.
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第279页。
2同上
3这种对平等的证明参见Bernard Williams,‘The Idea of Equality’, in Equality and Justice Vol.2, ed by PeterVallentyne, New York: Routledge Press,2003.
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第283页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第285页。
2参见姚大志：《何谓正义：当代西方政治哲学研究》，北京：人民出版社，2007年版，第84页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第187页。
2罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第191页。
3罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第184页
4罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第192-193页。
5罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第196页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第197页。
2乔纳森·沃尔夫：《政治哲学导论》，陈任博等译，长春:吉林出版集团，2009年版，第:178-179页。
1塞缪尔·弗莱施哈克尔：《分配正义简史》，吴万伟译，南京:译林出版社,2010年版，第162页。.
2罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第196页
1威尔·金里卡：《当代政治哲学》，刘莘译，上海：上海三联书店，2003年版，第199页。
1Larry Temkin, Equality, priority or what, economics and philosophy2003.19p68.
2Nils Holtug, Prioritarianism, in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality, Nils Holtug andKasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
3也有学者认为优先性作为分配正义的原则最早来自于布鲁姆，但是这个真正引起政治哲学家们的注意，要等到帕菲特1995年的讲座以后。因此本文将优先性原则的产生放到了帕菲特这里。见what is differencebetween egalitarianism and prioritariansim.p12.
4Derek Parfit,Euqality or Priority? In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p85.
5迈克尔沃尔泽：《正义诸领域—为多元主义与平等一辩》，禇松燕译，南京：译林出版社2002年版，第2‐3页。
1这种对功利主义的批评及事例详见Martin Peterson and sven ove Hanson,’Equality and priority’, Utilitas Vol17.No.3p302.
2学界对平等本身是否要求效用的最大化存在争议，这涉及到对平等的处境下降的批评，我们以后会详细说明。
3德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第203页。
1关于加权功利主义参见Pual weirich,’utility temper with equality’,No s Vol.17,No.3pp423‐439.
2Derek Parfit,Euqality or Priority? In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p100.
3Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,pp103-104.黑体字的显示方式为本文作者所加。
4德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第205页。黑体字的显示方式为本文作者所加。
1德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第204页。
2德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第207页。
3Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p104.
1Martin Peterson and sven ove Hanson,’Equality and priority’, Utilitas Vol17. No.3,p301.
1Bertil Tungodden,’The value of equlity’,Economics and philosophy19(2003)1-44,p24.
2Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p84.
1德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第201页。
1德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第204页。
2德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第200页。
1参见孙一平：《相对优势还是绝对劣势——平等观念与优先性理论之辩》一文，载于《学习与探索》2010年第4期。
1哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第179页。
1哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第185页。
2约翰·罗尔斯：《正义论》，何怀宏等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2009年版，第81页。
1哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第179页。
1这个例子参见Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p746.
2哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第177页。
1Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p755.
2充分性原则的两个主题参见Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1.
1哈里·法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第189页。
1这种对于充分性原则的分类，参见Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1.
1Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p756.
1这四种对充分性原则的论证请参见Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1,304‐312.
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第290页。
2约翰·罗尔斯：《正义论》，何怀宏等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2009年版，第422页。
1乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》王天成等译，.哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社,1999年版，第91页。
2罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第196页。
3乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》王天成等译，.哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1999年版，第91页。
4G·A·科亨：《自我所有、自由和平等》，李朝晖译，北京：东方出版社，2008年版，第36页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第254页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第193页。
2罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第181-182页。
3G·A·科亨：《自我所有、自由和平等》，李朝晖译，北京：东方出版社，2008年版，第51页。
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第314页。
2乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》王天成等译，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社,1999年版，第95页。
3罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第181页。
1G·A·科亨：《自我所有、自由和平等》，李朝晖译，北京：东方出版社，2008年版，第31页。
1G·A·科亨：《自我所有、自由和平等》，李朝晖译，北京：东方出版社，2008年版，第82页。
2威尔·金里卡：《当代政治哲学》，刘莘译，上海：上海三联书店，2003年版，第204页。
1参见威尔·金里卡：《当代政治哲学》，刘莘译，上海：上海三联书店，2003年版，第215页。
2这种归纳参见乔纳森·沃尔夫：《诺齐克》王天成等译，.哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999年版，第28页。
1Karsten Klint Jensen,‘what is difference between Egalitarianism and Prioritarianism?’,18.
2德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第205页。
1Bertil Tungodden,’The value of equlity’,Economics and philosophy19(2003)1-44,pp23-24.
2由高收入人群向低收入人群转移财富，只要不改变各群体财富的相对排名，就会使不平等指标的值降低。
1Marc Fleurbaey,’Equality versus priority:How relevant is the distinction?’ in D.Wickler and C.J.L Murray ed.Justic,Wellbeing,Health: Ethical Issues in Health Resource Allocation. p6.
2Martin Peterson and sven ove Hanson,’Equality and priority’, Utilitas Vol17No.3,303-304.
3详见Martin Peterson and sven ove Hanson,Equality and priority Utilitas Vol17. No.3,第五节。
1哈里法兰克福特：《作为一种道德理想的平等》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第177页。
2Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p755.
1Marc Fleurbaey,’Equality versus priority:How relevant is the distinction?’ in D.Wickler and C.J.L Murray ed.Justic,Wellbeing,Health: Ethical Issues in Health Resource Allocation.p4.
1罗伯特·诺齐克：《无政府、国家与乌托邦》，姚大志译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2008年版，第293页。
2Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p.104.
1Derek Parfit,’Euqality or Priority?’ In The Ideal of Equality ed.by Matthew Clayton and Andrew williams1995,p.100.
2德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第205页。
3Bertil Tungodden,’The value of equlity’,Economics and philosophy19(2003)1-44,pp24-25.
1Harry Brighouse,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3,p474.
2Harry Brighouse,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3,pp475-476.
3孙一平：《相对优势还是绝对劣势——平等观念与优先性理论之辩》，载于《学习与探索》2010年第4期，第79页。
4Harry Brighouse,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3,p475.
1参见罗伯特·达尔：《论政治平等》，谢岳译，上海：上海人民出版社，2010年版。
2Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p748.
1Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1,p.307.
1Larry Temkin, Egalitarianism Defended, in Ethics, Vol113, pp.773‐774.
1Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p755.
2Nils Holtug, Prioritarianism, in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality, Nils Holtug andKasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007, pp149‐150.
1Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p758.
1Roger Crisp,‘Equality,priority and compassion’,Ethics,Vol113,No.4p762.
2塞缪尔·弗莱施哈克尔：《分配正义简史》，吴万伟译，南京：译林出版社，2010年，第169页。
1Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1,p.316.
1这个可悲的例子参见Paula Casal, why sufficiency is not enough?, Ethics,Vol117,No.1,p.314.
1Peter Westen,”The Empty Ideal of Equality” Harvard Law Review, Vol.96,No.3, p543.
1怀斯坦对平等的这些批评参见Peter Westen,”The Empty Ideal of Equality” Harvard Law Review, Vol.96,No.3,第一部分。
1参见约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第5页。
2约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第8页。
1Erwin Chemerinsky，‘In Defense of Eqaulity: A Reply to Professor Westen’, in Michigan Law Review, Vol.81,p.578.
1Erwin Chemerinsky，‘In Defense of Eqaulity: A Reply to Professor Westen’, in Michigan Law Review,Vol.81,pp.579‐580.
2这个例子参见Erwin Chemerinsky，‘In Defense of Eqaulity: A Reply to Professor Westen’, in Michigan Law Review,Vol.81,pp.580‐581.
3参见参见约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第7页。
1这两个例子参见Kent Greenawalt,‘How Empty Is the Idea of Eqaulity’, in Columbia Law Review,Vol.83,pp.1171‐1173.
2参见Kent Greenawalt,‘How Empty Is the Idea of Eqaulity’, in Columbia Law Review, Vol.83,pp.1175.
1这个例子参见Athony D’amato,‘Is Equality a Totally Empty Idea?’, in Heinonline, Vol.81,p600.
1Athony D’amato,‘Is Equality a Totally Empty Idea?’, in Heinonline, Vol.81,p602.
1两种人际比较的区别参见Joel Feinberg,‘Noncomparative Justice’, in The Phelosophical Review, Vol.83, No.3,p.303.
2Joel Feinberg,‘Noncomparative Justice’, in The Phelosophical Review, Vol.83, No.3, pp.311‐312.
3Joel Feinberg,‘Noncomparative Justice’, in The Phelosophical Review, Vol.83, No.3, p.314.
1Philip Montague,’Comparative and Non‐comparative Justice’, The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.30, No.119, p131.
2Philip Montague,’Comparative and Non‐comparative Justice’, The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.30, No.119, p133.
3Philip Montague,’Comparative and Non‐comparative Justice’, The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.30, No.119, p134.
1这个例子出自Joshua Hoffman,‘A New Theory of Comparative and Non‐comparative Justice’, Philosophical Study,Vol.70, No.2, p.7.
2约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第11页。
1Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, p248.
2参见Mason,A.,‘Egalitarianism and the Levelling Down Objection’,Analysis,61/3:246–254.
3Harry Brighouse,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3.
4Thomas Christiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’ in Egalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value ofEquality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007.
1德雷克帕菲特：《平等与优先主义》载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第210页。
2Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, p248.
1这种批评请参见Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, p255.
2这里的内在价值是指本身就是好的价值。当然根据科尔斯戈德的定义，我们应该称之为非工具价值更为贴切。
1参见Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, pp.258‐262.
2参见Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, pp.264‐268.
1参见Larry Temkin，inequality, New York，Oxford University Press,1993, pp.272‐277.
2Nils Holtug,‘Egalitarianism and the Levelling Down Objection’, in Analysis, Vol.58, No.2, p.167.
1Nils Holtug,‘Egalitarianism and the Levelling Down Objection’, in Analysis, Vol.58, No.2, p.170.
1Andrew Mason,‘Egalitarianism and Levelling down Objection’, Analysis, Vol.61, No.3, p.248.
1Ksper Lippert Rasmussen,‘The Insignifisance of the Distinction of Beteween Telic and Teontic Egalitarianism’, inEgalitarianism‐New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality, Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen,2007,pp.113‐118.
1Jonathan Wolff,‘Levelling Down’, in Challeges to Democracy: The PSA Yearbook2000ed., K Dowding, J. Hughesand H. Margetts, Macmillan2001, p.4.
2参见Jonathan Wolff,‘Levelling Down’, in Challeges to Democracy: The PSA Yearbook2000ed., K Dowding, J.Hughes and H. Margetts, Macmillan2001, pp.4—10.
1参见Jonathan Wolff,‘Levelling Down’, in Challeges to Democracy: The PSA Yearbook2000ed., K Dowding, J.Hughes and H. Margetts, Macmillan2001, pp.16—17.
1具体详见Thomas Cristiano,‘Inequality，Injustice and Levelling Down’, Ratio,Vol.21,No.4, pp.409-410.
1Harry Brighouse and Adam Swift,’Equality priority and positional goods’,Ethics,2006, Vol.116No.3, p.472.
1参见Joshua Hoffman,‘A New Theory of Comparative and Non‐comparative Justice’, Philosophical Study, Vol.70,No.2.
1布莱恩·巴利：《社会正义论》，曹海军译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2007年版，第218页。
2参见布莱恩·巴利：《社会正义论》，曹海军译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2007年版，第218页。
3参见布莱恩·巴利：《社会正义论》，曹海军译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2007年版，第219页。
1约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第9页。
1Bertil Tungodden,‘The Value of Equality’, in Economics and Philosophy Vol.19, p.4.
2Thomas Cristiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’, in Egalitarianism-New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen2007,p.50.
1参见Thomas Cristiano,‘A Foundation for Egalitarianism’, in Egalitarianism‐New essays on the nature and value ofequality ed.by Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen2007.
2约瑟夫·拉兹：《平等的诸原则》，载于《运气均等主义》，葛四友编，南京：江苏人民出版社2006年第1版，第8页。
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1、斯坦福哲学在线关于“平等”的词条Http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/
2、斯坦福哲学在线关于“平等主义”的词条Http://plato.-stanford.edu/-entries/egalitarianism/