高分辨SAR成像技术研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达(SAR)具有全天时、全天候、远距离、高分辨成像的特点,作为一种主动微波遥感成像系统已经广泛应用于军事侦察、资源勘测、灾害监视等领域。
本文针对多波段SAR高分辨成像的应用需求,研究了SAR成像算法、多普勒调频率估计及运动补偿处理以及运动补偿技术的应用三个方面的内容。主要工作概述如下:
1、SAR成像算法研究。介绍了高波段SAR和低波段SAR的特点,推导了CS和NCS成像算法,详细分析了成像算法中近似处理所产生的相位误差。针对多波段SAR系统的作用距离、测绘带宽等指标要求,研究了适用于高波段SAR和低波段SAR的成像算法。
2、多普勒调频率估计及运动补偿处理研究。推导了高波段SAR和低波段SAR多普勒调频率的数学表达式。介绍了用于估计多普勒调频率的MD、COAA算法。在此基础上采用多波段SAR实测数据,研究了多普勒调频率估计中距离单元的选择、谱分辨率和子孔径长度的选择等问题,提出了一种大测绘带条件下低波段SAR的运动补偿方法。
3、运动补偿技术的应用研究。面向多波段SAR系统成像和运动补偿的实际需求,分析了SAR相位历程,提取并分析了高波段SAR和低波段SAR运动补偿前后的相位误差。研究了杂波对空不变相位误差提取的影响。在频域,比较研究了高波段SAR和低波段SAR相位误差的特性。
As an active microwave remote-imaging system, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has applied in the field of military reconnaissance, the field of resource exploration and the filed of disaster watch. SAR has the all-weather, day/night capability to generate a high-resolution representation of the targets over a long range, so it can enhances radar’s information acquisition capability and information awareness ability.
This dissertation investigates the problem of synthetic aperture radar imaging algorithms, Doppler rate estimating, Motion Compensation and phase error analyzing. The main contents of the dissertation are described as following.
1、SAR imaging algorithm. The differences between high-band SAR and low-band SAR are analyzed. The CS imaging algorithm and NCS imaging algorithm are studied, and we analyze the phase error caused by the approximate of the imaging algorithms. Based on the study of effective swath and effective range in multi-SAR, the imaging algorithm of high-band SAR and low-band SAR are studied.
2、Doppler rate estimating and Motion Compensation. The Doppler rates of high-band and low-band SAR are studied. MD and COAA algorithms are analyzed. The criteria of selecting range bin, spectrum resolution and the length of sub-aperture data are studied. The algorithms of motion compensation are proposed in the condition of large and small swath.
3、The study of Motion Compensation. Based on the using of imaging and motion compensation in multi-SAR, the phase of SAR is analyzed. The phase errors of SAR are exacted after and before motion compensation. On the basis of phase error, the spectrum of the phase error and the focusing performance of motion compensation are studied.
本文针对多波段SAR高分辨成像的应用需求,研究了SAR成像算法、多普勒调频率估计及运动补偿处理以及运动补偿技术的应用三个方面的内容。主要工作概述如下:
1、SAR成像算法研究。介绍了高波段SAR和低波段SAR的特点,推导了CS和NCS成像算法,详细分析了成像算法中近似处理所产生的相位误差。针对多波段SAR系统的作用距离、测绘带宽等指标要求,研究了适用于高波段SAR和低波段SAR的成像算法。
2、多普勒调频率估计及运动补偿处理研究。推导了高波段SAR和低波段SAR多普勒调频率的数学表达式。介绍了用于估计多普勒调频率的MD、COAA算法。在此基础上采用多波段SAR实测数据,研究了多普勒调频率估计中距离单元的选择、谱分辨率和子孔径长度的选择等问题,提出了一种大测绘带条件下低波段SAR的运动补偿方法。
3、运动补偿技术的应用研究。面向多波段SAR系统成像和运动补偿的实际需求,分析了SAR相位历程,提取并分析了高波段SAR和低波段SAR运动补偿前后的相位误差。研究了杂波对空不变相位误差提取的影响。在频域,比较研究了高波段SAR和低波段SAR相位误差的特性。
As an active microwave remote-imaging system, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has applied in the field of military reconnaissance, the field of resource exploration and the filed of disaster watch. SAR has the all-weather, day/night capability to generate a high-resolution representation of the targets over a long range, so it can enhances radar’s information acquisition capability and information awareness ability.
This dissertation investigates the problem of synthetic aperture radar imaging algorithms, Doppler rate estimating, Motion Compensation and phase error analyzing. The main contents of the dissertation are described as following.
1、SAR imaging algorithm. The differences between high-band SAR and low-band SAR are analyzed. The CS imaging algorithm and NCS imaging algorithm are studied, and we analyze the phase error caused by the approximate of the imaging algorithms. Based on the study of effective swath and effective range in multi-SAR, the imaging algorithm of high-band SAR and low-band SAR are studied.
2、Doppler rate estimating and Motion Compensation. The Doppler rates of high-band and low-band SAR are studied. MD and COAA algorithms are analyzed. The criteria of selecting range bin, spectrum resolution and the length of sub-aperture data are studied. The algorithms of motion compensation are proposed in the condition of large and small swath.
3、The study of Motion Compensation. Based on the using of imaging and motion compensation in multi-SAR, the phase of SAR is analyzed. The phase errors of SAR are exacted after and before motion compensation. On the basis of phase error, the spectrum of the phase error and the focusing performance of motion compensation are studied.
引文
[1] W.Brown and R.Fredricks, Range-Doppler Imaging with Motion Through Resolution Cells, IEEE Trans.on Aero. and Elec.Sys.Vol.5, Jan.1969
[2] Walker J.L., Range-Doppler Imaging of Rotating Objects, IEEE Trans. on AES. Vol.16, No.1.1980:23~52
[3] Michael Y.Jlin and Chialin Wu, A SAR Correlation Algorithm which Accommodates Large-Range Migration, IEEE Trans. on GRS, Vol. 22,No.6. Nov.1984:592～597
[4] Riccardo Lanari, A New Method for the Compensation of the SAR Range Cell Migration Based on the Chirp Z-transform, IEEE Trans. on GRS, Vol.33, No.5. Sep. 1995, pp1296~1299
[5] A.M.Smith, A New Approach to Range-Doppler SAR Processing, Int.J.Remote Sensing,vol.12,1991:235~251
[6] Bamler R. A Comparison of Range-Doppler and Wavenumber Domain SAR Focusing Algorithms. IEEE Trans. on GRS,1992,30(4):706~713
[7] C.Cafforio,C.Prati,and F.Rocca, SAR data focusing using seismic migration techniques, IEEE Trans.on Aero. and Elec. Sys. Vol.27, No2, March, 1990:194~207
[8] Davidson G W, Cumming I G, Ito M R.A chirp scaling approach for processing squint mode SAR data. IEEE Trans. on GRS ,1995,33(9):1296~1299
[9] Moreira A, Mittermayer J, Scheiber R. Extended chirp scaling algorithm for air- and spaceborne SAR data processing in stripmap and ScanSAR imaging modes. IEEE Trans. on GRS,1996,34(5);1123~1139
[10] Raney R K, Runge H, Bamler R. Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling. IEEE Trans. on GRS,1994,32(7):786~799
[11] Greg Barrie. Ultra-wideband Synthetic Aperture data and image processing. Defence R D Canada-Ottawa January 2003
[12] Walter G.Carrara, Ron S.Goodman,etc, Spoltlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms, Artech House Boston London, 1995
[13] 刘永坦,雷达成像技术[M],哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999
[14] 张澄波,综合孔径雷达——原理、系统分析与应用,科学出版社,1989
[15] 保铮,雷达成像技术,电子工业出版社,2005
[16] Kirk J, Motion compensation for synthetic aperture radar, IEEE Trans. on AES. 1975(3):338~348
[17] David R.kirk, R.Daul Maloney. Impact of platform motion on wide angle synthetic aperture radar(SAR) image quality. The Record of the 1999 IEEE. Pp:41~46
[18] Thomas A.kenndey. A technique for specifying navigation system performance requirements in SAR motion compensation application. IEEE PLAN’90,1990.3.pp:118~126
[19] John N.Damoulakis et al. Analysis of Three Hierarchical Motion Compensation. IEEE Proc. Of NAECON,1982:1248~1249
[20] David J.Difilippo et al. Evalution of a Kalman Filter for SAR Motion Compensation. IEEE PLANS,1988:259~268
[21] Dubois-Fernandez et al. The ONERA RAMSES SAR system. GRS Symposium, 2002. IGASS’02. 2002 IEEE Internationnal
[22] Moreira J R. A New Method Of Aircraft Motion Error Extraction From Radar Raw Data For Real Time Motion Compensation. IEEE Trans. on GRS,1990,28(7):620~626
[23] 邢孟道,保铮. 基于运动参数估计的 SAR 成像,电子学报,Vol.29,No.12A,Dec.2001
[24] Wahl D E, Eichel P H, Ghiglia D C. Phase gradient autofocus-a robust tool for high resolution SAR phase correction. IEEE Trans. on AES,1994,30(3):827~835
[25] Douglas G, Thompson, James S.Bates, David. Extending the Phase Gradient Autofocus Algorithm for Low-Altitude Stripmap Mode SAR. IEEE IGARSS’99 Proceeding, 1999,1(28):36~40
[26] Hian Lim Chan, Tat Soon Yeo. Noniterative Quality Phase-Gradient Autofocus (QPGA) Algorithm for Spotlight SAR Imagery. IEEE Trans. on GRS, Vol.36,No.5,Sep.1998
[27] Wei Ye, Tat Soom Yeo, Zheng Bao. Weighted Least-Squares Estimation of Phase Errors for SAR/ISAR Autofocus. IEEE Trans. on GRS. Vol.37,No.5,Sep 1999
[28] 邢孟道,基于实测数据的雷达成像算法研究,西安电子科技大学博士论文,2002
[29] 常文革,UWB SAR 系统设计与实现,国防科技大学博士学位论文,2001
[30] 邢孟道,保铮。基于运动参数估计的 SAR 成像,电子学报,200129(12A):1824-1828
[31] 邢孟道,保铮. 基于运动参数估计的窄波束宽幅 SAR 成像方法。现代雷达,2004,26(2):37~41
[32] 黄源宝,保铮,周峰. 一种新的机载条带式 SAR 沿航向运动补偿方法,电子学报,Vol.33 No.3 Mar.2005
[33] 刘光平,超宽带合成孔径高效成像算法,国防科技大学博士学位论文,2003
[34] 王亮,超宽带合成孔径雷达信息处理技术若干问题研究,国防科技大学硕士论文,2003
[35] 王建,基于子孔径结构的超宽带 SAR 实时成像算法研究,国防科技大学硕士论文,2004
[36] 王亮,黄晓涛,周智敏。UWB SAR 成像中非正交旁瓣的抑制,信号处理,2006.2
[37] J. Mittermayer, A. Moreira, R. Scheiber. Reduction of Phase Errors Arising from the Approximations in the Chirp Scaling Algorithm. Proceedings of IGARSS’98,Seattle USA, 1998,pp:1015~1019
[38] Brown W M. SAR Resolution in the Presence of Phase Errors. IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.24,No.6,1988
[39] Gordon W. Davidson, Frank Wong, Ian Cumming. The Effect of Pulse Phase Errors on the Chirp Scaling SAR Processing Algorithm. IEEE Trans. on GRS. Vol.34,No.2,March 1996
[40] 黄源宝 等,载机速度不稳定对 SAR 成像的影响及补偿方法,CSAR 会议集,2003,pp:323~326
[41] Fornaro G, Trajectory Deviations in Airborne SAR: Analysis and Compensation. IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.35,No.3,July1999
[42] Fuk Kwok Li, Daniel N. Held. Doppler Parameter Estimation for Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radars. IEEE Trans. on GRS,1985,Vol.23,No.1:47~56
[43] Richard Bamler. Doppler Frequency Estimation and Cramer-Rao Bound. IEEE Trans. on GRS. Vol.29,No.3,May 1991
[44] Mancill C.E., and J.M. Swiger, A Map Drift Autofocus Technique for Correcting Higher Order SAR Phase Error[C], 27th Annual Tri-Service Radar Symposium Record, Monterey, CA, June23-25,1981,pp391~400
[45] Berizzi F,Corsini G. Autofocusing of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Images Using Constrast Optimization. IEEE Trans. on AES 1996,32(3):1185~1191
[46] 刘月华等。对比度最优自聚焦算法,电子与信息学报,Vol.25 No.1, Jan.2003
[47] 周峰,机载合成孔径雷达基于数据的运动误差分析及补偿研究,西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2005
[48] 孟大地,丁赤飚。一种用于条带式 SAR 的自聚焦算法,电子与信息学报,Vol.27, No.9, Sept.2005
[2] Walker J.L., Range-Doppler Imaging of Rotating Objects, IEEE Trans. on AES. Vol.16, No.1.1980:23~52
[3] Michael Y.Jlin and Chialin Wu, A SAR Correlation Algorithm which Accommodates Large-Range Migration, IEEE Trans. on GRS, Vol. 22,No.6. Nov.1984:592～597
[4] Riccardo Lanari, A New Method for the Compensation of the SAR Range Cell Migration Based on the Chirp Z-transform, IEEE Trans. on GRS, Vol.33, No.5. Sep. 1995, pp1296~1299
[5] A.M.Smith, A New Approach to Range-Doppler SAR Processing, Int.J.Remote Sensing,vol.12,1991:235~251
[6] Bamler R. A Comparison of Range-Doppler and Wavenumber Domain SAR Focusing Algorithms. IEEE Trans. on GRS,1992,30(4):706~713
[7] C.Cafforio,C.Prati,and F.Rocca, SAR data focusing using seismic migration techniques, IEEE Trans.on Aero. and Elec. Sys. Vol.27, No2, March, 1990:194~207
[8] Davidson G W, Cumming I G, Ito M R.A chirp scaling approach for processing squint mode SAR data. IEEE Trans. on GRS ,1995,33(9):1296~1299
[9] Moreira A, Mittermayer J, Scheiber R. Extended chirp scaling algorithm for air- and spaceborne SAR data processing in stripmap and ScanSAR imaging modes. IEEE Trans. on GRS,1996,34(5);1123~1139
[10] Raney R K, Runge H, Bamler R. Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling. IEEE Trans. on GRS,1994,32(7):786~799
[11] Greg Barrie. Ultra-wideband Synthetic Aperture data and image processing. Defence R D Canada-Ottawa January 2003
[12] Walter G.Carrara, Ron S.Goodman,etc, Spoltlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms, Artech House Boston London, 1995
[13] 刘永坦,雷达成像技术[M],哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999
[14] 张澄波,综合孔径雷达——原理、系统分析与应用,科学出版社,1989
[15] 保铮,雷达成像技术,电子工业出版社,2005
[16] Kirk J, Motion compensation for synthetic aperture radar, IEEE Trans. on AES. 1975(3):338~348
[17] David R.kirk, R.Daul Maloney. Impact of platform motion on wide angle synthetic aperture radar(SAR) image quality. The Record of the 1999 IEEE. Pp:41~46
[18] Thomas A.kenndey. A technique for specifying navigation system performance requirements in SAR motion compensation application. IEEE PLAN’90,1990.3.pp:118~126
[19] John N.Damoulakis et al. Analysis of Three Hierarchical Motion Compensation. IEEE Proc. Of NAECON,1982:1248~1249
[20] David J.Difilippo et al. Evalution of a Kalman Filter for SAR Motion Compensation. IEEE PLANS,1988:259~268
[21] Dubois-Fernandez et al. The ONERA RAMSES SAR system. GRS Symposium, 2002. IGASS’02. 2002 IEEE Internationnal
[22] Moreira J R. A New Method Of Aircraft Motion Error Extraction From Radar Raw Data For Real Time Motion Compensation. IEEE Trans. on GRS,1990,28(7):620~626
[23] 邢孟道,保铮. 基于运动参数估计的 SAR 成像,电子学报,Vol.29,No.12A,Dec.2001
[24] Wahl D E, Eichel P H, Ghiglia D C. Phase gradient autofocus-a robust tool for high resolution SAR phase correction. IEEE Trans. on AES,1994,30(3):827~835
[25] Douglas G, Thompson, James S.Bates, David. Extending the Phase Gradient Autofocus Algorithm for Low-Altitude Stripmap Mode SAR. IEEE IGARSS’99 Proceeding, 1999,1(28):36~40
[26] Hian Lim Chan, Tat Soon Yeo. Noniterative Quality Phase-Gradient Autofocus (QPGA) Algorithm for Spotlight SAR Imagery. IEEE Trans. on GRS, Vol.36,No.5,Sep.1998
[27] Wei Ye, Tat Soom Yeo, Zheng Bao. Weighted Least-Squares Estimation of Phase Errors for SAR/ISAR Autofocus. IEEE Trans. on GRS. Vol.37,No.5,Sep 1999
[28] 邢孟道,基于实测数据的雷达成像算法研究,西安电子科技大学博士论文,2002
[29] 常文革,UWB SAR 系统设计与实现,国防科技大学博士学位论文,2001
[30] 邢孟道,保铮。基于运动参数估计的 SAR 成像,电子学报,200129(12A):1824-1828
[31] 邢孟道,保铮. 基于运动参数估计的窄波束宽幅 SAR 成像方法。现代雷达,2004,26(2):37~41
[32] 黄源宝,保铮,周峰. 一种新的机载条带式 SAR 沿航向运动补偿方法,电子学报,Vol.33 No.3 Mar.2005
[33] 刘光平,超宽带合成孔径高效成像算法,国防科技大学博士学位论文,2003
[34] 王亮,超宽带合成孔径雷达信息处理技术若干问题研究,国防科技大学硕士论文,2003
[35] 王建,基于子孔径结构的超宽带 SAR 实时成像算法研究,国防科技大学硕士论文,2004
[36] 王亮,黄晓涛,周智敏。UWB SAR 成像中非正交旁瓣的抑制,信号处理,2006.2
[37] J. Mittermayer, A. Moreira, R. Scheiber. Reduction of Phase Errors Arising from the Approximations in the Chirp Scaling Algorithm. Proceedings of IGARSS’98,Seattle USA, 1998,pp:1015~1019
[38] Brown W M. SAR Resolution in the Presence of Phase Errors. IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.24,No.6,1988
[39] Gordon W. Davidson, Frank Wong, Ian Cumming. The Effect of Pulse Phase Errors on the Chirp Scaling SAR Processing Algorithm. IEEE Trans. on GRS. Vol.34,No.2,March 1996
[40] 黄源宝 等,载机速度不稳定对 SAR 成像的影响及补偿方法,CSAR 会议集,2003,pp:323~326
[41] Fornaro G, Trajectory Deviations in Airborne SAR: Analysis and Compensation. IEEE Trans. on AES, Vol.35,No.3,July1999
[42] Fuk Kwok Li, Daniel N. Held. Doppler Parameter Estimation for Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radars. IEEE Trans. on GRS,1985,Vol.23,No.1:47~56
[43] Richard Bamler. Doppler Frequency Estimation and Cramer-Rao Bound. IEEE Trans. on GRS. Vol.29,No.3,May 1991
[44] Mancill C.E., and J.M. Swiger, A Map Drift Autofocus Technique for Correcting Higher Order SAR Phase Error[C], 27th Annual Tri-Service Radar Symposium Record, Monterey, CA, June23-25,1981,pp391~400
[45] Berizzi F,Corsini G. Autofocusing of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Images Using Constrast Optimization. IEEE Trans. on AES 1996,32(3):1185~1191
[46] 刘月华等。对比度最优自聚焦算法,电子与信息学报,Vol.25 No.1, Jan.2003
[47] 周峰,机载合成孔径雷达基于数据的运动误差分析及补偿研究,西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2005
[48] 孟大地,丁赤飚。一种用于条带式 SAR 的自聚焦算法,电子与信息学报,Vol.27, No.9, Sept.2005