六盘山北侧叠叠沟流域华北落叶松人工林蒸腾特性研究
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摘要
在我国西部地区,由于受独特的自然地理条件限制,水分极其短缺,随着人口的增加和对自然资源长期不合理的开发利用以及降水分布的不均匀,造成干旱缺水的矛盾日益加大,使得西北地区植被生长严重受限,迫切需要研究植被的水分利用机理,以提高植被的存活率。本研究选择宁夏六盘山叠叠沟小流域试验区为试验地,于2008年生长季利用热扩散技术对当地主要造林树种华北落叶松人工林蒸腾耗水的时空变化规律及其影响因子进行研究,研究结果对提高半干旱地区森林植被建设和管理的理论与技术意义重大,并能更好的调节森林植被与水资源管理之间的关系,为当地植被恢复与植被建设提供科学指导,主要结论包括以下几个方面:
(1)华北落叶松人工林蒸腾耗水变化研究表明:树干液流速率在凌晨到清晨数值最小,中午前后最高,夜间最低,在8:00-18:00液流量占全天液流总量的70%以上,在三种天气条件下液流速率峰值出现在10:00-16:00的百分比依次为98.61%、84.49%和55.82%;夜间液流速率呈“L”型,曲线在晴天比较平滑,阴天波动较大,雨天最平稳;阴天、雨天夜间的耗水量占白天的比值为10.6%~29.6%,晴天比例更大,分析夜间树木耗水量发现水分亏缺条件下,夜间平均耗水量占全天的12.81%,而水分充足条件下比例则上升到21.65%。各月的累计液流量大小为6月>5月>7月>8月>9月>10月。
(2)土壤水分对蒸腾耗水的研究表明:土壤水分与降雨同步性较强,土壤水分亏缺下各层土壤水势变化幅度为20-40cm>40-60cm>0-20cm,土壤水分充足时20-40cm>0-20cm>40-60cm,土壤水分亏缺条件下,液流速率随着土壤水势的升高和降低,在水分充足条件下,同步性较差。
(3)气象因子的研究分析结果:液流速率与太阳辐射、空气温度吻合度较高,太阳辐射存在滞后效应,空气温度与太阳辐射对液流影响的差别主要体现在夜间,空气相对湿度与液流速率呈负相关,20cm明显比40cm土温变化有规律,与液流相比滞后性较大,最小风速与液流速率的变化比较吻合。研究表明:不同水分条件下各因素相关性差异显著,在水分亏缺与水分充足条件相比,各气象因子的相关性明显偏低,说明两种条件下,前者气象因子对树干液流速率的影响较后者低,即在水分亏缺条件下,树干液流速率受土壤水分影响较大,受气象因子作用小,而在水分充足条件下,树干液流速率与土壤水分的关系不明显,而受气象因子的影响较大。
(4)其他因素研究:从树木径向变化中研究发现树干液流速率随树干径向的膨胀与收缩变化明显,但是液流的变化与树干的膨胀收缩变化相比滞后,树干径向变化一般傍晚前后处于最低点,早上8:00前后达到最高点,表现明显的昼夜周期。
The western areas of China is facing the serious problem of water shortage because of the unique natural and geographical conditions. And the situation is serious increasingly with the population growth and the long-term unreasonable development and utilization for the natural resource, and the uneven distribution of precipitation, which enlarged contradiction between water shortage and plant growth. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanism of water utilization to improve the survival rate of vegetation. In this paper, we took the Liupan Mountains in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for experiment area, and studied the variation of spatial and temporal of the water consumption by transpiration of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation and the effect factors on it by using the technology of TDP during the growing season in 2008. The main results are as follows:
(1) The studies on transpiration Change of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations indicated that: the sap flow velocity is lowest in the early morning, and highest around noon, and lowest at night. The sap flow value between 8:00 and 18:00 accounted for more than 70% of the total sap flow value. The percentage of peak value sap flow velocity appearing at 10:00-16:00 is respectively 98.61%、84.49% and 55.82% at the three types of weather conditions. The sap flow velocity was "L" curve in the night, and it is smoother in sunny, and is the most steady in rainy day. It moved larger in cloudy day. The ratio of consumption accounted for 10.6% ~ 29.6% in Cloudy and rainy day of night, and the proportion was greater at sunny days. Further reach indicated that the day's average water consumption accounts for 12.81% of the night under water deficit, the ratio rose to 21.65% under sufficient water conditions. The sap flow value of every month was decreased in the order of June, May, July, Aug., Sept., and Oct.
(2) The studies of the effects of soil moisture on transpiration showed that: soil moisture and rainfall are highly synchronized. The Range of soil water potential was decreased in the order of 20-40cm, 40-60cm, 0-20cm under the soil water deficit, and was decreased in the order of 20-40cm, 0-20cm, 40-60cm under adequate soil moisture. Under the soil water deficit conditions, the flow velocity varied with soil water potential, but the flow velocity and soil water potential has poor synchronization under the water adequate conditions.
(3) The results of the analysis on meteorological factors: the sap flow velocity was highly degree of consistent on solar radiation and air temperature, but solar radiation had lagged effect, the effects of the air temperature and solar radiation on the sap flow velocity appeared at night, there was a negative correlation between the sap flow velocity and relative humidity, and the variation of soil temperature in 20cm was more regularly than 40cm. The change of smallest wind speed and the sap flow velocity was consistent. The results showed that: the differences of different factors were significantly, Correlation of the different meteorological factors was significantly lower. Under the two type water conditions, the effect of meteorological factors on the sap flow velocity was smaller than soil moisture. That is under water deficit conditions, the sap flow velocity was influenced by the soil moisture, but under the water sufficient conditions was influenced by the meteorological factors.
(4) The study of other factors showed that: The variation of the sap flow velocity was significant with the radial expansion and contraction of the trunk , but the variation of former lagged in the latter. The value of the radial variation showing clear diurnal cycle was smallest before and after evening, and was largest around 8:00 in the morning.
(1)华北落叶松人工林蒸腾耗水变化研究表明:树干液流速率在凌晨到清晨数值最小,中午前后最高,夜间最低,在8:00-18:00液流量占全天液流总量的70%以上,在三种天气条件下液流速率峰值出现在10:00-16:00的百分比依次为98.61%、84.49%和55.82%;夜间液流速率呈“L”型,曲线在晴天比较平滑,阴天波动较大,雨天最平稳;阴天、雨天夜间的耗水量占白天的比值为10.6%~29.6%,晴天比例更大,分析夜间树木耗水量发现水分亏缺条件下,夜间平均耗水量占全天的12.81%,而水分充足条件下比例则上升到21.65%。各月的累计液流量大小为6月>5月>7月>8月>9月>10月。
(2)土壤水分对蒸腾耗水的研究表明:土壤水分与降雨同步性较强,土壤水分亏缺下各层土壤水势变化幅度为20-40cm>40-60cm>0-20cm,土壤水分充足时20-40cm>0-20cm>40-60cm,土壤水分亏缺条件下,液流速率随着土壤水势的升高和降低,在水分充足条件下,同步性较差。
(3)气象因子的研究分析结果:液流速率与太阳辐射、空气温度吻合度较高,太阳辐射存在滞后效应,空气温度与太阳辐射对液流影响的差别主要体现在夜间,空气相对湿度与液流速率呈负相关,20cm明显比40cm土温变化有规律,与液流相比滞后性较大,最小风速与液流速率的变化比较吻合。研究表明:不同水分条件下各因素相关性差异显著,在水分亏缺与水分充足条件相比,各气象因子的相关性明显偏低,说明两种条件下,前者气象因子对树干液流速率的影响较后者低,即在水分亏缺条件下,树干液流速率受土壤水分影响较大,受气象因子作用小,而在水分充足条件下,树干液流速率与土壤水分的关系不明显,而受气象因子的影响较大。
(4)其他因素研究:从树木径向变化中研究发现树干液流速率随树干径向的膨胀与收缩变化明显,但是液流的变化与树干的膨胀收缩变化相比滞后,树干径向变化一般傍晚前后处于最低点,早上8:00前后达到最高点,表现明显的昼夜周期。
The western areas of China is facing the serious problem of water shortage because of the unique natural and geographical conditions. And the situation is serious increasingly with the population growth and the long-term unreasonable development and utilization for the natural resource, and the uneven distribution of precipitation, which enlarged contradiction between water shortage and plant growth. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanism of water utilization to improve the survival rate of vegetation. In this paper, we took the Liupan Mountains in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for experiment area, and studied the variation of spatial and temporal of the water consumption by transpiration of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation and the effect factors on it by using the technology of TDP during the growing season in 2008. The main results are as follows:
(1) The studies on transpiration Change of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations indicated that: the sap flow velocity is lowest in the early morning, and highest around noon, and lowest at night. The sap flow value between 8:00 and 18:00 accounted for more than 70% of the total sap flow value. The percentage of peak value sap flow velocity appearing at 10:00-16:00 is respectively 98.61%、84.49% and 55.82% at the three types of weather conditions. The sap flow velocity was "L" curve in the night, and it is smoother in sunny, and is the most steady in rainy day. It moved larger in cloudy day. The ratio of consumption accounted for 10.6% ~ 29.6% in Cloudy and rainy day of night, and the proportion was greater at sunny days. Further reach indicated that the day's average water consumption accounts for 12.81% of the night under water deficit, the ratio rose to 21.65% under sufficient water conditions. The sap flow value of every month was decreased in the order of June, May, July, Aug., Sept., and Oct.
(2) The studies of the effects of soil moisture on transpiration showed that: soil moisture and rainfall are highly synchronized. The Range of soil water potential was decreased in the order of 20-40cm, 40-60cm, 0-20cm under the soil water deficit, and was decreased in the order of 20-40cm, 0-20cm, 40-60cm under adequate soil moisture. Under the soil water deficit conditions, the flow velocity varied with soil water potential, but the flow velocity and soil water potential has poor synchronization under the water adequate conditions.
(3) The results of the analysis on meteorological factors: the sap flow velocity was highly degree of consistent on solar radiation and air temperature, but solar radiation had lagged effect, the effects of the air temperature and solar radiation on the sap flow velocity appeared at night, there was a negative correlation between the sap flow velocity and relative humidity, and the variation of soil temperature in 20cm was more regularly than 40cm. The change of smallest wind speed and the sap flow velocity was consistent. The results showed that: the differences of different factors were significantly, Correlation of the different meteorological factors was significantly lower. Under the two type water conditions, the effect of meteorological factors on the sap flow velocity was smaller than soil moisture. That is under water deficit conditions, the sap flow velocity was influenced by the soil moisture, but under the water sufficient conditions was influenced by the meteorological factors.
(4) The study of other factors showed that: The variation of the sap flow velocity was significant with the radial expansion and contraction of the trunk , but the variation of former lagged in the latter. The value of the radial variation showing clear diurnal cycle was smallest before and after evening, and was largest around 8:00 in the morning.
引文
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