基于商业信用的供应链运作策略研究
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摘要
供应链管理领域中一个重要问题就是在保障供应链成员利益的情况下,获得能够使供应链高效运作的最优策略。对于供应链运作来讲,物流、信息流和资金流的管理与控制至关重要。作为一种典型的供应链筹资方式,商业信用不仅可以优化资金流,提高供应链的运作绩效,而且可以通过吸引企业增加订货,迅速扩大上下游企业间的物流。本文考虑供应商提供商业信用对供应链资金流的影响,研究资金使用效率的提高及订货量的增加对上下游企业各自的收益及供应链总收益的影响,针对供应链运作中激励、协调、合作与不确定性等主要问题,研究了基于商业信用的供应链运作策略。本文主要工作包括：
第一,基于商业信用的供应链激励契约。通过比较信息对称和信启、不对称两种条件下信用激励契约的设计,分析了供应链中商业信用对零售商的激励作用,确定了使委托人期望效用最大的契约参数,通过数值算例说明了所得结论。
第二,基于商业信用的供应链协调策略。结合收入共享契约与数量折扣契约研究基于商业信用的供应链协调策略,分别建立了基于商业信用的供应链收入共享契约协调模型与基于商业信用的数量折扣契约协调模型,分析了商业信用条件下收入共享机制、数量折扣策略在实现收益的合理分配与改进供应链整体运作绩效方面的作用。结合两部定价契约研究基于商业信用—广告合作的供应链协调策略,通过纵向整合分析、NASH均衡分析与Stackelberg均衡分析,对比商业信用—广告合作条件下两部定价契约在供应链协调及收益分配方而的作用。进一步地研究了随机需求情况下供应链的商业信用协调策略,建立了商业信用契约协调模型,研究表明即使在需求为随机的情况下,商业信用作为协调机制同样能加强供应链成员之间的有效合作,改进供应链的运作绩效。数值算例的结果表明这些研究为商业信用条件下的供应链协调提供了有效的手段。
第三,基于商业信用的供应链多目标运作的鲁棒模型。利用基于区间分析的鲁棒线性优化方法建立了商业信用条件下资本成本、信用期不确定的鲁棒模型,设计了两个数值算例验证模型的鲁棒性,提供了解决供应链运作不确定性的一种有效方法。
The optimal operation strategy which guarantee supply chain efficient and members' benefit in the supply chain is obtained is one major problem in the supply chain management (SCM). In the SCM. logistic, information flow and cash flow would be three operation factors which are worthy to manage and control. As a typical supply chain financing method, trade credit not only contributes to optimal the cash flow and improves supply chain performance, but also extend the logistic range and scope between upstream and downstream enterprises through attracting enterprises to order more goods. In this paper, the influence of trade credit on supply chain cash flow is considered, and the effect of cash utilization rate and order quantity raising on benefit of upstream and downstream enterprises and total benefit of the whole supply chain is also presented in certain section in my research. In all. supply chain operations with trade credit are considered, which is helpful to solve incentive, coordination, cooperation and uncertainty problems etc. As following, the research conclusion may be contribution in three aspects:
Firstly, the supply chain incentive contracts design based on trade credit are presented. By the incentive contracts designing comparing between information symmetry condition and information asymmetry condition, the incentive function of credit trade to retailers in the supply chain is discussed, and contract parameters which make consigners'unity maximal are calculated. Some numerical examples are completed to verify the conclusions.
And then, supply chain coordination strategies with trade credit are discussed. Based on revenue sharing contract and quantity discount contract methods, a class of supply chain coordination strategies based on trade credit is considered, and then supply chain revenue sharing contract coordination models based on trade credit and supply chain quantity discount contract coordination models based on trade credit are established. The function of revenue sharing mechanism and quantity discount mechanism on income allocating reasonably and the whole supply chain performance improving are discussed. Based on two parts pricing contract method, supply chain coordination strategy with trade credit-and-advertisement coordination is presented. This strategy is proved to be benefit to supply chain coordination and profit allocation by longitudinal integrated analysis, Nash balance analysis and Stackelberg balance analysis in the trade credit-and-advertisement environment. Furthermore, in the stochastic demand condition, supply chain trade credit coordination contract models are established. The results show even in the stochastic condition, the contracts can also enhance the effective coordination among supply chain members and improve supply chain operation performance. Some numerical examples are provided to prove that above researches are contributed to supply chain coordination under trade credit condition.
Finally, supply chain multi-objective robust models with trade credit are presented. By robust linear optimization method based on interval analysis, robust models with uncertain capital cost and term of credit in the trade credit condition are established. And then two numerical examples are designed to verify the robustness of models and solutions. Above researches provide a new method to resolve supply chain uncertainty.
第一,基于商业信用的供应链激励契约。通过比较信息对称和信启、不对称两种条件下信用激励契约的设计,分析了供应链中商业信用对零售商的激励作用,确定了使委托人期望效用最大的契约参数,通过数值算例说明了所得结论。
第二,基于商业信用的供应链协调策略。结合收入共享契约与数量折扣契约研究基于商业信用的供应链协调策略,分别建立了基于商业信用的供应链收入共享契约协调模型与基于商业信用的数量折扣契约协调模型,分析了商业信用条件下收入共享机制、数量折扣策略在实现收益的合理分配与改进供应链整体运作绩效方面的作用。结合两部定价契约研究基于商业信用—广告合作的供应链协调策略,通过纵向整合分析、NASH均衡分析与Stackelberg均衡分析,对比商业信用—广告合作条件下两部定价契约在供应链协调及收益分配方而的作用。进一步地研究了随机需求情况下供应链的商业信用协调策略,建立了商业信用契约协调模型,研究表明即使在需求为随机的情况下,商业信用作为协调机制同样能加强供应链成员之间的有效合作,改进供应链的运作绩效。数值算例的结果表明这些研究为商业信用条件下的供应链协调提供了有效的手段。
第三,基于商业信用的供应链多目标运作的鲁棒模型。利用基于区间分析的鲁棒线性优化方法建立了商业信用条件下资本成本、信用期不确定的鲁棒模型,设计了两个数值算例验证模型的鲁棒性,提供了解决供应链运作不确定性的一种有效方法。
The optimal operation strategy which guarantee supply chain efficient and members' benefit in the supply chain is obtained is one major problem in the supply chain management (SCM). In the SCM. logistic, information flow and cash flow would be three operation factors which are worthy to manage and control. As a typical supply chain financing method, trade credit not only contributes to optimal the cash flow and improves supply chain performance, but also extend the logistic range and scope between upstream and downstream enterprises through attracting enterprises to order more goods. In this paper, the influence of trade credit on supply chain cash flow is considered, and the effect of cash utilization rate and order quantity raising on benefit of upstream and downstream enterprises and total benefit of the whole supply chain is also presented in certain section in my research. In all. supply chain operations with trade credit are considered, which is helpful to solve incentive, coordination, cooperation and uncertainty problems etc. As following, the research conclusion may be contribution in three aspects:
Firstly, the supply chain incentive contracts design based on trade credit are presented. By the incentive contracts designing comparing between information symmetry condition and information asymmetry condition, the incentive function of credit trade to retailers in the supply chain is discussed, and contract parameters which make consigners'unity maximal are calculated. Some numerical examples are completed to verify the conclusions.
And then, supply chain coordination strategies with trade credit are discussed. Based on revenue sharing contract and quantity discount contract methods, a class of supply chain coordination strategies based on trade credit is considered, and then supply chain revenue sharing contract coordination models based on trade credit and supply chain quantity discount contract coordination models based on trade credit are established. The function of revenue sharing mechanism and quantity discount mechanism on income allocating reasonably and the whole supply chain performance improving are discussed. Based on two parts pricing contract method, supply chain coordination strategy with trade credit-and-advertisement coordination is presented. This strategy is proved to be benefit to supply chain coordination and profit allocation by longitudinal integrated analysis, Nash balance analysis and Stackelberg balance analysis in the trade credit-and-advertisement environment. Furthermore, in the stochastic demand condition, supply chain trade credit coordination contract models are established. The results show even in the stochastic condition, the contracts can also enhance the effective coordination among supply chain members and improve supply chain operation performance. Some numerical examples are provided to prove that above researches are contributed to supply chain coordination under trade credit condition.
Finally, supply chain multi-objective robust models with trade credit are presented. By robust linear optimization method based on interval analysis, robust models with uncertain capital cost and term of credit in the trade credit condition are established. And then two numerical examples are designed to verify the robustness of models and solutions. Above researches provide a new method to resolve supply chain uncertainty.
引文
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