广东乡村祠堂与人居环境关系研究
|
摘要
祠堂,是中国古代宗族制度的象征,是宗族文化的物质载体,是宗族观念的形象符号。在乡村中,祠堂是族人祭祀祖先的神圣场所,更是族人集体活动、族长施政的地方,是乡村社会最重要的建筑。它不仅体现一个宗族的强盛情况,还反映其宗族的社会地位。因此,祠堂建筑的类型,建筑技术、艺术价值和工艺特点等建设必须经过一番考究,以突出其为乡村社会最高等级的代表形象。
明清以来,由于明政府对祭祖制度的解禁以及广东地区商品经济的繁荣发展,为祠堂的普及与建设提供了必要的政治条件和经济条件。与祠堂相随出现的村落,也星罗棋布,大量涌现。乡土祠堂在形成与发展的过程中,对其村落的人居环境存在着极其深入的影响。
本文通过对大量古村落的实地调研,并借鉴前人的理论成果基础上,采用系统的分层研究,分析祠堂与人居环境中居住系统的相互关系。从人居环境的物质角度,把村落分成四个层次,分别为村落的空间层次,街巷层次,景观层次,民居建筑层次。从这四个层次分层研究祠堂对居住空间的影响。在空间层次上,从祠堂的选位择向的角度,分析村落的空间布局形态与其生长裂变的发展规律；在街巷层次上,从祠堂对街巷可达性要求的角度,分析街巷的结构组织形态,街巷的空间形态,找出祠堂与街巷的联结情况与其对街巷的影响；从景观层次上,通过对村落景观层次分层研究以及对各层次景观构成要素的分析,找出祠堂于乡村景观中的地位与作用；在民居建筑空间层次上,通过对祠堂空间的演变分析,得出祠堂建筑空间的现存形态,找出祠堂空间与民居空间的相同点。从四个层次的分析,说明乡村祠堂在村落中的非独立性,它与村落的人居环境存在具体的关系。在这种关系下,提出乡村祠堂保护概念的更新以及从狭义和广义角度活化祠堂,并使祠堂在社会主义新农村建设中具有积极的时代精神。
Ancestral temple is the symbol of Chinese ancient clan system, the carrier of clan clucture and the vivid sign of clan consciousness. In rural areas, ancestral temple is the most important architecture where people offer sacrifices to their ancestors, hold collective activities and clan leaders administer their clan, which not only presents a clan's prosperity but also shows their clan's social status. The type, the construction technology, art value and craft features of ancestral temple, therefore, worth study to accentuate its importance in rural areas.
Ever from Ming and Tsing Dynasty, as Ming Dynasty lift ban to the system of offering sacrifices to ancestos and the prosperous development of commercial economy in Guangdong area, necessary political and economic conditions were provided for the popularity and construction of ancestral hall. Villages followed by ancestral temple emerged in large quantities. The form and development of rural ancestral temple has concrete and all-round impact on people's living environment.
By a lot of on-spot research of ancient villages and drawing lessons from other people's theory, the thesis adopts systematic research with different levels to analyse the relation of ancestral temple and people's living environment.From the prospective of people living environment, the villages are diviede into four levels, which are village space level, lane level, view level and people's architecture level. The thesis studies ancestral temple how to infulence people's living space in these four levels. In space level from the orientation of ancestral hall, space layout, growth and development rule of the villages are analysed. In lane level, from the perspective of what ancestral hall requires lanes, constructure form and space form are analysed to find out the link between ancestral temple and lane and what the link influences the lanes. In view level, village view levels and the elements of each level are analysed to show the important role the ancestral hall plays in the view of villages. In people's living house space level, the development of ancestral temple is analysed to find out the present space form of ancestral temple and the similarities of ancestral temple and people's living house. By the four-level analysis, a conclusion can be drawn that the rural ancestral temple is not independet, on the contrary, it has concrete relation with the people's living environment in the village.Under the circumstances, the thesis suggests the renewal concept of rural ancestral preventation and the activation of ancestral temple in the perspective of narrow and broard sense so that the ancestral temple has a positive spirit of times in the new socialist countryside construction.
明清以来,由于明政府对祭祖制度的解禁以及广东地区商品经济的繁荣发展,为祠堂的普及与建设提供了必要的政治条件和经济条件。与祠堂相随出现的村落,也星罗棋布,大量涌现。乡土祠堂在形成与发展的过程中,对其村落的人居环境存在着极其深入的影响。
本文通过对大量古村落的实地调研,并借鉴前人的理论成果基础上,采用系统的分层研究,分析祠堂与人居环境中居住系统的相互关系。从人居环境的物质角度,把村落分成四个层次,分别为村落的空间层次,街巷层次,景观层次,民居建筑层次。从这四个层次分层研究祠堂对居住空间的影响。在空间层次上,从祠堂的选位择向的角度,分析村落的空间布局形态与其生长裂变的发展规律；在街巷层次上,从祠堂对街巷可达性要求的角度,分析街巷的结构组织形态,街巷的空间形态,找出祠堂与街巷的联结情况与其对街巷的影响；从景观层次上,通过对村落景观层次分层研究以及对各层次景观构成要素的分析,找出祠堂于乡村景观中的地位与作用；在民居建筑空间层次上,通过对祠堂空间的演变分析,得出祠堂建筑空间的现存形态,找出祠堂空间与民居空间的相同点。从四个层次的分析,说明乡村祠堂在村落中的非独立性,它与村落的人居环境存在具体的关系。在这种关系下,提出乡村祠堂保护概念的更新以及从狭义和广义角度活化祠堂,并使祠堂在社会主义新农村建设中具有积极的时代精神。
Ancestral temple is the symbol of Chinese ancient clan system, the carrier of clan clucture and the vivid sign of clan consciousness. In rural areas, ancestral temple is the most important architecture where people offer sacrifices to their ancestors, hold collective activities and clan leaders administer their clan, which not only presents a clan's prosperity but also shows their clan's social status. The type, the construction technology, art value and craft features of ancestral temple, therefore, worth study to accentuate its importance in rural areas.
Ever from Ming and Tsing Dynasty, as Ming Dynasty lift ban to the system of offering sacrifices to ancestos and the prosperous development of commercial economy in Guangdong area, necessary political and economic conditions were provided for the popularity and construction of ancestral hall. Villages followed by ancestral temple emerged in large quantities. The form and development of rural ancestral temple has concrete and all-round impact on people's living environment.
By a lot of on-spot research of ancient villages and drawing lessons from other people's theory, the thesis adopts systematic research with different levels to analyse the relation of ancestral temple and people's living environment.From the prospective of people living environment, the villages are diviede into four levels, which are village space level, lane level, view level and people's architecture level. The thesis studies ancestral temple how to infulence people's living space in these four levels. In space level from the orientation of ancestral hall, space layout, growth and development rule of the villages are analysed. In lane level, from the perspective of what ancestral hall requires lanes, constructure form and space form are analysed to find out the link between ancestral temple and lane and what the link influences the lanes. In view level, village view levels and the elements of each level are analysed to show the important role the ancestral hall plays in the view of villages. In people's living house space level, the development of ancestral temple is analysed to find out the present space form of ancestral temple and the similarities of ancestral temple and people's living house. By the four-level analysis, a conclusion can be drawn that the rural ancestral temple is not independet, on the contrary, it has concrete relation with the people's living environment in the village.Under the circumstances, the thesis suggests the renewal concept of rural ancestral preventation and the activation of ancestral temple in the perspective of narrow and broard sense so that the ancestral temple has a positive spirit of times in the new socialist countryside construction.
引文
[1]吴良镛.人居环境科学导论.第一版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001,38
[2]吴珏.惠山祠堂群初探.[江南大学硕士学位论文].江苏无锡：江南大学,2005,9
[3]郑德华.清代广东宗族问题研究.中国社会经济史研究,1991,04,17-18
[4]刘正刚.明代广东宗族组织探析.广东史志,1998,01,12-15
[5]Maurice Freeman, Chinese Lineage and Society, Fukien and KwangEung.21-22
[6]叶显恩.从族谱看珠江三角洲的宗族伦理和宗族制的特点.广东社会科学,1987,02,71-72
[7]冯尔康.中国古代的宗族与祠堂.第一版.北京：商务印书馆国际有限公司,1996,60
[8]班固,颜师古.汉书·郊祀志.第一版.北京：中华书局,2005,29-30
[9]陈炎宗.佛山忠义乡·志风俗.第一版.广东：广东文献馆,1987,2
[10]David Faure,The Syruture Of Chinese Rural Society, linenge villiage in the eastern Nnew terniories, HongKong,1980,22-23
[11]陈忠烈.“众太公与私伙太公”—从珠江三角洲的文化设施看祠堂的演变,广东社会科学,2000,01,70-76
[12]林牧.阳宅会心集·宗祠说.清嘉庆十六年刻本
[13]亢亮,亢羽.风水与建筑.第一版.天津：百花文艺出版社,1999,58-94
[14]一丁,雨露,洪涌.中国古代风水与建筑选址.河北石家庄：河北科技出版社,1996,257-264
[15]彭一刚.传统村镇聚落景观分析.第一版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992,33-86
[16]珠江三角洲明清时期祠堂建筑初步研究.[华南理工大学硕士论文].广州：华南理工大学,2002,35
[17]冯江,阮思勤,徐好好.广府村落田野调查个案：横坑.新建筑,2006,01：32-35
[18]刘沛林.古村落：和谐的人聚空间.第一版.上海：上海三联书店,1997：44
[19]李秋香.乡土瑰宝宗祠.第一版.上海：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006,18
[20]Baloccco, Carla, Grazzini,Giuseppe.Numerical simulation of ancient natural ventilation systems of historical buildings.A case study in Palermo.Journal of Cultural Heritage,2009,10(2):313
[21]Sala, Marco; Gallo, Paopla. Energy efficient and sustainable ancient museum buildings:a case study in Florence.International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2007,26(2)：61-67
[22]高海勇.中国传统民居环境之解读巷空间.山西建筑,2009,35,13—14
[23]Knapp, Ronald G.ed.1992 Chinese Landscapes:the Pillage as Place, Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.2005,06:35
[24]梁雪.传统村镇实体环境设计.第一版.天津：天津科技出版社,2001,116
[25]歙县文物管理所.渔梁.第一版.上海：东南大学出版社,1998,73
[26]胡正凡.易识别性与环境设计.新建筑,1985,01,26
[27]Knapp, Ronald G.1980 "Settlement and Frontier Land Texture", China's Island Froniter, Ronald G. Knapp ed.,55-68, Honolulu:Universtity of Hawaii Press. 2005,06:47
[28]刘军.略论华南的乡村牌坊文化—以广东四会为个案的实证研究.学术交流,2008,10,138-140
[29]石拓.明清东莞广府系民居建筑研究.[华南理工大学硕士学位论文].广州：华南理工大学,2006,32,40-41
[30]周海星.岭南广府地区灰塑装饰艺术研究.[华南理工大学硕士学位论文].广州：华南理工大学,2004,36
[31]楼庆西,李秋香.南社村.第一版.河北：河北教育出版社,2004,97-103
[32]王效清.中国古建筑术语词典.第一版.山西：山西人民出版社,1996,33
[33]王静.祠堂中的宗亲神主.第一版.重庆：重庆出版社,2005：7-9,155
[34]西安半坡博物馆.西安半坡.第一版.西安：文物出版社1982,104
[35]贺业矩.中国古代城市规划史.第一版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1996,153
[36]须颖.祠堂与居住关系研究.[天津大学硕士学位论文].天津：天津大学,2003,27-89,108
[37]候幼彬.中国建筑美学.第一版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2009,59
[38]潘谷西.中国古代建筑史·第四卷.第一版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001,74-103
[39]Pheng, low Sui.Techniques for environmental control and structural integrity of buildings in ancient China.Structural Survey,2004,22 (5):271
[40]周銮书.千古一村：流坑历史文化的考察.第一版.江西：江西人民出版社,1997,259
[41]陆琦.广东民居.第一版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008,79
[42]Lecorbusier and Francois de Pierrefeu.The Home of Man.Printed in Great Britain by Knapp,Drewett and Sons Ltd,1958,54
[43]张宏.性·家庭·建筑·城市—从家庭到城市的住居学研究.第一版.上海：东南大学出版社,2002,125
[44]Oliver, Paul 1997 Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World Vol.1: Theories and Principles,U.K:canbridge University Press.2000, (03):23
[45]陈志华.乡土建筑保护十议.建筑史论文集第17辑.第一版.北京：清华大学出版社,2003,163-180
[46]吕舟.从第五批全国重点文物保护单位名单看中国文化遗产保护面临的新问题.建筑史论文集.第19辑.第一版.北京：清华大学出版社,2003,194-201
[47]Society for protection of Ancient Buildings.Save the city A Conservation Study of the City of London,1980,34-35
[2]吴珏.惠山祠堂群初探.[江南大学硕士学位论文].江苏无锡：江南大学,2005,9
[3]郑德华.清代广东宗族问题研究.中国社会经济史研究,1991,04,17-18
[4]刘正刚.明代广东宗族组织探析.广东史志,1998,01,12-15
[5]Maurice Freeman, Chinese Lineage and Society, Fukien and KwangEung.21-22
[6]叶显恩.从族谱看珠江三角洲的宗族伦理和宗族制的特点.广东社会科学,1987,02,71-72
[7]冯尔康.中国古代的宗族与祠堂.第一版.北京：商务印书馆国际有限公司,1996,60
[8]班固,颜师古.汉书·郊祀志.第一版.北京：中华书局,2005,29-30
[9]陈炎宗.佛山忠义乡·志风俗.第一版.广东：广东文献馆,1987,2
[10]David Faure,The Syruture Of Chinese Rural Society, linenge villiage in the eastern Nnew terniories, HongKong,1980,22-23
[11]陈忠烈.“众太公与私伙太公”—从珠江三角洲的文化设施看祠堂的演变,广东社会科学,2000,01,70-76
[12]林牧.阳宅会心集·宗祠说.清嘉庆十六年刻本
[13]亢亮,亢羽.风水与建筑.第一版.天津：百花文艺出版社,1999,58-94
[14]一丁,雨露,洪涌.中国古代风水与建筑选址.河北石家庄：河北科技出版社,1996,257-264
[15]彭一刚.传统村镇聚落景观分析.第一版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1992,33-86
[16]珠江三角洲明清时期祠堂建筑初步研究.[华南理工大学硕士论文].广州：华南理工大学,2002,35
[17]冯江,阮思勤,徐好好.广府村落田野调查个案：横坑.新建筑,2006,01：32-35
[18]刘沛林.古村落：和谐的人聚空间.第一版.上海：上海三联书店,1997：44
[19]李秋香.乡土瑰宝宗祠.第一版.上海：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006,18
[20]Baloccco, Carla, Grazzini,Giuseppe.Numerical simulation of ancient natural ventilation systems of historical buildings.A case study in Palermo.Journal of Cultural Heritage,2009,10(2):313
[21]Sala, Marco; Gallo, Paopla. Energy efficient and sustainable ancient museum buildings:a case study in Florence.International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2007,26(2)：61-67
[22]高海勇.中国传统民居环境之解读巷空间.山西建筑,2009,35,13—14
[23]Knapp, Ronald G.ed.1992 Chinese Landscapes:the Pillage as Place, Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.2005,06:35
[24]梁雪.传统村镇实体环境设计.第一版.天津：天津科技出版社,2001,116
[25]歙县文物管理所.渔梁.第一版.上海：东南大学出版社,1998,73
[26]胡正凡.易识别性与环境设计.新建筑,1985,01,26
[27]Knapp, Ronald G.1980 "Settlement and Frontier Land Texture", China's Island Froniter, Ronald G. Knapp ed.,55-68, Honolulu:Universtity of Hawaii Press. 2005,06:47
[28]刘军.略论华南的乡村牌坊文化—以广东四会为个案的实证研究.学术交流,2008,10,138-140
[29]石拓.明清东莞广府系民居建筑研究.[华南理工大学硕士学位论文].广州：华南理工大学,2006,32,40-41
[30]周海星.岭南广府地区灰塑装饰艺术研究.[华南理工大学硕士学位论文].广州：华南理工大学,2004,36
[31]楼庆西,李秋香.南社村.第一版.河北：河北教育出版社,2004,97-103
[32]王效清.中国古建筑术语词典.第一版.山西：山西人民出版社,1996,33
[33]王静.祠堂中的宗亲神主.第一版.重庆：重庆出版社,2005：7-9,155
[34]西安半坡博物馆.西安半坡.第一版.西安：文物出版社1982,104
[35]贺业矩.中国古代城市规划史.第一版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1996,153
[36]须颖.祠堂与居住关系研究.[天津大学硕士学位论文].天津：天津大学,2003,27-89,108
[37]候幼彬.中国建筑美学.第一版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2009,59
[38]潘谷西.中国古代建筑史·第四卷.第一版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001,74-103
[39]Pheng, low Sui.Techniques for environmental control and structural integrity of buildings in ancient China.Structural Survey,2004,22 (5):271
[40]周銮书.千古一村：流坑历史文化的考察.第一版.江西：江西人民出版社,1997,259
[41]陆琦.广东民居.第一版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008,79
[42]Lecorbusier and Francois de Pierrefeu.The Home of Man.Printed in Great Britain by Knapp,Drewett and Sons Ltd,1958,54
[43]张宏.性·家庭·建筑·城市—从家庭到城市的住居学研究.第一版.上海：东南大学出版社,2002,125
[44]Oliver, Paul 1997 Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World Vol.1: Theories and Principles,U.K:canbridge University Press.2000, (03):23
[45]陈志华.乡土建筑保护十议.建筑史论文集第17辑.第一版.北京：清华大学出版社,2003,163-180
[46]吕舟.从第五批全国重点文物保护单位名单看中国文化遗产保护面临的新问题.建筑史论文集.第19辑.第一版.北京：清华大学出版社,2003,194-201
[47]Society for protection of Ancient Buildings.Save the city A Conservation Study of the City of London,1980,34-35