入世后我国教育服务贸易发展研究
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摘要
随着知识经济时代的到来,国际教育服务贸易逐步取代了国际教育交流的传统概念,日益成为服务贸易的重要组成部分,国际教育服务贸易的迅速发展也受到世界各国的广泛重视,其中美国、英国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰等国家在国际教育服务贸易中均占据重要地位。同时随着我国综合国力的提高,国际地位不断上升,教育服务的出口规模也出现了较快增长。但与主要发达国家相比我国教育服务贸易仍处于明显劣势。我国的专业教育仍停留在传授上,而与人才市场的衔接、创新能力培养等方面与发达国家教育服务相比存在一定差距,从而导致我国教育服务贸易的学科范围过窄,教育服务吸引力较低。基于此背景,深入分析我国教育服务贸易的发展特征、开放程度、国际竞争力并与主要发达国家进行比较,且在此基础上探讨教育服务贸易与经济增长的关系,具有重要意义。
     教育服务贸易发展特征方面,我国教育服务贸易的发展格局以境外消费方式为主,这与我国自改革开放以来制定的教育服务的对外政策密切相关。近年来,我国教育服务境外消费以留学教育为主要形式,境外消费进、出口规模迅速增长,而且呈现境外消费贸易逆差现象;境外消费进出口结构多样化;境外消费出口地区分布集中,进口比较广泛。在国际教育服务贸易政策的国际比较方面,通过与主要发达国家美国、日本、英国和澳大利亚教育服务贸易政策的比较发现,从总体承诺范围来看,我国在教育服务贸易部门承诺开放范围上最大;按照提供方式给予承诺水平来看,除了境外消费方式,我国的开放程度最高之外,其他三种提供方式,我国的开放程度都是最低的。因此和发达国家相比,我国在教育服务贸易开放程度上是存在很大差距的,这与我国整体教育服务发展程度和对外政策的开放程度是有密切关系的。利用国际竞争力指数相关测算方法和灰色关联的研究方法,比较了教育服务贸易部分发达国家与我国竞争力的差异,得出英国和澳大利亚在国际教育服务贸易中表现出很强的竞争力,属于教育服务贸易境外消费的出口大国;美国表现出较强的竞争力;加拿大虽然从数据上看竞争力并不明显,但呈现一定的上升趋势,表明加拿大的教育服务贸易境外消费的国际竞争力有逐步提高的态势。而我国的国际竞争力指数均为负数,表明我国教育服务贸易境外消费的竞争力很低,属于教育服务贸易境外消费的进口国。为了进一步考察影响我国教育服务贸易国际竞争力水平的因素,选取了生产要素、需求要素、组织效率和制度政策四个方面,利用14个指标进一步分析了影响教育服务贸易竞争力的因素,得出对于我国教育服务贸易境外消费国际竞争力水平具有显著影响的因素、中度影响程度因素、低影响程度因素。对于教育服务贸易与经济增长的关系,主要从两方面展开。其一是我国教育服务贸易出口与我国的经济增长,即外国学生来华留学作为我国服务贸易出口的一部分对我国经济增长的促进作用。其二是从人力资本的角度研究出国留学人员归国与我国经济增长的关系,留学人员在出国留学期间学习了技术、理念以及国外先进的管理经验,归国就业不仅增加了人力资本的数量,更在一定程度上提高了人力资本的质量,促进了技术进步,对生产效率的提高和经济发展具有重要作用,成为我国经济发展的重要力量。最后,在以上分析研究的基础上,提出了我国教育服务贸易发展的建议。
With the coming of knowledge economy era, the international trade in education service gradually replaced the traditional concept of international education, and has become an important part of trade in services. Meanwhile, rapid development of international trade in education service also received worldwide attention, including the United States, Britain, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and other countries, occupying an important position of the international trade in education service. At the same time as China's comprehensive national strength, international position rises ceaselessly, the export scale of education services also appears rapid growth. But compared with the major developed countries trade in educationa service in China is still in the obvious disadvantage. Our professional education still stays in the teaching, and there is a certain gap between China and main developed countries in the talent market join and innovation ability training, resulting in subject scope of China's trade in educational service is too narrow and the education service less attractive. Based on this background, in-depth analysis of China's trade in education service development characteristics, degree of opening, international competitiveness and the main developed countries, and the relation of the trade in education service and economic growth, has important significance.
     In the aspect of the development characteristics of trade in education service, the development pattern of China's domestic trade is mainly overseas consumption mode. This is closely related to international educational services policy since reforming and opening in our country. In recent years, the main form of China's education services to students was education consumption abroad, import and export of consumption abroad grew rapidly, running a trade deficit; the structure of import and export of overseas consumption diversified; consumption abroad in export area distributed intensively, and import more extensively.In the aspect of international trade policies in education service, with the comparison between China and main developed countries-the United States, Japan, the UK and Australian, we find following conclusions. Firstly, from the overall commitment, China's commitment is highest. Secondly, from commitment level of various provide ways, China's degree of opening is lowest, except for overseas consumption patterns. Therefore, compared with the developed countries, there is a great gap between China and developed countries in opening degree of the trade in education service, associated with development extent of trade in education service. Using the international competitiveness index and gray correlation method, this article compares the difference of competitiveness in education services between China and some developed countries and find that the competitiveness of UK and Australia is highest, belonging to the export country of consumption abroad by trade in education service; the United States of America shows stronger competitiveness; the index of Canada, although without obvious competitiveness from data, shows an ascendant trend, indicating it's improving posture in consumption abroad of educational services. But China's international competitiveness indices were negative, suggesting low competitiveness in overseas consumption of educational services. That means that China belongs to the import country of consumption abroad in education service trade. In order to study the factors of China's international competitiveness level of the trade in education service further, this article selects production factors, demand factors, organizational efficiency and institutional policy, and then adopts14indicators for further analysis, reaching three kinds of factors covering most significant factors, moderate factors and low influence factors.For the relation between education services trade and economic growth, this article mainly begins from two aspects. One is relevance of education service trade and economic growth of China. As part of service export of China, foreign students to study in China can promote economic growth. The second is from the angle of human capital to study the relation between abroad homecoming and China's economic growth. Studying abroad personnel learn technology, idea and advanced management experience. Their homecomings not only increase the amount of human capital, but improve the quality of human capital to a certain extent, promoting technological progress, improving the production efficiency and economic development. Finally, based on above analysis, this article sets out suggestions to promote the development of China's trade in education service.
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