微污染饮用水源生物过滤的效果与影响因素的研究
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摘要
在充分综述国内外相关文献的基础上，通过试验，研究了生物过滤对饮用水中的有机物、氨氮、铁和锰的去除效果，影响因素和生物膜在滤池中的分布规律。结果表明，生物过滤可有效地去除饮用水中有机物、氨氮和浊度。当水温为6～12℃、EBCT为6.75min时，活性炭、石英砂双层滤料生物滤柱对TOC、COD_(Mn)和UV_(254)的平均去除率分别为33.1％、58.6％和64.0％；在同样的水温和EBCT条件下，当进水氨氮浓度为1.07mg／L时，对氨氮的平均去除率为89.7％；生物过滤与常规过滤一样可产生低浊度的出水和具有较长的过滤周期，但生物滤池的水头损失比采用同样尺寸滤料的常规滤池的水头损失大，而且增长较快；在生物滤柱内，不同滤料附着的生物膜量不同，活性炭滤料表面附着的生物膜量明显多于无烟煤和石英砂滤料；生物膜量随水流方向自上而下逐渐减少，与滤层内TOC浓度沿滤层深度逐渐减少一致；生物膜在滤料表面以菌胶团形式存在；生物过滤效果受滤料介质、EBCT、水温、反冲洗以及滤池关闭等多方面因素的影响；由活性炭、石英砂组成的双层滤料生物滤柱对有机物的去除效果比由无烟煤和石英砂等滤料组成的生物滤柱好；随着EBCT或水温的增加，生物过滤对有机物的去除率增加；加氯水反冲洗对生物过滤具有明显的负面影响；短期的滤池关闭对生物过滤影响很小，长期的滤池关闭对生物过滤有一定影响，但在几天内可得到恢复。
On the basis of summarizing the related references home and abroad, a great many of the experiments had been done to study removal results of organic matter, ammonia and turbility, influence factors and distribution trends of the biofilm in the drinking-water biofilters. The results of experiments indicated the biofiltration could remove organic matter, ammonia and turbility effectively. When water temperature was 7~9℃ and empty bed contact time (EBCT) was 6.75min, removal rates of TOC, COD and UV in the GAC-sand biofilter were 33.1%, 58.6% and 64.0% respectively. Under the conditions of the same water temperature and EBCT removal rate of ammonia was 71.8% when influent ammonia was 1.07 mg/L. Biofilters, the same as conventional filters, could produce the effluent with low turbility and has longer filtration cycle time.But water head loss of the biofilters was bigger than that of conventional filters with the same filter media, and had faster growth rate. In the biofilters different filter media had different biomass quantity, and the biomass quantity of the GAC media surface was obviously more than that of the anthracite or quartz sand media surface. The biomass in the biofilters decreased gradually from the top layer to the bottom layer along water flow direction, which coincided with the change trend of TOC concentration. The biofilm on the media surface mainly existed in the form of zoogloea. Some factors such as filter media, EBCT, water temperature, backwash and filter closedown had some effect on the results of the biofilters on organic matter removal. The filters with GAC and quartz sand media could reach higher organic matter removal rate than the filters with anthracite or quartz sand media. As water temperature or EBCT increased removal rates of the biofilters on organic matter increased. Backwashing with chlorinated water had negative effect on the biofilm obviously. Short-term shutdown of biological filters had little effect. Long-term shutdown had some effect, but could be restored in a few days after restarting the biofilters
On the basis of summarizing the related references home and abroad, a great many of the experiments had been done to study removal results of organic matter, ammonia and turbility, influence factors and distribution trends of the biofilm in the drinking-water biofilters. The results of experiments indicated the biofiltration could remove organic matter, ammonia and turbility effectively. When water temperature was 7~9℃ and empty bed contact time (EBCT) was 6.75min, removal rates of TOC, COD and UV in the GAC-sand biofilter were 33.1%, 58.6% and 64.0% respectively. Under the conditions of the same water temperature and EBCT removal rate of ammonia was 71.8% when influent ammonia was 1.07 mg/L. Biofilters, the same as conventional filters, could produce the effluent with low turbility and has longer filtration cycle time.But water head loss of the biofilters was bigger than that of conventional filters with the same filter media, and had faster growth rate. In the biofilters different filter media had different biomass quantity, and the biomass quantity of the GAC media surface was obviously more than that of the anthracite or quartz sand media surface. The biomass in the biofilters decreased gradually from the top layer to the bottom layer along water flow direction, which coincided with the change trend of TOC concentration. The biofilm on the media surface mainly existed in the form of zoogloea. Some factors such as filter media, EBCT, water temperature, backwash and filter closedown had some effect on the results of the biofilters on organic matter removal. The filters with GAC and quartz sand media could reach higher organic matter removal rate than the filters with anthracite or quartz sand media. As water temperature or EBCT increased removal rates of the biofilters on organic matter increased. Backwashing with chlorinated water had negative effect on the biofilm obviously. Short-term shutdown of biological filters had little effect. Long-term shutdown had some effect, but could be restored in a few days after restarting the biofilters
引文
[1] 王占生，刘文君．微污染水源饮用水处理．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999，2-23； 28-35：58-69
[2] Stuart W. Krasner, Michael J. McGuire, Joseph G Jacangelo et al. The occurrence of disinfection by-products in US drinking water. Jour. AWWA, 1989,81 (8):41-53
[3] Harish Arora, Mark W. Lechevallier, Kevin L. Dixon. DBP occurrence survey. Jour. AWWA, 1997,89(6):60-68
[4] 王丽花，周鸿，张晓健，等．水源水中有机物特性及其氯化活性研究．环境科学学报，2001，21(5)：573-576
[5] Tuovinen O.H, Button K.S,Vuorinen A, et al.Bacterial,chemical,and mineralogical characteristics of tubercles in distribution pipelines. Jour.AWWA, 1980,14(11):626-627
[6] Lee S H,Connor J T, Banerji.Biologically mediated corrosion and its effects on water quality in distribution systems. Jour.AWWA,1980,72(11):636-645
[7] Lechevallier M W.Coliform regrowth in drinking water:a review. Jour. AWWA, 1990, 82(11):74-86
[8] Rittmann B E, SnoeyinkV L. Achieving biologically stable drinking water. Jour.AWWA, 1984,76(10): 106-114
[9] 吴红伟，石振清，王占生．净水工艺对水中可生物降解有机物去除的研究．给水排水，1999，25(7)：16-18
[10] 黄廷林．强化絮凝法去除水中DBP先质研究．环境科学学报，1999，19(4)：399-404
[11] Bouwer E J,Growe P B.Biological Processes in Drinking Water Treatment. Jour.AWWA, 1988,80(9): 82-84
[12] 肖羽堂，许建华．生物接触氧化法净化微污染源水的机理研究．环境科学，1999，20(3)：88-92
[13] 吴为中，王占生．不同生物接触氧化法的净化效果及其生物膜特性的比较．环境科学学报，2000，20(9)：44-50
[14] 李亚新．生物砂滤池处理微污染源水工艺特性研究．给水排水，1997，23(7)：6-8
[15] 吴为中，王占生．水库水源水生物陶粒滤池预处理中试研究．环境科学研究，1999，12(1)：10-14[16] 杨开，周涛，高婷，等生物活性炭．砂滤处理微污染源水研究．中国给水排水，2000，16(12)：54-55
[17] 李德生，黄晓东，王占生．微污染源水净化新工艺—生物强化过滤研究．中国给水排水，2000，16(10)：18-20
[18] 黄晓东，李德生，吴为中，等．生物活性滤池的强化过滤研究．中国给水排水，2001，17(8)：10-11
[19] 仲丽娟，朱明章，李伟，等．复合生物活性滤料滤池的性能研究．中国给水排水，2001，17(12)：1-5
[20] 龙小庆，王占生，富良，等．生物活性滤池的特性研究．给水排水，2001，27(5)：6-7
[21] 黄晓东，李德生，王占生，等．生物活性滤池强化过滤的影响因素研究．中国给水排水，2003，19(5)：67-68
[22] 李家就，杨文进，朱建国，等．受污染珠江水的生物膜法预处理研究．中国给水排水，1999，15(7)：8-10
[23] 薛记中．生物陶粒滤池预处理滏阳河微污染源水．中国给水排水，1999，15(11)：66-68
[24] G.P.Bablon, Claire ventresque, and Roger Ben Aim. Developing a Sand-GAC Filter to Achieve High-Rate Biological Filtration. Jour. AWWA, 1988,80(12):47-49.
[25] 余健，曾光明，施周．饮用水生物过滤工艺述评．中国给水排水，Vol．18，No．3，2002．
[26] B.E.Rittmann, LouAnn Crawford, Cynthia K.Tuck et al. In situ Determination of Kinetic parameters for Biofilms: Isolation and Characterization of Oligotrophic Biofilms. Biotechnol.Bioeng., 1986,28(11): 1753-1760.
[27] 顾夏声，李献文，俞毓馨．水处理微生物学基础(第二版)．P．14，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1987．
[28] R.G Stratton, Eun Namkung, and B.ERittmann. Secondary Utilization of Trace Organics by Biofilms on Porous Media. Jour. AWWA, 1983,75(9):463-469.
[29] E. Namkung and B.E. Rittmann. Removal of Taste and Odor-causing Compounds by Biofilms Grown on Humic Substances. Jour. AWWA, 1987,79(7): 107-111.
[30] Eun Namkung, R.G Stratton, and B.E Rittmann. Predicting Removal of Trace Organic Compounds by Biofilms. Jour. WPCF, 1983,55(11): 1366-1377.
[31] E.Namkung and B.E.Rittmann. Modeling Biosubstrate Removal by Biofilms. Biotechnol.Bioeng., 1987,29(2):269-277.
[32] Chih-Jen Lu and Gerald E.Speitel Jr. Effect of Natural Organic Matter on Biodegradation of a Recalcitrant Synthetic Organic Chemical. Jour. AWWA,??1991,83(2):56-61.
[33] M.W.Lechevallier, W.C.Becker, Paul Schorr et al. Evaluating the performance of Biologically Active Rapid Filters. Jour. AWWA, 1992,84(4): 136-146.
[34] Daniel Urfer, Peter M.Huck, Stephen D.J.Booth et al Biological Filtration for BOM and particle removal: a critical review. Jour. AWWA, 1997,89(12):83-95.
[35] Pierre Servais, Gilles Billen, Claire ventresque et al. Microbial Activity in GAC filters at the Choisy-Le-Roi Treatment plant. Jour. AWWA, 1991,83(2):62-66
[36] Rasheed Ahmad, A.Amirtharajah, A.Al-shawwa et al. Effects of Backwashing on Biological Filters. Jour. AWWA, 1998,90(12):62-73.
[37] R.J.Miltner, R.S.Summers, and J. Z.Wang. Biofiltration Performance:Part 2, Effect of Backwashing. Jour. AWWA, 1995,87(12):64-70.
[38] Patrick Niquette, Michele Prevost, Robert G.Maclean et al. Backwasking First-stage Sand-BAC Filters. Jour. AWWA, 1998,90(1):71-85.
[39] Findlay R H,King G M,Watling L.Efficacy of phospholipid analysis in determining microbial biomass in sediments.Appl.& Envir.Microbiol., 1989,55(11):2888-2893
[40] Urfer D,Huck P.M.Measurement of biomass activity in drinking water biofilters using a respirometric method.Wat.Res.,2001,55(6): 1469-1477
[41] 于鑫，张晓健，王占生．饮用水生物处理中生物量的磷脂法测定．给水排水，2002，28(5)：1-5
[42] APHA,AWWA,APCF．水和废水标准检验法(第十五版)．宋仁元，张亚杰，王维—等译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1985
[43] 国家环保局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会．水和废水监测分析方法(第3版)，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1989，252-278；359
[44] Wang J.Z., Summers R.S.,Miltner R.J. Biofiltration performance:part 1, relationship to biomass. Jour. AWWA, 1995,87(12):55-63.
[45] Urfer D,Huck P.M, Booth S D J,et al.Biological filtration for BOM and particle:a critical review. Jour.AWWA, 1997,89(12):83-95
[46] 朱丽霞，程乃乾，高信曾．生物学中的电子显微镜技术．北京：北京大学出版社，1983，242-248
[2] Stuart W. Krasner, Michael J. McGuire, Joseph G Jacangelo et al. The occurrence of disinfection by-products in US drinking water. Jour. AWWA, 1989,81 (8):41-53
[3] Harish Arora, Mark W. Lechevallier, Kevin L. Dixon. DBP occurrence survey. Jour. AWWA, 1997,89(6):60-68
[4] 王丽花，周鸿，张晓健，等．水源水中有机物特性及其氯化活性研究．环境科学学报，2001，21(5)：573-576
[5] Tuovinen O.H, Button K.S,Vuorinen A, et al.Bacterial,chemical,and mineralogical characteristics of tubercles in distribution pipelines. Jour.AWWA, 1980,14(11):626-627
[6] Lee S H,Connor J T, Banerji.Biologically mediated corrosion and its effects on water quality in distribution systems. Jour.AWWA,1980,72(11):636-645
[7] Lechevallier M W.Coliform regrowth in drinking water:a review. Jour. AWWA, 1990, 82(11):74-86
[8] Rittmann B E, SnoeyinkV L. Achieving biologically stable drinking water. Jour.AWWA, 1984,76(10): 106-114
[9] 吴红伟，石振清，王占生．净水工艺对水中可生物降解有机物去除的研究．给水排水，1999，25(7)：16-18
[10] 黄廷林．强化絮凝法去除水中DBP先质研究．环境科学学报，1999，19(4)：399-404
[11] Bouwer E J,Growe P B.Biological Processes in Drinking Water Treatment. Jour.AWWA, 1988,80(9): 82-84
[12] 肖羽堂，许建华．生物接触氧化法净化微污染源水的机理研究．环境科学，1999，20(3)：88-92
[13] 吴为中，王占生．不同生物接触氧化法的净化效果及其生物膜特性的比较．环境科学学报，2000，20(9)：44-50
[14] 李亚新．生物砂滤池处理微污染源水工艺特性研究．给水排水，1997，23(7)：6-8
[15] 吴为中，王占生．水库水源水生物陶粒滤池预处理中试研究．环境科学研究，1999，12(1)：10-14[16] 杨开，周涛，高婷，等生物活性炭．砂滤处理微污染源水研究．中国给水排水，2000，16(12)：54-55
[17] 李德生，黄晓东，王占生．微污染源水净化新工艺—生物强化过滤研究．中国给水排水，2000，16(10)：18-20
[18] 黄晓东，李德生，吴为中，等．生物活性滤池的强化过滤研究．中国给水排水，2001，17(8)：10-11
[19] 仲丽娟，朱明章，李伟，等．复合生物活性滤料滤池的性能研究．中国给水排水，2001，17(12)：1-5
[20] 龙小庆，王占生，富良，等．生物活性滤池的特性研究．给水排水，2001，27(5)：6-7
[21] 黄晓东，李德生，王占生，等．生物活性滤池强化过滤的影响因素研究．中国给水排水，2003，19(5)：67-68
[22] 李家就，杨文进，朱建国，等．受污染珠江水的生物膜法预处理研究．中国给水排水，1999，15(7)：8-10
[23] 薛记中．生物陶粒滤池预处理滏阳河微污染源水．中国给水排水，1999，15(11)：66-68
[24] G.P.Bablon, Claire ventresque, and Roger Ben Aim. Developing a Sand-GAC Filter to Achieve High-Rate Biological Filtration. Jour. AWWA, 1988,80(12):47-49.
[25] 余健，曾光明，施周．饮用水生物过滤工艺述评．中国给水排水，Vol．18，No．3，2002．
[26] B.E.Rittmann, LouAnn Crawford, Cynthia K.Tuck et al. In situ Determination of Kinetic parameters for Biofilms: Isolation and Characterization of Oligotrophic Biofilms. Biotechnol.Bioeng., 1986,28(11): 1753-1760.
[27] 顾夏声，李献文，俞毓馨．水处理微生物学基础(第二版)．P．14，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1987．
[28] R.G Stratton, Eun Namkung, and B.ERittmann. Secondary Utilization of Trace Organics by Biofilms on Porous Media. Jour. AWWA, 1983,75(9):463-469.
[29] E. Namkung and B.E. Rittmann. Removal of Taste and Odor-causing Compounds by Biofilms Grown on Humic Substances. Jour. AWWA, 1987,79(7): 107-111.
[30] Eun Namkung, R.G Stratton, and B.E Rittmann. Predicting Removal of Trace Organic Compounds by Biofilms. Jour. WPCF, 1983,55(11): 1366-1377.
[31] E.Namkung and B.E.Rittmann. Modeling Biosubstrate Removal by Biofilms. Biotechnol.Bioeng., 1987,29(2):269-277.
[32] Chih-Jen Lu and Gerald E.Speitel Jr. Effect of Natural Organic Matter on Biodegradation of a Recalcitrant Synthetic Organic Chemical. Jour. AWWA,??1991,83(2):56-61.
[33] M.W.Lechevallier, W.C.Becker, Paul Schorr et al. Evaluating the performance of Biologically Active Rapid Filters. Jour. AWWA, 1992,84(4): 136-146.
[34] Daniel Urfer, Peter M.Huck, Stephen D.J.Booth et al Biological Filtration for BOM and particle removal: a critical review. Jour. AWWA, 1997,89(12):83-95.
[35] Pierre Servais, Gilles Billen, Claire ventresque et al. Microbial Activity in GAC filters at the Choisy-Le-Roi Treatment plant. Jour. AWWA, 1991,83(2):62-66
[36] Rasheed Ahmad, A.Amirtharajah, A.Al-shawwa et al. Effects of Backwashing on Biological Filters. Jour. AWWA, 1998,90(12):62-73.
[37] R.J.Miltner, R.S.Summers, and J. Z.Wang. Biofiltration Performance:Part 2, Effect of Backwashing. Jour. AWWA, 1995,87(12):64-70.
[38] Patrick Niquette, Michele Prevost, Robert G.Maclean et al. Backwasking First-stage Sand-BAC Filters. Jour. AWWA, 1998,90(1):71-85.
[39] Findlay R H,King G M,Watling L.Efficacy of phospholipid analysis in determining microbial biomass in sediments.Appl.& Envir.Microbiol., 1989,55(11):2888-2893
[40] Urfer D,Huck P.M.Measurement of biomass activity in drinking water biofilters using a respirometric method.Wat.Res.,2001,55(6): 1469-1477
[41] 于鑫，张晓健，王占生．饮用水生物处理中生物量的磷脂法测定．给水排水，2002，28(5)：1-5
[42] APHA,AWWA,APCF．水和废水标准检验法(第十五版)．宋仁元，张亚杰，王维—等译．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1985
[43] 国家环保局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会．水和废水监测分析方法(第3版)，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1989，252-278；359
[44] Wang J.Z., Summers R.S.,Miltner R.J. Biofiltration performance:part 1, relationship to biomass. Jour. AWWA, 1995,87(12):55-63.
[45] Urfer D,Huck P.M, Booth S D J,et al.Biological filtration for BOM and particle:a critical review. Jour.AWWA, 1997,89(12):83-95
[46] 朱丽霞，程乃乾，高信曾．生物学中的电子显微镜技术．北京：北京大学出版社，1983，242-248