上海手语类标记结构调查研究
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摘要
类标记是一类物体的符号,是与位置、朝向、移动以及表情体态特征相结合构成句子谓语的一种手形(Rachel Sutton & Bencie Woll,1999)。类标记问题是手语研究中的核心问题之一,目前,语言学界对于上海手语的类标记结构还没有专门的研究。
本文通过有针对性的田野调查,获得上海手语的第一手语料调查资料,分析选取其中包含类标记的语言材料形成研究的语料库,并对于语料中包含的类标记手形做了归纳和分析,增补了之前对于上海手语类标记手语的调查结果。对于学界有争议的身体类标记和工具类标记,本文给予了较大关注,提出在以视觉-手势为载体的手语中,身体类标记和工具类标记分别具有独特的性质和不可替代的功能,均可被看做一类独特的类标记存在
第三章和第四章是本文的核心内容,文章运用认知语言学的观点和方法,尤其是认知语义学理论和Talmy关于运动事件的理论,对于上海手语中的类标记方位和运动事件结构进行了细致深入的分析。在上海手语中,存在事件中涉及的存在主体常常构成类标记复合结构中的类标记手形,这一手形与存在路径和方式同时编码在一起,来呈现存在事件。当事件结构中也存在其他的一些伴随动作时,伴随动作一般与存在事件呈序列性结构出现。对于上海手语的序列动词结构的分析表明：在不强调方式或路径的情况下,类标记复合结构中运动主体、运动词根和运动路径、运动方式等语素作为同时性语素出现,否则需要先以序列性的方式表达需要强调的方式或路径,然后才出现复合类标记结构。
本文认为上海手语中的方位动词结构的不同句式与现代中的存在句在语义构成上具有某种一致和对应关系,并提出了在上海手语方位动词结构中存在着“嵌套结构”,后者体现了语言性质中的递归性：在表示存在事件时,当图形出现在背景之前时,在表示存在的宏事件中嵌套着与背景有关的存在事件,这也表明手语具有语言的普遍性质。
本文分析了存在和运动事件中构建的真实空间,认为真实空间对于手语信息的表达和理解具有重要作用。另外,类标记结构所在句子的末尾常常对句子中的先行词(类标记所指代的对象)加以重复,其功能主要是为了避免歧义；在类标记结构前还发现了一些模仿真实事件中的活动的模仿性手势,其中可能包含一些非语言成分。而在语言表达中,对于同一主体,人们会根据凸显“图形”信息的不同来选择不同的类标记。
A classifier is a symbol for an object of a particular CLass (CLayton Valli & Ceil Lucas, quoted by Rachel Sutton & Bencie Woll,1999). It is a handshape to denote a predicate when made in a particular location, direction and/or movement, or with a particular non-manual feature. As one of major problems in sign language, however, the classifier construction in Shanghai sign language has never been investigated as a special field.
Firsthand linguistic data on Shanghai sign language has become available through extensive targeted field survey and formed the corpus that contains linguistic data bearing classifiers. classifier-bearing handshapes have been categorized and studied, which add much to the research of Shanghai sign language classifiers. A great part of the work has been devoted to controversial body and body-part classifier and instrumental classifier. Body and body-part classifier has been put forward as a special and irreplaceable function in sign language of visual-gestural modality and serves as a special classifier. Instrumental classifier and handling classifier should also serve as an independent classifier.
The 4th and 5th chapters are the centerpiece of the thesis. On the basis of current research, both at home and abroad, and theories on cognitive linguistics, and theories on cognitive semantics and Talmy's ideas about movement event in particular, an in-depth investigation has been made into the classifier location and verbs of motion and location in the Shanghai sign language. Given Talmy's conceptual model that path may refer to the site occupied by FIGURE, it follows that, in Shanghai Sign Language, the core schema of BE1 predicates is "site"(i.e., PATHs) rather than "path" of the figural entity. The core schema, PATHS, is mapped onto the midlevel verb stem represented semantically as [BE1+FIGURE]. It is realized phonetically through a specific downward movement and its end point is a site (i.e., location in space). This core schema can further combine with the co-event MANNER to encode manner of existence or location.
The analysis of serial verbs of motion reveals that verbs of motion often precede verbs of path and the manner of motion along a path can mapped onto verbs of path. But this kind of combination is associated with a subset of CLassificatory handshapes that highlight the legged property of the noun category.
The Being event in Shanghai Sign Language has similar semantic structure with the existential sentences in Mandarin Chinese. There existing embedded structure in structure of verbs of location, which demonstrated the general quality of recursiveness of Language. In the expression of event of BE1, micro-event of BE1 is embedded in macro-event of BE1.
This paper analyzes the "real space" constructed by the signer, which is essential to the expressing and understanding of sentences in sign language. The repetition of antecedent at the end of sentences in sign language functions on eliminating ambiguity of the reference of classifier in a sentence. There are also some "imitating-signs" that imitate the real activity usually precedes a classifier predicate and may contain some pre-language components. The focus on information of speakers is usually involved in the selection of classifier.
本文通过有针对性的田野调查,获得上海手语的第一手语料调查资料,分析选取其中包含类标记的语言材料形成研究的语料库,并对于语料中包含的类标记手形做了归纳和分析,增补了之前对于上海手语类标记手语的调查结果。对于学界有争议的身体类标记和工具类标记,本文给予了较大关注,提出在以视觉-手势为载体的手语中,身体类标记和工具类标记分别具有独特的性质和不可替代的功能,均可被看做一类独特的类标记存在
第三章和第四章是本文的核心内容,文章运用认知语言学的观点和方法,尤其是认知语义学理论和Talmy关于运动事件的理论,对于上海手语中的类标记方位和运动事件结构进行了细致深入的分析。在上海手语中,存在事件中涉及的存在主体常常构成类标记复合结构中的类标记手形,这一手形与存在路径和方式同时编码在一起,来呈现存在事件。当事件结构中也存在其他的一些伴随动作时,伴随动作一般与存在事件呈序列性结构出现。对于上海手语的序列动词结构的分析表明：在不强调方式或路径的情况下,类标记复合结构中运动主体、运动词根和运动路径、运动方式等语素作为同时性语素出现,否则需要先以序列性的方式表达需要强调的方式或路径,然后才出现复合类标记结构。
本文认为上海手语中的方位动词结构的不同句式与现代中的存在句在语义构成上具有某种一致和对应关系,并提出了在上海手语方位动词结构中存在着“嵌套结构”,后者体现了语言性质中的递归性：在表示存在事件时,当图形出现在背景之前时,在表示存在的宏事件中嵌套着与背景有关的存在事件,这也表明手语具有语言的普遍性质。
本文分析了存在和运动事件中构建的真实空间,认为真实空间对于手语信息的表达和理解具有重要作用。另外,类标记结构所在句子的末尾常常对句子中的先行词(类标记所指代的对象)加以重复,其功能主要是为了避免歧义；在类标记结构前还发现了一些模仿真实事件中的活动的模仿性手势,其中可能包含一些非语言成分。而在语言表达中,对于同一主体,人们会根据凸显“图形”信息的不同来选择不同的类标记。
A classifier is a symbol for an object of a particular CLass (CLayton Valli & Ceil Lucas, quoted by Rachel Sutton & Bencie Woll,1999). It is a handshape to denote a predicate when made in a particular location, direction and/or movement, or with a particular non-manual feature. As one of major problems in sign language, however, the classifier construction in Shanghai sign language has never been investigated as a special field.
Firsthand linguistic data on Shanghai sign language has become available through extensive targeted field survey and formed the corpus that contains linguistic data bearing classifiers. classifier-bearing handshapes have been categorized and studied, which add much to the research of Shanghai sign language classifiers. A great part of the work has been devoted to controversial body and body-part classifier and instrumental classifier. Body and body-part classifier has been put forward as a special and irreplaceable function in sign language of visual-gestural modality and serves as a special classifier. Instrumental classifier and handling classifier should also serve as an independent classifier.
The 4th and 5th chapters are the centerpiece of the thesis. On the basis of current research, both at home and abroad, and theories on cognitive linguistics, and theories on cognitive semantics and Talmy's ideas about movement event in particular, an in-depth investigation has been made into the classifier location and verbs of motion and location in the Shanghai sign language. Given Talmy's conceptual model that path may refer to the site occupied by FIGURE, it follows that, in Shanghai Sign Language, the core schema of BE1 predicates is "site"(i.e., PATHs) rather than "path" of the figural entity. The core schema, PATHS, is mapped onto the midlevel verb stem represented semantically as [BE1+FIGURE]. It is realized phonetically through a specific downward movement and its end point is a site (i.e., location in space). This core schema can further combine with the co-event MANNER to encode manner of existence or location.
The analysis of serial verbs of motion reveals that verbs of motion often precede verbs of path and the manner of motion along a path can mapped onto verbs of path. But this kind of combination is associated with a subset of CLassificatory handshapes that highlight the legged property of the noun category.
The Being event in Shanghai Sign Language has similar semantic structure with the existential sentences in Mandarin Chinese. There existing embedded structure in structure of verbs of location, which demonstrated the general quality of recursiveness of Language. In the expression of event of BE1, micro-event of BE1 is embedded in macro-event of BE1.
This paper analyzes the "real space" constructed by the signer, which is essential to the expressing and understanding of sentences in sign language. The repetition of antecedent at the end of sentences in sign language functions on eliminating ambiguity of the reference of classifier in a sentence. There are also some "imitating-signs" that imitate the real activity usually precedes a classifier predicate and may contain some pre-language components. The focus on information of speakers is usually involved in the selection of classifier.
引文
1 Gary Morgan, Bencie Woll, Understanding Sign Language Classifiers through a Polycomponential Approach, 2006,3
2同上。
3 Gary Morgan, Bencie Woll,2006引 Taub,2001; Mandel,1977。
4纳瓦霍人,美国最大的印第安部落。
5多式综合语(polysynthetic)的特征是形态复杂,词形很长,比如美洲的印第安语。根据《现代语言学词典》的解释,多式综合语与综合语、分析语对立,有人将其看做黏着语与融合语两种特征的符合,而不另设一类。各种语言都多少表现出一些多式综合语的特点。)
6 Adam Schembri, Rethinking 'Classifiers' in Signed Languages [A], in:Perspectives On Classifier Construction In Sign Language [C] Ed. by Karen Emmorey. London:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2003
7 Bencie Woll, The Linguistics of British Sign Language—An introduction, Rachel Sutton-Spence, Cambridge University Press,1999引 Mary Brennan.
8引自Bencie Woll, The Linguistics of British Sign Language—An introduction, Rachel Sutton-Spence, Cambridge University Press,1999
10来自John A. Logan大学网站，http://www.jal.cc.il.us/ipp/Classifiers/
11 Bencie Woll, The Linguistics of British Sign Language—An introduction, Rachel Sutton-Spence, Cambridge University Press,1999
12洪卡娜.上海手语类标记手形调查报告[D].上海：复旦大学(硕士学位论文),2008
14 Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language. In C. Craig (Ed.):Noun classes and categorization, Philadelphia:John Benjamin; 1986.
15 Ted Supalla,1986,引 Ted Supalla,1976
17 Ted Supalla, Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language [A]. In:Noun Classes And Categorization [C], ed. by C. Craig, Philadelphia:John Benjamin,1986
18本章中的例子均选用在语料调查中真实出现的例子,所以很多时候在录像截图中我们看到的是一个双手手势,这表示所展示的主手或者辅手是包含类标记的手形,而不是说“双手手势”构成一个类标记。类标记手形一般是单手的手形。本章所举的例子都不是为了说明某个类标记手形的手形和语音构成而特别要求被调查人用单手打出某个类标记,从而更直观展示类别手形的构成。本文的例子和图例更倾向于展示类标记在真实语境中出现时的自然形式。
19为方便读者阅读,本文正文中许多图例的最下方给出了该图在“附录2：调查录像截图”中的序列位置。
20 Supalla.1978,转自Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language. In C. Craig (Ed.):Noun classes and categorization, Philadelphia:John Benjamin; 1986
21 Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language. In C. Craig (Ed.):Noun classes and categorization, Philadelphia:John Benjamin; 1986
23 Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language. In C. Craig (Ed.):Noun classes and categorization, Philadelphia:John Benjamin; 1986
26 Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language. In C. Craig (Ed.):Noun classes and categorization, Philadelphia:John Benjamin; 1986
29 Bencie Woll,1999,引CLyton Valli和Ceil Lucas。
30何自然,《认知语用学—言语交际的认知研究》,2000年,引Jackendoff; 1983:184.
31何自然,《认知语用学—言语交际的认知研究》,2000年。
32齐振海、张辉,《Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Volume Ⅰ——导论》,2004,北京大学出版社。
33束定芳,2000,《现代语义学》,引Langacker。
34束定芳,2000,《现代语义学》,P112-114
35同上,P115.
36同上,p116
37同上,P116-117
38参看李福印,《语义学概论》,2006,P.195
39同上,P196-200。
40参看范晓、张豫峰,《语法理论纲要》,上海译文出版社,2003年,P.293,例①、②也引自该书,P.293。
41参看齐振海、张辉,《Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Volume I-——导读》,2004,北京大学出版社。
42引自Gladys Tang, Verbs of Motion and Location in Hong Kong Sign Language:Conflation and Lexicalization[A], in:Perspectives On Classifier Construction In Sign Language [C] ed. by Karen Emmorey. London:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,2003
43同上(21)。
44同上(21)。
45参考戴浩一,认知相对论：汉语结果复合动词的启示,2008年。
46同上
47同上。
48参考Gladys Tang, Verbs of Motion and Location in Hong Kong Sign Language:Conflation and Lexicalization [A], in:Perspectives On Classifier Construction In Sign Language [C] ed. by Karen Emmorey. London:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,2003
49同上。
50同上。
51同上。
52 Ted Supalla, Serial Verbs of Motion in American Sign Language, in S. Fisher & P. Siple (Eds), Theoretical issues in sign language research:Linguistics (pp.127-152), Chicago:Chicago University Press; 1990
53参考Gladys Tang,2003
55参看Gladys Tang, Verbs of Motion and Location in Hong Kong Sign Language:Conflation and Lexicalization [A], in:Perspectives On Classifier Construction In Sign Language [C] ed. by Karen Emmorey. London:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,2003.
59束定芳.现代语义学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2000,P.120。
63 Bencie Woll, The Linguistics of British Sign Language—An introduction, Rachel Sutton-Spence, Cambridge University Press,1999
65李福印,《语义学概论》,北京大学出版社,2006年,P.210。
66李福印,《语义学概论》,北京大学出版社,2006,年P.212-220。
67李福印,《语义学概论》,北京大学出版社,2006年,P.242。
68 Ted Supalla, Serial Verbs of Motion in American Sign Language, in Susan Fisher & P. Siple (Eds), Theoretical issues in sign language research:Linguistics (pp.127-152), Chicago University Press; 1990
69同上
70同上。
71同上。
72同上。
73戴浩一,认知相对论：汉语结果复合动词的启示,2008年。
74李福印《语义学概论》,2003年,第页。
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2同上。
3 Gary Morgan, Bencie Woll,2006引 Taub,2001; Mandel,1977。
4纳瓦霍人,美国最大的印第安部落。
5多式综合语(polysynthetic)的特征是形态复杂,词形很长,比如美洲的印第安语。根据《现代语言学词典》的解释,多式综合语与综合语、分析语对立,有人将其看做黏着语与融合语两种特征的符合,而不另设一类。各种语言都多少表现出一些多式综合语的特点。)
6 Adam Schembri, Rethinking 'Classifiers' in Signed Languages [A], in:Perspectives On Classifier Construction In Sign Language [C] Ed. by Karen Emmorey. London:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2003
7 Bencie Woll, The Linguistics of British Sign Language—An introduction, Rachel Sutton-Spence, Cambridge University Press,1999引 Mary Brennan.
8引自Bencie Woll, The Linguistics of British Sign Language—An introduction, Rachel Sutton-Spence, Cambridge University Press,1999
10来自John A. Logan大学网站，http://www.jal.cc.il.us/ipp/Classifiers/
11 Bencie Woll, The Linguistics of British Sign Language—An introduction, Rachel Sutton-Spence, Cambridge University Press,1999
12洪卡娜.上海手语类标记手形调查报告[D].上海：复旦大学(硕士学位论文),2008
14 Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language. In C. Craig (Ed.):Noun classes and categorization, Philadelphia:John Benjamin; 1986.
15 Ted Supalla,1986,引 Ted Supalla,1976
17 Ted Supalla, Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language [A]. In:Noun Classes And Categorization [C], ed. by C. Craig, Philadelphia:John Benjamin,1986
18本章中的例子均选用在语料调查中真实出现的例子,所以很多时候在录像截图中我们看到的是一个双手手势,这表示所展示的主手或者辅手是包含类标记的手形,而不是说“双手手势”构成一个类标记。类标记手形一般是单手的手形。本章所举的例子都不是为了说明某个类标记手形的手形和语音构成而特别要求被调查人用单手打出某个类标记,从而更直观展示类别手形的构成。本文的例子和图例更倾向于展示类标记在真实语境中出现时的自然形式。
19为方便读者阅读,本文正文中许多图例的最下方给出了该图在“附录2：调查录像截图”中的序列位置。
20 Supalla.1978,转自Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language. In C. Craig (Ed.):Noun classes and categorization, Philadelphia:John Benjamin; 1986
21 Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language. In C. Craig (Ed.):Noun classes and categorization, Philadelphia:John Benjamin; 1986
23 Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language. In C. Craig (Ed.):Noun classes and categorization, Philadelphia:John Benjamin; 1986
26 Ted Supalla, The Classifier System in American Sign Language. In C. Craig (Ed.):Noun classes and categorization, Philadelphia:John Benjamin; 1986
29 Bencie Woll,1999,引CLyton Valli和Ceil Lucas。
30何自然,《认知语用学—言语交际的认知研究》,2000年,引Jackendoff; 1983:184.
31何自然,《认知语用学—言语交际的认知研究》,2000年。
32齐振海、张辉,《Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Volume Ⅰ——导论》,2004,北京大学出版社。
33束定芳,2000,《现代语义学》,引Langacker。
34束定芳,2000,《现代语义学》,P112-114
35同上,P115.
36同上,p116
37同上,P116-117
38参看李福印,《语义学概论》,2006,P.195
39同上,P196-200。
40参看范晓、张豫峰,《语法理论纲要》,上海译文出版社,2003年,P.293,例①、②也引自该书,P.293。
41参看齐振海、张辉,《Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Volume I-——导读》,2004,北京大学出版社。
42引自Gladys Tang, Verbs of Motion and Location in Hong Kong Sign Language:Conflation and Lexicalization[A], in:Perspectives On Classifier Construction In Sign Language [C] ed. by Karen Emmorey. London:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,2003
43同上(21)。
44同上(21)。
45参考戴浩一,认知相对论：汉语结果复合动词的启示,2008年。
46同上
47同上。
48参考Gladys Tang, Verbs of Motion and Location in Hong Kong Sign Language:Conflation and Lexicalization [A], in:Perspectives On Classifier Construction In Sign Language [C] ed. by Karen Emmorey. London:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,2003
49同上。
50同上。
51同上。
52 Ted Supalla, Serial Verbs of Motion in American Sign Language, in S. Fisher & P. Siple (Eds), Theoretical issues in sign language research:Linguistics (pp.127-152), Chicago:Chicago University Press; 1990
53参考Gladys Tang,2003
55参看Gladys Tang, Verbs of Motion and Location in Hong Kong Sign Language:Conflation and Lexicalization [A], in:Perspectives On Classifier Construction In Sign Language [C] ed. by Karen Emmorey. London:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers,2003.
59束定芳.现代语义学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2000,P.120。
63 Bencie Woll, The Linguistics of British Sign Language—An introduction, Rachel Sutton-Spence, Cambridge University Press,1999
65李福印,《语义学概论》,北京大学出版社,2006年,P.210。
66李福印,《语义学概论》,北京大学出版社,2006,年P.212-220。
67李福印,《语义学概论》,北京大学出版社,2006年,P.242。
68 Ted Supalla, Serial Verbs of Motion in American Sign Language, in Susan Fisher & P. Siple (Eds), Theoretical issues in sign language research:Linguistics (pp.127-152), Chicago University Press; 1990
69同上
70同上。
71同上。
72同上。
73戴浩一,认知相对论：汉语结果复合动词的启示,2008年。
74李福印《语义学概论》,2003年,第页。
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