民用建筑的抗震鉴定与加固研究
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摘要
有史以来,地震就是影响人类生存的主要自然灾害之一,当今社会虽然已在工程结构抗震设计方面做了不懈的努力,但是抗震设计方法仍然是当前工程结构学科研究的主要内容之一。2008年5月12日,在四川省汶川县发生的地震造成了巨大的人员和财产损失,也使得人们对日常居住的房屋,以及整个社会生活所涉及的各种公共建筑如办公楼、学校、医院、商场等的安全性引发了更多关注。因此,十分有必要对我国现代建筑的抗震鉴定与加固进行系统的研究。
在国务院及各级领导的指示下,全国校舍抗震鉴定加固事业如火如荼的进行着,作者有幸参与了部分砖混结构、框架结构的抗震鉴定工作。为了快速准确的评估震损建筑物可靠性,对震损建筑物进行处理(拆除还是修复加固),提高新建建筑的抗震能力,创造好的经济效益,作者结合切身的工作经历,主要开展了以下几个方面的研究：
(1)系统阐述了木结构的优点、种类,进行了木结构震害分析,提出了木结构的主要抗震技术措施和加固需要解决的问题。
(2)系统阐述了砌体结构的优缺点、加固方法、加固原则,并分析了某学校砌体结构抗震鉴定加固实例；
(3)对混凝土结构的抗震鉴定及其加固进行了研究,并分析了某学校混凝土结构抗震鉴定加固实例。
在现场勘察、实验室试验、材料强度及检测数据的综合分析的基础上,结合PKPM分析软件和各种参考文献,得出了以下主要结论：
(1)砌体结构的检测内容主要包括：基本情况调查及现场测绘、地基基础检查、宏观控制检查、构造鉴定检查、结构材料强度检测；
(2)砌体结构的鉴定内容主要包括：可靠性鉴定和抗震鉴定。可靠性鉴定包括安全性评级和正常使用性评级；抗震鉴定包括抗震措施和承载能力鉴定；
(3)通过工程实例可以看出,砂浆强度是影响砌体结构抗震能力的主要因素；
(4)砌体结构的加固方法有：钢筋水泥砂浆外加层加固法、增设扶壁柱加固法、钢筋混凝土外加层加固方法、适用于砌体结构的间接加固方法(无粘结外包型钢加固法、预应力撑杆加固法)、砌体结构构造性加固与修补(增设圈梁加固、增设梁垫加固、砌体局部拆砌、砌体裂缝修补)。无论采用哪种加固方法,都要遵循砌体结构的加固原则；
(5)对混凝土结构两级鉴定思路进行了详细的介绍；
(6)混凝土结构的检测内容主要包括：基本情况调查及现场测绘、地基基础检查、宏观控制检查、构造鉴定检查、结构材料强度检测；
(7)混凝土结构的鉴定内容主要包括：可靠性鉴定和抗震鉴定。可靠性鉴定包括安全性评级和正常使用性评级；抗震鉴定包括抗震措施和承载能力鉴定；
(8)通过工程实例可以看出,梁柱混凝土的强度及其配筋是影响混凝土结构抗震能力的主要因素；
(9)混凝土结构的加固方法有：增设墙体、翼墙和钢筋混凝土外套加固、钢构套加固、钢板箍加固以及灌浆、喷射、支托、拉筋、剔缝、纤维复合材料加固混凝土结构、粘贴钢板加固梁柱、耗能减震装置的抗震加固以及钢支撑加固框架等,无论采用哪种加固方法,都要遵循混凝土结构加固的基本规定。
Since ancient times, earthquakes have been considered one of the main influences of human survival. Although unremitting efforts have been made in the aseismic design of project structure, the seismic design method is still one of the main contents of current engineering structure discipline's research. On May 12,2008, the earthquake, occuring in Wenchuan country, Sichuan province, has caused enormous casualties and property losses and also makes people pay more attention to safety of daily living houses and various public buildings that the whole social life involve such as office buildings, schools, hospitals, emporiums, etc. Therefore, it is quite necessary to systematically study our modern architecture's determination of earthquake-resistance and strengthening.
Under the direction of Prime Minister Jiabao Wen, Seismic appraisal and strengthening are carried out in full swing throughout the national school buildings. Fortunately auther participated the seismatic appraisal work of the masonry structure and frame structure. In order to assess the reliability of damaged buildings in Earthquake(Dismantling or repairing and strengthening) and improve seismic capacity of the new buildings, auther mainly conducted study of the following aspects with his personal work experience.
(1)Expounding the advantages and types of wood, analyzing the seismic hazard, and putting forward the main seismic technology measures and problems of timberwork that need to be solved when strengthened;
(2)The advantages and disadvantages of masonry structure, the reinforcement methods as well as the reinforcement principles are expounded, and the aseismatic appraisal of reinforced masonry structure of some school is actually analyzed as an example;
(3)Similarly, the aseismatic appraisal and reinforcement of concrete structure is studied and the aseismatic appraisal and strengthening of concrete structure of some school is analyzed as an example;
On the basis of site investigation, laboratory tests, comprehensive analysis of the material strength and test data, Combined with analysis software of PKPM and References, it is mainly Conclusioned that:
(1)Detection of masonry structure contain:general survey, field of surveying and mapping, foundation inspection, macro-control checks, structure identification check, strength of materials;
(2)Appraisal of masonry structure contain:Appraisal of Reliability and Seismic. Safety Ratings, rating of Normal usability involved in Appraisal of Reliability. Seismic measures and appraisal of Carrying capacity involved in Appraisal of Seismic;
(3)As it is seen from project, mortar and brick strength are the main factors affecting seismic capacity of masonry structure;
(4)The reinforcement methods of masonry structure:reinforced cement mortar and reinforcement layer、adding buttress pillars consolidation method, reinforced concrete reinforcing method with layer, applicable to the indirect reinforcing method of masonry structure(unbonded outsourcing steel reinforcement method, prestressed poles reinforcement method), constructive reinforcement and repairment of masonry structure(adding parameters reinforcement method, adding sleeper beam reinforcement method, local demolition and laying for masonry structure and crack repairing). Regardless of what kinds of reinforcement methods we adopt, they should follow the principle of reinforced masonry structure;
(5)The ideas of two levels identification of concrete structure are introduced in detail;
(6)Detection of concrete structure contain:basic situation investigation and field surveying and mapping, foundation inspection, macro control examination, structural identification, structural strength of materials examination;
(7)Appraisal of concrete structure contain:Appraisal of Reliability and Seismic. Safety Ratings, rating of Normal usability involved in Appraisal of Reliability. Seismic measures and appraisal of Carrying capacity involved in Appraisal of Seismic;
(8)As it is seen from project, concrete strength and Reinforcement are the main factor affecting seismic capacity of concrete structure;
(9)The reinforcement methods of concrete structure:additional wall wing walls and external concrete reinforced, steel kit reinforced, steel hoop reinforced and grouting, jetting, brackets Stretching, seam Ticking, fiber composites reinforced concrete structure, steel beams bonded, energy dissipation devices for seismic strengthening, steel reinforced frame support and so on. One must follow the basic rules to reinforced concrete structure, No matter what method will be adopted.
在国务院及各级领导的指示下,全国校舍抗震鉴定加固事业如火如荼的进行着,作者有幸参与了部分砖混结构、框架结构的抗震鉴定工作。为了快速准确的评估震损建筑物可靠性,对震损建筑物进行处理(拆除还是修复加固),提高新建建筑的抗震能力,创造好的经济效益,作者结合切身的工作经历,主要开展了以下几个方面的研究：
(1)系统阐述了木结构的优点、种类,进行了木结构震害分析,提出了木结构的主要抗震技术措施和加固需要解决的问题。
(2)系统阐述了砌体结构的优缺点、加固方法、加固原则,并分析了某学校砌体结构抗震鉴定加固实例；
(3)对混凝土结构的抗震鉴定及其加固进行了研究,并分析了某学校混凝土结构抗震鉴定加固实例。
在现场勘察、实验室试验、材料强度及检测数据的综合分析的基础上,结合PKPM分析软件和各种参考文献,得出了以下主要结论：
(1)砌体结构的检测内容主要包括：基本情况调查及现场测绘、地基基础检查、宏观控制检查、构造鉴定检查、结构材料强度检测；
(2)砌体结构的鉴定内容主要包括：可靠性鉴定和抗震鉴定。可靠性鉴定包括安全性评级和正常使用性评级；抗震鉴定包括抗震措施和承载能力鉴定；
(3)通过工程实例可以看出,砂浆强度是影响砌体结构抗震能力的主要因素；
(4)砌体结构的加固方法有：钢筋水泥砂浆外加层加固法、增设扶壁柱加固法、钢筋混凝土外加层加固方法、适用于砌体结构的间接加固方法(无粘结外包型钢加固法、预应力撑杆加固法)、砌体结构构造性加固与修补(增设圈梁加固、增设梁垫加固、砌体局部拆砌、砌体裂缝修补)。无论采用哪种加固方法,都要遵循砌体结构的加固原则；
(5)对混凝土结构两级鉴定思路进行了详细的介绍；
(6)混凝土结构的检测内容主要包括：基本情况调查及现场测绘、地基基础检查、宏观控制检查、构造鉴定检查、结构材料强度检测；
(7)混凝土结构的鉴定内容主要包括：可靠性鉴定和抗震鉴定。可靠性鉴定包括安全性评级和正常使用性评级；抗震鉴定包括抗震措施和承载能力鉴定；
(8)通过工程实例可以看出,梁柱混凝土的强度及其配筋是影响混凝土结构抗震能力的主要因素；
(9)混凝土结构的加固方法有：增设墙体、翼墙和钢筋混凝土外套加固、钢构套加固、钢板箍加固以及灌浆、喷射、支托、拉筋、剔缝、纤维复合材料加固混凝土结构、粘贴钢板加固梁柱、耗能减震装置的抗震加固以及钢支撑加固框架等,无论采用哪种加固方法,都要遵循混凝土结构加固的基本规定。
Since ancient times, earthquakes have been considered one of the main influences of human survival. Although unremitting efforts have been made in the aseismic design of project structure, the seismic design method is still one of the main contents of current engineering structure discipline's research. On May 12,2008, the earthquake, occuring in Wenchuan country, Sichuan province, has caused enormous casualties and property losses and also makes people pay more attention to safety of daily living houses and various public buildings that the whole social life involve such as office buildings, schools, hospitals, emporiums, etc. Therefore, it is quite necessary to systematically study our modern architecture's determination of earthquake-resistance and strengthening.
Under the direction of Prime Minister Jiabao Wen, Seismic appraisal and strengthening are carried out in full swing throughout the national school buildings. Fortunately auther participated the seismatic appraisal work of the masonry structure and frame structure. In order to assess the reliability of damaged buildings in Earthquake(Dismantling or repairing and strengthening) and improve seismic capacity of the new buildings, auther mainly conducted study of the following aspects with his personal work experience.
(1)Expounding the advantages and types of wood, analyzing the seismic hazard, and putting forward the main seismic technology measures and problems of timberwork that need to be solved when strengthened;
(2)The advantages and disadvantages of masonry structure, the reinforcement methods as well as the reinforcement principles are expounded, and the aseismatic appraisal of reinforced masonry structure of some school is actually analyzed as an example;
(3)Similarly, the aseismatic appraisal and reinforcement of concrete structure is studied and the aseismatic appraisal and strengthening of concrete structure of some school is analyzed as an example;
On the basis of site investigation, laboratory tests, comprehensive analysis of the material strength and test data, Combined with analysis software of PKPM and References, it is mainly Conclusioned that:
(1)Detection of masonry structure contain:general survey, field of surveying and mapping, foundation inspection, macro-control checks, structure identification check, strength of materials;
(2)Appraisal of masonry structure contain:Appraisal of Reliability and Seismic. Safety Ratings, rating of Normal usability involved in Appraisal of Reliability. Seismic measures and appraisal of Carrying capacity involved in Appraisal of Seismic;
(3)As it is seen from project, mortar and brick strength are the main factors affecting seismic capacity of masonry structure;
(4)The reinforcement methods of masonry structure:reinforced cement mortar and reinforcement layer、adding buttress pillars consolidation method, reinforced concrete reinforcing method with layer, applicable to the indirect reinforcing method of masonry structure(unbonded outsourcing steel reinforcement method, prestressed poles reinforcement method), constructive reinforcement and repairment of masonry structure(adding parameters reinforcement method, adding sleeper beam reinforcement method, local demolition and laying for masonry structure and crack repairing). Regardless of what kinds of reinforcement methods we adopt, they should follow the principle of reinforced masonry structure;
(5)The ideas of two levels identification of concrete structure are introduced in detail;
(6)Detection of concrete structure contain:basic situation investigation and field surveying and mapping, foundation inspection, macro control examination, structural identification, structural strength of materials examination;
(7)Appraisal of concrete structure contain:Appraisal of Reliability and Seismic. Safety Ratings, rating of Normal usability involved in Appraisal of Reliability. Seismic measures and appraisal of Carrying capacity involved in Appraisal of Seismic;
(8)As it is seen from project, concrete strength and Reinforcement are the main factor affecting seismic capacity of concrete structure;
(9)The reinforcement methods of concrete structure:additional wall wing walls and external concrete reinforced, steel kit reinforced, steel hoop reinforced and grouting, jetting, brackets Stretching, seam Ticking, fiber composites reinforced concrete structure, steel beams bonded, energy dissipation devices for seismic strengthening, steel reinforced frame support and so on. One must follow the basic rules to reinforced concrete structure, No matter what method will be adopted.
引文
[1]张鑫,徐向东.汶川大地震钢筋混凝十框架结构震害调查[J].山东建筑大学学报,2008,23(6)：547-550.
[2]雷涛,陈太珠.从5.12地震看我国建筑抗震[J].河南建材,2009,(4)：15.
[3]臧礼华.某砌体房屋的抗震鉴定[J].芜湖职业技术学院学报,2005,(4)：24-26.
[4]胡幸贤,周锡元.地震工程的跨世纪发展趋势[J].工程抗震,1999.1.
[5]王亚勇.工程抗震展望[J].工程抗震,2000.1.
[6]程耿为,李刚.基于功能的结构抗震设计中一些问题的探讨[J].建筑结构学报,2000.1.
[7]罗奇峰,王玉梅.从近几年震害总结中提出的结构性能设计理论[J].工程抗震,2001,2.
[8]张敬书.我国抗震鉴定和加固技术的发展[J].工程抗震及加固改造,2004.10.
[9]GB50011—2001,建筑抗震设计规范[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[10]周福霖.工程结构减震控制[M].北京：地震出版社,1997.
[11]黄南翼,张锡云,姜萝香.编著.日木阪神大地震建筑震害分析及加固技术[M].北京：地震出版社,2000.
[12]伦志强.结构抗震鉴定与加固的若干问题[J].建材与装饰,2007.7.
[13]杨均.基于性能的建筑结构抗震安全评估及应用研究[D].西北工业大学硕士论文：1-2.
[14]TING Shuenn Chern, NOWAK Anzej S. Effecl of reinforcing steel area loss on flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams [J].ACI Structural Journal,1991,88(3):309-314.
[15]刘晓平,陈淑娟,肖代君.木构架房屋的抗震性能及抗震技术措施[J].世界地震工程,2009,9.
[16]周海宾,费本华,任海青.中国木结构建筑的发展历程[J].山西建筑,2005,11-21.
[17]Mason中国古代建筑发展的历史阶段[J].中国砌体,2005,(4)：27.
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[20]于群,杨晓慧.木结构建筑的回归与发展[J].沈阳大学学报,2004,16(6)：81-82.
[21]丁大钧,蒋永生.土木工程概论[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[22]Chia-Ming Uang, Kip Gatto. Effects of finish materials and dynamic loading on the cyclic response of woodframe shearwall [J]. Struct Eng,2003,129(10):1394-1402.
[23]Dinehart D W, Shenton H W. III. Comparison of static and dynamic response of timber shear walls[J]. Struct Eng,1998,124(6):686-695.
[24]Falk R H, Rafik Y I. Dynamic characteristics of wood and gypsum diaphragm [J]. Struct Eng,1987,113(6):1357-1370.
[25]孟萍,潘文,黄海燕.云南地区村镇木结构房屋震害分析及补救措施[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2005, (27)：196-199.
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[2]雷涛,陈太珠.从5.12地震看我国建筑抗震[J].河南建材,2009,(4)：15.
[3]臧礼华.某砌体房屋的抗震鉴定[J].芜湖职业技术学院学报,2005,(4)：24-26.
[4]胡幸贤,周锡元.地震工程的跨世纪发展趋势[J].工程抗震,1999.1.
[5]王亚勇.工程抗震展望[J].工程抗震,2000.1.
[6]程耿为,李刚.基于功能的结构抗震设计中一些问题的探讨[J].建筑结构学报,2000.1.
[7]罗奇峰,王玉梅.从近几年震害总结中提出的结构性能设计理论[J].工程抗震,2001,2.
[8]张敬书.我国抗震鉴定和加固技术的发展[J].工程抗震及加固改造,2004.10.
[9]GB50011—2001,建筑抗震设计规范[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[10]周福霖.工程结构减震控制[M].北京：地震出版社,1997.
[11]黄南翼,张锡云,姜萝香.编著.日木阪神大地震建筑震害分析及加固技术[M].北京：地震出版社,2000.
[12]伦志强.结构抗震鉴定与加固的若干问题[J].建材与装饰,2007.7.
[13]杨均.基于性能的建筑结构抗震安全评估及应用研究[D].西北工业大学硕士论文：1-2.
[14]TING Shuenn Chern, NOWAK Anzej S. Effecl of reinforcing steel area loss on flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams [J].ACI Structural Journal,1991,88(3):309-314.
[15]刘晓平,陈淑娟,肖代君.木构架房屋的抗震性能及抗震技术措施[J].世界地震工程,2009,9.
[16]周海宾,费本华,任海青.中国木结构建筑的发展历程[J].山西建筑,2005,11-21.
[17]Mason中国古代建筑发展的历史阶段[J].中国砌体,2005,(4)：27.
[18]陈允适,李武.古建筑与木质文物维护指南[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1995.
[19]张仲强,范路.木结构建筑[J].世界建筑.2002.(9)：17-21.
[20]于群,杨晓慧.木结构建筑的回归与发展[J].沈阳大学学报,2004,16(6)：81-82.
[21]丁大钧,蒋永生.土木工程概论[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[22]Chia-Ming Uang, Kip Gatto. Effects of finish materials and dynamic loading on the cyclic response of woodframe shearwall [J]. Struct Eng,2003,129(10):1394-1402.
[23]Dinehart D W, Shenton H W. III. Comparison of static and dynamic response of timber shear walls[J]. Struct Eng,1998,124(6):686-695.
[24]Falk R H, Rafik Y I. Dynamic characteristics of wood and gypsum diaphragm [J]. Struct Eng,1987,113(6):1357-1370.
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