航空发动机进口部件积冰的数值模拟研究
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摘要
航空发动机的进口部件,如支板、整流帽罩等在一定的气象和飞行条件下会出现结冰现象,一旦冰层迅速增厚,将会改变流道的形状,减小流通面积,使发动机性能恶化,结冰严重时会使发动机不能正常工作并危及飞行器的安全。尤其更为严重的是,在某些特殊的气象条件下,机翼等外露部件不会出现结冰,但发动机进口部件仍会发生结冰。为了更好的认识发动机进口部件结冰的影响因素及规律,为设计高效的发动机防冰和除冰系统积累技术储备,本文采用数值模拟的方法对发动机进口部件的结冰现象进行了研究。目前,这方面的工作在国内尚处于起步阶段。
本文的研究工作主要有以下几个方面:
(1)全面深入地分析了国内外关于飞机和发动机结冰的研究动态。从试验研究和数值模拟两方面详细地介绍了研究状况和进展,着重阐述了数值模拟的研究现状。
(2)对求解空气-过冷水滴气液两相流场的欧拉-欧拉法进行了研究。将直角坐标系下空气-过冷水滴两相流动的控制方程推导到了任意曲线坐标系下,研究了结冰表面外两相流场的数值计算方法,包括两相流控制方程的离散、空气相的湍流模拟和壁面函数法的实施、两相流计算域网格的生成方法以及在空气流场计算的基础上求解过冷水滴流场的两相流求解过程,并开发了基于欧拉-欧拉法的空气-过冷水滴两相平面流计算程序。
(3)对求解空气-过冷水滴气液两相流场的欧拉-拉格朗日法进行了研究。将圆柱坐标下基于拉格朗日法的颗粒随机轨道模型的过冷水滴流动控制方程推导到了任意曲线坐标系下,研究了过冷水滴流场的数值计算方法。提出了一种基于颗粒随机轨道模型求解过冷水滴流场的结冰表面水收集系数的统计计算方法。该方法通过统计所有进入结冰表面控制体单元的水滴轨道并对轨道上水滴的流量进行求和来确定水收集系数,并开发了相应的计算程序。
(4)对结冰模型进行了研究。首先基于Messinger结冰模型(一维,仅考虑能量守恒)的思想建立了一种二维的、同时考虑能量和质量守恒的结冰模型,分别推导了适用于雾凇、明冰和混合冰情况的能量平衡方程式,并研究了基于该模型的结冰计算算法,实现了通过预估矫正来判断结冰类型的功能;在此基础上,引入LEWICE1.6结冰模型的思想,考虑了水滴撞击脱落和表面张力对结冰表面水膜的影响;依据结冰模型及计算方法开发了结冰计算程序。
(5)把自主开发的结冰计算程序与两相流场求解程序或模块结合,发展了积冰过程的两种计算方法和程序:(a)基于欧拉-欧拉法两相流场计算的积冰过程二维预测方法和程序;(b)基于欧拉-拉格朗日法的商业软件FLUENT两相流计算的积冰过程预测方法和程序。
(6)采用方法和程序(a)对结冰气象条件下发动机进口支板表面水收集系数和积冰生长率以及冰形进行了数值模拟。分析了水滴平均有效直径、来流速度、液态水含量和环境温度等结冰参数对支板表面的水收集系数分布和积冰生长的影响规律。
(7)采用方法和程序(b)对结冰气象条件下发动机进口整流帽罩表面水收集系数和积冰生长率以及冰形进行数值模拟。分析了水滴平均有效直径、来流速度、液态水含量、环境温度和旋转速度等参数对帽罩表面的水收集系数分布和积冰生长的影响规律。
Ice accretion may occur on the entry components of an aero-engine, such as the struts and the centre conical body under some meteoric and flight conditions. Once the ice becomes thicker and thicker, the mass flow rate of airflow would reduce, that would lead to engine performance deterioration. If the ice accretes severely, the engine couldn’t work normally and even endanger the aircraft. What is worse is that ice accretion on the aero-engine entry components would occur at some special meteoric conditions under which there would not be ice accretion on the airfoil of aircraft. In order to understand the effect of icing parameters (such as Medial Valid Diameter (MVD), velocity, and Liquid Water Content (LWC) of super-cooled water droplets) on ice accretion on entry parts of aero-engine, a numerical study is conducted in this thesis.
The main research work in this thesis is as followings:
(1) A wide and deep literature review is presented on the research status and trends of aircraft and aero-engine icing accretion, which includes both experimental and numerical studies, and especially the advance in numerical simulation is emphasized.
(2) The computation method of two-phase flow of air and super-cooled water droplets based on Euler-Euler method is investigated. The control equations of the two-phase flow in Cartesian coordinates system are transformed into arbitrary curvilinear coordinates. The calculation methods are studied, which include the discretization of the control equations, the implementation of turbulent model and wall function for airflow, the generation of gird, and the solving procedure of the two-phase flow. The computer code based on these methods is developed for two dimensional flow.
(3) The computation method for two-phase flow based on Euler-Lagrange method is investigated. The control equations for water droplets motion, based on particle random trajectory model, are derived for the arbitrary curvilinear coordinates. The numerical simulation techniques for solving the equations are discussed. A statistical method is proposed to calculate the water collection efficiency when the particle random trajectory model is used to simulate the motion of super-cooled water droplets. With this method, the mass flow rate of water droplets entering into every control volume on the impacting surface are calculated by summing every water droplet that enters into the control volume. The computer code of the statistical method is developed.
(4) A two-dimensional icing model in which both mass and energy conservation are considered is established based on Messinger icing model (one dimensional, only energy conservation is considered). The energy-balancing equations for rime icing, glaze icing and mixed icing are derived respectively. The icing prediction method is presented, in which the icing type is determined by a presupposition-rectification process. Then the idea of used in the icing model of LEWICE 1.6 is introduced, in which the effects of the shedding of super-cooled water droplets after impinging and effects of surface tension on the runback water are considered. The computer code for icing is developed.
(5) By integrating the icing computation code and the two-phase flow simulation code, a two-dimensional ice accretion prediction code is developed, in which the air-droplet flow computation is base on Euler-Euler method. By integrating the icing computation code and the two-phase flow simulation module of commercial software FLUENT which base on Euler-Lagrange method, a computation method and relevant computer code are developed.
(6) The numerical investigation of water collection efficiency and ice accretion on the struts of aero-engine is carried out with the developed two-dimensional ice accretion prediction code. The effects of MVD, velocity, LWC of droplets and surrounding temperature on water collection efficiency, ice accretion rate and ice shape are studied.
(7) The numerical study of water collection efficiency and ice accretion on the centre conical body of aero-engine is conducted with the proposed method integrating icing code and air-droplet flow computation molule of FLUENT. The effects of MVD, velocity, LWC of droplets, surrounding temperature and rotate speed of centre conical body on water collection efficiency, ice accretion rate and ice shape are analyzed.
本文的研究工作主要有以下几个方面:
(1)全面深入地分析了国内外关于飞机和发动机结冰的研究动态。从试验研究和数值模拟两方面详细地介绍了研究状况和进展,着重阐述了数值模拟的研究现状。
(2)对求解空气-过冷水滴气液两相流场的欧拉-欧拉法进行了研究。将直角坐标系下空气-过冷水滴两相流动的控制方程推导到了任意曲线坐标系下,研究了结冰表面外两相流场的数值计算方法,包括两相流控制方程的离散、空气相的湍流模拟和壁面函数法的实施、两相流计算域网格的生成方法以及在空气流场计算的基础上求解过冷水滴流场的两相流求解过程,并开发了基于欧拉-欧拉法的空气-过冷水滴两相平面流计算程序。
(3)对求解空气-过冷水滴气液两相流场的欧拉-拉格朗日法进行了研究。将圆柱坐标下基于拉格朗日法的颗粒随机轨道模型的过冷水滴流动控制方程推导到了任意曲线坐标系下,研究了过冷水滴流场的数值计算方法。提出了一种基于颗粒随机轨道模型求解过冷水滴流场的结冰表面水收集系数的统计计算方法。该方法通过统计所有进入结冰表面控制体单元的水滴轨道并对轨道上水滴的流量进行求和来确定水收集系数,并开发了相应的计算程序。
(4)对结冰模型进行了研究。首先基于Messinger结冰模型(一维,仅考虑能量守恒)的思想建立了一种二维的、同时考虑能量和质量守恒的结冰模型,分别推导了适用于雾凇、明冰和混合冰情况的能量平衡方程式,并研究了基于该模型的结冰计算算法,实现了通过预估矫正来判断结冰类型的功能;在此基础上,引入LEWICE1.6结冰模型的思想,考虑了水滴撞击脱落和表面张力对结冰表面水膜的影响;依据结冰模型及计算方法开发了结冰计算程序。
(5)把自主开发的结冰计算程序与两相流场求解程序或模块结合,发展了积冰过程的两种计算方法和程序:(a)基于欧拉-欧拉法两相流场计算的积冰过程二维预测方法和程序;(b)基于欧拉-拉格朗日法的商业软件FLUENT两相流计算的积冰过程预测方法和程序。
(6)采用方法和程序(a)对结冰气象条件下发动机进口支板表面水收集系数和积冰生长率以及冰形进行了数值模拟。分析了水滴平均有效直径、来流速度、液态水含量和环境温度等结冰参数对支板表面的水收集系数分布和积冰生长的影响规律。
(7)采用方法和程序(b)对结冰气象条件下发动机进口整流帽罩表面水收集系数和积冰生长率以及冰形进行数值模拟。分析了水滴平均有效直径、来流速度、液态水含量、环境温度和旋转速度等参数对帽罩表面的水收集系数分布和积冰生长的影响规律。
Ice accretion may occur on the entry components of an aero-engine, such as the struts and the centre conical body under some meteoric and flight conditions. Once the ice becomes thicker and thicker, the mass flow rate of airflow would reduce, that would lead to engine performance deterioration. If the ice accretes severely, the engine couldn’t work normally and even endanger the aircraft. What is worse is that ice accretion on the aero-engine entry components would occur at some special meteoric conditions under which there would not be ice accretion on the airfoil of aircraft. In order to understand the effect of icing parameters (such as Medial Valid Diameter (MVD), velocity, and Liquid Water Content (LWC) of super-cooled water droplets) on ice accretion on entry parts of aero-engine, a numerical study is conducted in this thesis.
The main research work in this thesis is as followings:
(1) A wide and deep literature review is presented on the research status and trends of aircraft and aero-engine icing accretion, which includes both experimental and numerical studies, and especially the advance in numerical simulation is emphasized.
(2) The computation method of two-phase flow of air and super-cooled water droplets based on Euler-Euler method is investigated. The control equations of the two-phase flow in Cartesian coordinates system are transformed into arbitrary curvilinear coordinates. The calculation methods are studied, which include the discretization of the control equations, the implementation of turbulent model and wall function for airflow, the generation of gird, and the solving procedure of the two-phase flow. The computer code based on these methods is developed for two dimensional flow.
(3) The computation method for two-phase flow based on Euler-Lagrange method is investigated. The control equations for water droplets motion, based on particle random trajectory model, are derived for the arbitrary curvilinear coordinates. The numerical simulation techniques for solving the equations are discussed. A statistical method is proposed to calculate the water collection efficiency when the particle random trajectory model is used to simulate the motion of super-cooled water droplets. With this method, the mass flow rate of water droplets entering into every control volume on the impacting surface are calculated by summing every water droplet that enters into the control volume. The computer code of the statistical method is developed.
(4) A two-dimensional icing model in which both mass and energy conservation are considered is established based on Messinger icing model (one dimensional, only energy conservation is considered). The energy-balancing equations for rime icing, glaze icing and mixed icing are derived respectively. The icing prediction method is presented, in which the icing type is determined by a presupposition-rectification process. Then the idea of used in the icing model of LEWICE 1.6 is introduced, in which the effects of the shedding of super-cooled water droplets after impinging and effects of surface tension on the runback water are considered. The computer code for icing is developed.
(5) By integrating the icing computation code and the two-phase flow simulation code, a two-dimensional ice accretion prediction code is developed, in which the air-droplet flow computation is base on Euler-Euler method. By integrating the icing computation code and the two-phase flow simulation module of commercial software FLUENT which base on Euler-Lagrange method, a computation method and relevant computer code are developed.
(6) The numerical investigation of water collection efficiency and ice accretion on the struts of aero-engine is carried out with the developed two-dimensional ice accretion prediction code. The effects of MVD, velocity, LWC of droplets and surrounding temperature on water collection efficiency, ice accretion rate and ice shape are studied.
(7) The numerical study of water collection efficiency and ice accretion on the centre conical body of aero-engine is conducted with the proposed method integrating icing code and air-droplet flow computation molule of FLUENT. The effects of MVD, velocity, LWC of droplets, surrounding temperature and rotate speed of centre conical body on water collection efficiency, ice accretion rate and ice shape are analyzed.
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