大型恒速恒频风电场并入输电网的动态特性研究
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摘要
随着能源问题和环境问题的日益严峻,风力发电越来越受到世界的重视。而并网型风力发电以其独特的能源、环保优势和规模化效益,在近年来,更是得到了长足发展。随着风电场规模的不断扩大,风电特性对电网的负面影响愈加显著,成为制约风电场建设规模的严重障碍。因此,深入研究并网风电场与电网之间的相互作用具有重要的现实意义。
文章以PSS/E及其风机软件包为平台,对大型风电场并网运行中的一些基础性的技术问题进行了研究。首先,以鼠笼式异步风力发电系统为研究对象,在对其工作原理进行分析的基础上建立了详细的数学模型;其次,研究了大型恒速恒频风电场并网后对电网暂态稳定性的影响,特别是电压暂态稳定性的影响,并提出了改善措施,主要采用了动态无功补偿装置进行调节;最后,以Vestas滑差可调绕线式异步风电机组模型,建立了详细的恒速恒频风电场模型,研究了风电场在各种风速扰动下的动态响应;比较了分析不同容量风电场以及不同并网点风电场对于各种电网故障所表现出的动态特性及与电网之间的相互影响。
With the increasing severity of energy and environment problems, wind power gets more and more attention from the world. And large wind farms have been fully developed these years, because of their scaled benefits except for the particular advantages in energy saving and environment protection. With the enlargement of wind farm scale, the negative effects of wind power become more and more serious, and turn to be great obstacle of the utilization of the wind resource. Therefore research on characteristics between grid-connected wind farm and grid becomes an important issue.
This paper is based on PSS/E and WIND package, do some basic research work on large wind farms. First, the mathematics of wind turbine generator set and the wind speed are set up for mechanical-magnetic analysis, and also analyze the deduced detailed model based on synchronous rotator speed. Secondly, the CVCF asynchronous wind farm is modeled based on PSS/E software, it analyzes the impact of grid including wind farm, especially the voltage stability by taking wind farm disconnection and three-phase short-circuit fault. And also the measures that can improve the operation performance of wind power system are studied, which include the Static Var Compensation device. Finally, the PSS/E WIND package is taken in, the clearly CVCF wind farm model is built through Vestas wind turbine models, as well as responds of wind farm under disturbs of various wind speed. Dynamic characteristic and interaction between wind farm and grid of different capacity of wind farm and different grid-connected point toward various grid faults is compared and analyzed.
文章以PSS/E及其风机软件包为平台,对大型风电场并网运行中的一些基础性的技术问题进行了研究。首先,以鼠笼式异步风力发电系统为研究对象,在对其工作原理进行分析的基础上建立了详细的数学模型;其次,研究了大型恒速恒频风电场并网后对电网暂态稳定性的影响,特别是电压暂态稳定性的影响,并提出了改善措施,主要采用了动态无功补偿装置进行调节;最后,以Vestas滑差可调绕线式异步风电机组模型,建立了详细的恒速恒频风电场模型,研究了风电场在各种风速扰动下的动态响应;比较了分析不同容量风电场以及不同并网点风电场对于各种电网故障所表现出的动态特性及与电网之间的相互影响。
With the increasing severity of energy and environment problems, wind power gets more and more attention from the world. And large wind farms have been fully developed these years, because of their scaled benefits except for the particular advantages in energy saving and environment protection. With the enlargement of wind farm scale, the negative effects of wind power become more and more serious, and turn to be great obstacle of the utilization of the wind resource. Therefore research on characteristics between grid-connected wind farm and grid becomes an important issue.
This paper is based on PSS/E and WIND package, do some basic research work on large wind farms. First, the mathematics of wind turbine generator set and the wind speed are set up for mechanical-magnetic analysis, and also analyze the deduced detailed model based on synchronous rotator speed. Secondly, the CVCF asynchronous wind farm is modeled based on PSS/E software, it analyzes the impact of grid including wind farm, especially the voltage stability by taking wind farm disconnection and three-phase short-circuit fault. And also the measures that can improve the operation performance of wind power system are studied, which include the Static Var Compensation device. Finally, the PSS/E WIND package is taken in, the clearly CVCF wind farm model is built through Vestas wind turbine models, as well as responds of wind farm under disturbs of various wind speed. Dynamic characteristic and interaction between wind farm and grid of different capacity of wind farm and different grid-connected point toward various grid faults is compared and analyzed.
引文
[1]薛析,朱瑞兆.中国风能资源贮量估算.太阳能学报,2001, 22 (2): 25～28
[2]史立山.中国能源和可再生能源发展状况.可再生能源立法高级研讨会.2004
[3]雷亚洲.与风电并网相关的课题研究.电力系统自动化,2003,27(8):84～89
[4]迟永宁.大型风电场接入电网的稳定性问题研究:[博士学位论文].北京:中国电力科学研究院,2006年11月
[5]吴运东.世界并网型风电机技术发展趋势.风力发电,2001,(1):l～4
[6] Feijoo A E,Cidra J.Modeling of Wind Farms in the Load Flow Analysis.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.2000, l5(1):110～115.
[7]王伟胜,申洪.电力系统潮流计算中风电场节点的考虑方法.华北电力大学学报,2002,Sup29(5):150～153
[8]王海超,周双喜,鲁宗相,吴俊玲.含风电场的电力系统潮流计算的联合迭代方法及应用.电网技术,2005,29(18):59～62
[9]吴学光.风电场并网运行的数学建模及遗传算法模型优化研究:[博士学位论文] .武汉:武汉水利电力大学,2000年5月
[10] Nandigam K,Chowdhury B H. Power Flow and Stability Model for Induction Generators used in Wind Turbines. IEEE Power Energineering Society General Meeting,Vol.2.6-10 June 2004 Page(s):2012～2016
[11] Jane E.McArdle.Dynamic Modeling of Wind Turbine Generators and the Impact on Small Lightly Interconnected Grids.WIND ENGINEERING,2004,28(1):57～74
[12] Kiran Nandigam,Badrul H.Chowdhury.Power Flow and Stability Models for Induction Generators Used in Wind Turbines.IEEE,2005,2(12):1483～1488
[13] SMITH J,BROOKS D.Voltage impacts of distributed wind generation on rural distribution feeders[J].IEEE,2001,1(28):492～497
[14] ZHOU F Q,JOOS G,ABBEY C.Voltage stability in weak connectionwind farms[J].IEEE,2005,2(12):1483～1488
[15]潘文霞.大型风电场电压稳定性分析与控制研究:[博士学位论文] .南京:河海大学,2004年
[16] Green M,Jenkins N.Connection of Small Wind–turbines in Weak Grids.IEE Colloquium on Small Wind Powe Systems.Paris:1996
[17]向大为,杨顺昌,冉立.电网对称故障时双馈感应发电机不脱网运行的系统仿真研究.中国电机工程学报,2006,26 (10 ):130～135
[18] Slootweg J G . Wind Power Modeling and Impact on Power System Dynamic.[PHD Thesis],Printed by:Ridderprint Offsetdrukkerij B.V.Ridderkerk,the Netherlands
[19]雷亚洲,Gordon Lightbody.国外风力发电导则及动态模型简介.电网技术,2005,25(12):27～32
[20]吴学光,王伟胜,戴慧珠.风电系统电压波动特性研究.风力发电,1998,4
[21] Stavrakakis G.S, Karinniotakis G.N.A general simulation algorithm for the accurate assessment of isolated diesel-wind turbines system interaction (PartI:A general multi-machine power system Model) .IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion,Vol.10,NO.3,September 1995
[22] Karinniotakis G.N,Stavrakakis G.S A general simulation algorithm for the accurate assessment of isolated diesel-Wind turbines systems interaction (PartII: Implementation of the algorithm and case-studies with induction generators) .IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion,Vo1.10,No.3,September 1995
[23]吴俊玲.大型风电场并网运行的若干技术问题研究:[硕士学位论文],北京,清华大学,2004
[24] J.G.Slootweg,H.Polinder,W.L.Kling.Dynamic modeling of a wind turbine with direct drive synchronous generator and back to back voltage source converter and its control.Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference:1014～1017,July 2001
[25] Siegfried Heier.Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems.John Wilev&Sons Ltd,Chichester,1998
[26]王承熙,张源主编.风力发电.中国电力出版社,2002
[27]吴学光,张学成,印永华等.异步风力发电系统动态稳定性分析的数学模型及其应用.电网技术,1998, 22(6): 68～72
[28] Salman S K, Teo A L J, Rida I M.The effect of shaft modeling on theassessment offault CCT and power quality of a wind farm.Proceeding of Ninth International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power,lth-4th Oct 2000.Vo1.3:994～998
[29] PRABHA KUNDUR . Power System Stability and Control . USA :McGraw-Hill,Companies,Inc,1994.
[30] Power Technologies,Inc.,PSS/E-30 Program Operations Manual.USA:Power Technologies,Inc,2005.
[31]夏祖华,沈斐,胡爱军,童陆园.动态无功补偿技术应用综述.电力设备,2004,5(10):27～31
[32] Carson W.Taylor,Power System Voltage Stability.USA:McGraw-Hill,Companies,Inc,1994.
[33] Power Technologies,Inc,PSS/E-30.3 PSS/E wind guide.USA:Power Technologies,Inc,2006
[34]吴俊玲,周双喜,孙建锋等.并网风力发电场的最大注入功率分析.电网技术,2004,28(20):28～32
[35] Feijoo A E,Cidras J.Modeling of wind farms in the load flow analysis.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2002,15(1):110～115
[36]李先允,陈小虎,唐国庆.大型风力发电场等值建模研究综述.华北电力大学学报,2006,33(1):42～46
[2]史立山.中国能源和可再生能源发展状况.可再生能源立法高级研讨会.2004
[3]雷亚洲.与风电并网相关的课题研究.电力系统自动化,2003,27(8):84～89
[4]迟永宁.大型风电场接入电网的稳定性问题研究:[博士学位论文].北京:中国电力科学研究院,2006年11月
[5]吴运东.世界并网型风电机技术发展趋势.风力发电,2001,(1):l～4
[6] Feijoo A E,Cidra J.Modeling of Wind Farms in the Load Flow Analysis.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.2000, l5(1):110～115.
[7]王伟胜,申洪.电力系统潮流计算中风电场节点的考虑方法.华北电力大学学报,2002,Sup29(5):150～153
[8]王海超,周双喜,鲁宗相,吴俊玲.含风电场的电力系统潮流计算的联合迭代方法及应用.电网技术,2005,29(18):59～62
[9]吴学光.风电场并网运行的数学建模及遗传算法模型优化研究:[博士学位论文] .武汉:武汉水利电力大学,2000年5月
[10] Nandigam K,Chowdhury B H. Power Flow and Stability Model for Induction Generators used in Wind Turbines. IEEE Power Energineering Society General Meeting,Vol.2.6-10 June 2004 Page(s):2012～2016
[11] Jane E.McArdle.Dynamic Modeling of Wind Turbine Generators and the Impact on Small Lightly Interconnected Grids.WIND ENGINEERING,2004,28(1):57～74
[12] Kiran Nandigam,Badrul H.Chowdhury.Power Flow and Stability Models for Induction Generators Used in Wind Turbines.IEEE,2005,2(12):1483～1488
[13] SMITH J,BROOKS D.Voltage impacts of distributed wind generation on rural distribution feeders[J].IEEE,2001,1(28):492～497
[14] ZHOU F Q,JOOS G,ABBEY C.Voltage stability in weak connectionwind farms[J].IEEE,2005,2(12):1483～1488
[15]潘文霞.大型风电场电压稳定性分析与控制研究:[博士学位论文] .南京:河海大学,2004年
[16] Green M,Jenkins N.Connection of Small Wind–turbines in Weak Grids.IEE Colloquium on Small Wind Powe Systems.Paris:1996
[17]向大为,杨顺昌,冉立.电网对称故障时双馈感应发电机不脱网运行的系统仿真研究.中国电机工程学报,2006,26 (10 ):130～135
[18] Slootweg J G . Wind Power Modeling and Impact on Power System Dynamic.[PHD Thesis],Printed by:Ridderprint Offsetdrukkerij B.V.Ridderkerk,the Netherlands
[19]雷亚洲,Gordon Lightbody.国外风力发电导则及动态模型简介.电网技术,2005,25(12):27～32
[20]吴学光,王伟胜,戴慧珠.风电系统电压波动特性研究.风力发电,1998,4
[21] Stavrakakis G.S, Karinniotakis G.N.A general simulation algorithm for the accurate assessment of isolated diesel-wind turbines system interaction (PartI:A general multi-machine power system Model) .IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion,Vol.10,NO.3,September 1995
[22] Karinniotakis G.N,Stavrakakis G.S A general simulation algorithm for the accurate assessment of isolated diesel-Wind turbines systems interaction (PartII: Implementation of the algorithm and case-studies with induction generators) .IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion,Vo1.10,No.3,September 1995
[23]吴俊玲.大型风电场并网运行的若干技术问题研究:[硕士学位论文],北京,清华大学,2004
[24] J.G.Slootweg,H.Polinder,W.L.Kling.Dynamic modeling of a wind turbine with direct drive synchronous generator and back to back voltage source converter and its control.Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference:1014～1017,July 2001
[25] Siegfried Heier.Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems.John Wilev&Sons Ltd,Chichester,1998
[26]王承熙,张源主编.风力发电.中国电力出版社,2002
[27]吴学光,张学成,印永华等.异步风力发电系统动态稳定性分析的数学模型及其应用.电网技术,1998, 22(6): 68～72
[28] Salman S K, Teo A L J, Rida I M.The effect of shaft modeling on theassessment offault CCT and power quality of a wind farm.Proceeding of Ninth International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power,lth-4th Oct 2000.Vo1.3:994～998
[29] PRABHA KUNDUR . Power System Stability and Control . USA :McGraw-Hill,Companies,Inc,1994.
[30] Power Technologies,Inc.,PSS/E-30 Program Operations Manual.USA:Power Technologies,Inc,2005.
[31]夏祖华,沈斐,胡爱军,童陆园.动态无功补偿技术应用综述.电力设备,2004,5(10):27～31
[32] Carson W.Taylor,Power System Voltage Stability.USA:McGraw-Hill,Companies,Inc,1994.
[33] Power Technologies,Inc,PSS/E-30.3 PSS/E wind guide.USA:Power Technologies,Inc,2006
[34]吴俊玲,周双喜,孙建锋等.并网风力发电场的最大注入功率分析.电网技术,2004,28(20):28～32
[35] Feijoo A E,Cidras J.Modeling of wind farms in the load flow analysis.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2002,15(1):110～115
[36]李先允,陈小虎,唐国庆.大型风力发电场等值建模研究综述.华北电力大学学报,2006,33(1):42～46