行为意向和行动计划促进高校教职员工体育锻炼行为
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摘要
本研究基于健康心理学研究领域内的―健康行为过程理论‖（Health ActionProcess Approach; HAPA）,采用纵向研究设计，历时四个月对331名高校教职员工的体育锻炼行为及其相关社会认知变量进行了三次调查。并采用结构方程模型进行路径分析和中介效应检验，重点考察相关变量的预测作用和中介效应。
研究结果表明，HAPA模型的连续性结构与整体样本数据、各子样本数据拟合度均较好；积极结果期待和行动自我效能对锻炼意向的预测作用显著，行为意向和维持自我效能能够很好的预测行动计划；恢复自我效能、行为意向和行动计划是体育锻炼行为的近轴预测因子；行动计划是行为意向和体育锻炼行为的部分中介因子，维持自我效能完全中介行动自我效能到恢复自我效能的关系。结果大部分支持原假设。
该研究验证了HAPA模型的连续性特征，为今后制定有效的体育锻炼干预措施，促进高校教职员工参与和坚持体育锻炼，提升健康体质提供了理论依据。
This research was based on Health Action Process Approach Model (HAPA) inhealth psychology, A longitudinal study with three points in time was launched,scrutinizing beliefs and behaviors of331University Staff. The aim is to verificationprediction and mediation by Structural Equation Model.
The results showed that HAPA Continuum model fit the complete data andsub-sample data well. Positive outcome expectancy and action self-efficacy predictintention significantly. The intention and maintenance self-efficacy is plan’ssignificant predictors. Intention, plan and recovery self-efficacy predict physicalexercise significantly. About the mediation, it’s argued that planning helps to bridgethe intention-behavior gap, maintenance self-efficacy is mediator between actionself-efficacy and recovery self-efficacy. Most results supported the researchhypothesis.
The study test the Health Action Process Approach Model as a continuum model,help making effective interventions and improve university staff’s health level, so lotsof staff may participate and maintain physical exercise.
研究结果表明，HAPA模型的连续性结构与整体样本数据、各子样本数据拟合度均较好；积极结果期待和行动自我效能对锻炼意向的预测作用显著，行为意向和维持自我效能能够很好的预测行动计划；恢复自我效能、行为意向和行动计划是体育锻炼行为的近轴预测因子；行动计划是行为意向和体育锻炼行为的部分中介因子，维持自我效能完全中介行动自我效能到恢复自我效能的关系。结果大部分支持原假设。
该研究验证了HAPA模型的连续性特征，为今后制定有效的体育锻炼干预措施，促进高校教职员工参与和坚持体育锻炼，提升健康体质提供了理论依据。
This research was based on Health Action Process Approach Model (HAPA) inhealth psychology, A longitudinal study with three points in time was launched,scrutinizing beliefs and behaviors of331University Staff. The aim is to verificationprediction and mediation by Structural Equation Model.
The results showed that HAPA Continuum model fit the complete data andsub-sample data well. Positive outcome expectancy and action self-efficacy predictintention significantly. The intention and maintenance self-efficacy is plan’ssignificant predictors. Intention, plan and recovery self-efficacy predict physicalexercise significantly. About the mediation, it’s argued that planning helps to bridgethe intention-behavior gap, maintenance self-efficacy is mediator between actionself-efficacy and recovery self-efficacy. Most results supported the researchhypothesis.
The study test the Health Action Process Approach Model as a continuum model,help making effective interventions and improve university staff’s health level, so lotsof staff may participate and maintain physical exercise.
引文
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[3]范存欣,王声,朱丽等.广东省高校教工亚健康现况及危险因素分析[J].中华流行病学,2003(9).
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[5]张梅.高校教职员工健康状况与干预策略的思考——从某高职院教职员工体检报告的分析结果论起[J].常州信息职业技术学院学报.2006（6）.
[6]宋立,李利伟.驻保定高校教职工健康状况与体育参与特征的相关研究[J].考试周刊.2010(4)，147-148.
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[23]段艳平，黄志剑，姒刚彦，韦晓娜，Walter Brehm.(2010)。作为健康行为的身体活动：从无活动到保持活动的四步骤（FIT）模型应用手册。拜罗伊特体育科学文献（Bayreuther Beitr ge zur Sportwissenschaft），Issue13. ISSN1436-8064.
[24]韦晓娜，段艳平，刘立凡，张双玲，常振亚(2010).―健身阶段模型‖（TheFIT-Stage-Model)的初步检验—一项对武汉市城区居民身体活动的调查研究。第九届中国运动心理学大会会议论文集.中国，上海.
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[28]段艳平，杨剑，张茹，Walter Brehm（2012）.大学生身体活动阶段变化与健康状况关系的研究.中国体育科技.48(2).117-121.
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[34]Luszczynska, A., Mazurkiewicz, M., Ziegelmann, J. P.,&Schwarzer, R.(2007).Recovery self-efficacy and intention as predictors of running: A cross-lagged panelanalysis over a two-year period. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,8,247-260.
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[36] Scholz, U., Sniehotta, F.F.,&Schwarzer, R.(2005). Predicting physical exercisein cardiac rehabilitation: The role of phase-specific self-efficacy beliefs. Journal ofSport and Exercise Psychology,27,135–151.
[37] Luszczynska, A.,&Schwarzer, R.(2003). Planning and self-efficacy in theadoption and maintenance of breast self-examination: A longitudinal study onself-regulatory cognitions. Psychology and Health,18,93–108
[38] Luszczynska, A.(2004). Change in breast self-examination behavior: Effects ofintervention on enhancing self-efficacy. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine,11,95–103
[39] Schwarzer, R., Schüz, B., Ziegelmann, J.P., Lippke, S., Luszczynska, A.,&Scholz, U.(2007). Adoption and maintenance of four health behaviors: Theory-guidedlongitudinal studies on dental flossing, seat belt use, dietary behavior, and physicalactivity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine,33,156–166.
[40] Renner, B., Kwon, S., Yang, B.-H., Paik, K.-C., Kim, S.H., Roh, S., Song, J.,&Schwarzer, R.(in press). Social-cognitive predictors of dietary behaviors in SouthKorean men and women. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.
[41] Sonia Lippke, Jochen P. Ziegelmann, and Ralf Schwarzer. Behavioral Intentionsand Action Plans Promote Physical Exercise: A Longitudinal Study With OrthopedicRehabilitation Patients. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,2004,26,470-483.
[42] Catrinel Craciun, Natalia Schuz, Sonia Lippke,Ralf Schwarzer(2011).A MediatorModel of Sunscreen Use: A Longitudinal Analysis of Social-Cognitive Predictors andMediators.International Society of Behavioral Medicine.
[43]段艳平，刘立凡，韦晓娜(2010).一项促进大学生体育锻炼意向的干预研究.武汉体育学院学报.44(12):43-46.
[44]沈梦英，毛志雄，张一民（2010）.中国成年人锻炼行为的影响因素——HAPA与TPB两个理论模型的整合.体育科学.30（12）:48-54.
[45]王志琳，姜飞月（2006）.健康行为改变中的社会认知因素：HAPA模型述评.医学与哲学.27(7)16-18.
[46] Marcus, B. H., Rakowski, W.,&Rossi, J. S.(1992). Assessing motivationalreadiness and decision making for exercise. Health Psychology,11,257-261.
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[2]寇建民，马文海，苏静.对知识分子亚健康状态的调查研究[J].北京体育大学学报.2007.30(1)51-53.
[3]范存欣,王声,朱丽等.广东省高校教工亚健康现况及危险因素分析[J].中华流行病学,2003(9).
[4]吴绪东,吴晓红,梁启雄.对河南省普通高校中青年教师健康状况的调查分析[J].许昌学院学报,2004(9).
[5]张梅.高校教职员工健康状况与干预策略的思考——从某高职院教职员工体检报告的分析结果论起[J].常州信息职业技术学院学报.2006（6）.
[6]宋立,李利伟.驻保定高校教职工健康状况与体育参与特征的相关研究[J].考试周刊.2010(4)，147-148.
[7]刘志明.浙江省高校教师体育锻炼现状的调研分析[J].湖州师范学院学报.2008.30(2).
[8]Phillip L. Rice著.健康心理学.中国轻工业出版社,2000.
[9]Mark H.A. Dictionary of the sport and exercise sciences [M]. Illiois: HumanKinetics Books,1991
[10] Caspersen C.J., Powell K.E., Christeoson G.M. Physical activity, exercise, andphysical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research [J]. PublicHealth Reports,1985,100:125-131.
[11]American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. The recommended quantityand quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscularfitness in healthy adults [J]. Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise1995,22(2):265-74.
[12]王则珊.终身体育研究[M].北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1982：308.
[13]段艳平, BREHM W, WAGNER P.考察中国大学生身体锻炼行为——柏林锻炼阶段模型的应用[C].北京:第八届全国体育科学大学论文摘要汇编,2007.
[14]Janz,N.K&Becker,M.H. The Health Belief Model: A decade Later[J]. HealthEducation&Behavior.1984,11(1).1-47.
[15]Ajzen, I. Attitudes, personality, and behavior[C]. Chicago: Dorsey,1988.
[16] Hausenblas, H.,Carron,A.v.,&Mark, D. E. Application of the Theories ofReasoned Action and Planned Behavior to exercise behavior: A meta analysis[J].Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,1997,19:36-51.
[17]Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control[C].New York: W. H. Freeman,1997.
[18] Sallis, J. F.,&Hovel, M. F. Determinants of exercise behavior[J]. Exercise andSport Sciences Reviews,1990,19:307-330.
[19]Marcus, B. H.,&Owen, N. Motivational readiness, self-efficacy anddecision-making for exercise. Journal of Applied Social Psychology[J],1992,22:3-16.
[20]段艳平,Walter Brehm,Petra Wagner.考察中国高校教职员工的身体锻炼行为——―柏林锻炼阶段‖模型的应用[C].第8届中国运动心理学学术会议.2006.
[21] Schwarzer, R. Modeling Health Behavior Change: How to Predict and Modifythe Adoption and Maintenance of Health Behaviors[J].Applied Psychology.2008.57(1).1-19.
[22]段艳平，鲍政栋，Walter Brehm，&Petra Wager（2009）.考察阶段模型的阶段性假说──一项银行员工体育锻炼行为的实证研究.武汉体育学院学报.43（12）：54-57.
[23]段艳平，黄志剑，姒刚彦，韦晓娜，Walter Brehm.(2010)。作为健康行为的身体活动：从无活动到保持活动的四步骤（FIT）模型应用手册。拜罗伊特体育科学文献（Bayreuther Beitr ge zur Sportwissenschaft），Issue13. ISSN1436-8064.
[24]韦晓娜，段艳平，刘立凡，张双玲，常振亚(2010).―健身阶段模型‖（TheFIT-Stage-Model)的初步检验—一项对武汉市城区居民身体活动的调查研究。第九届中国运动心理学大会会议论文集.中国，上海.
[25] Brehm,W., Duan Y.P., Mair, T., Strobl, H.,&Tittlbach, S.(2010).K rperlich-sportliche Aktivit t als Gesundheitsverhalten-Methodenband.(PhysicalActivity as Health Behavior: Method-volume) Bayreuther Beitr ge zurSportwissenschaft (Bayreuth Contributions to Sport)，Issue12. ISSN1436-8064.
[26]Duan,Y.P., Strobl,H.,&Brehm,W.(2010). Activity behavior and behaviorchange of adults in an intercultural perspective. In Proceedings of the13th Sports forAll Congress.17-18. Jyv skyl, Finland.
[27]段艳平，韦晓娜，Walter Brehm,Helmut Strobl,黄志剑，姒刚彦，SusanneTittlbach(2011).成年人身体活动变化过程的理论建构及其测量工具的研究.体育科学.31(7)37-42.
[28]段艳平，杨剑，张茹，Walter Brehm（2012）.大学生身体活动阶段变化与健康状况关系的研究.中国体育科技.48(2).117-121.
[29]段艳平，Walter Brehm，&Petra Wager（2006）.试论当代西方锻炼行为阶段理论.中国运动医学杂志.25（4）.487-490.
[30]Lippke,S.,Ziegelmann,J.P.&Schwarzer,R.(2005). Stage-specific adoption andmaintenance of physical activity: Testing a three-stage model.Psychology of Sport&Exercise,6,585-603.
[31] Schwarzer. Self-efficacy: Thought control of action [M]. Washington. D C:Hemisphere,1992:217-242.
[32]Conner, M.,&Norman, P.(Eds.)(2005). Predicting health behavior: Research andpractice with social cognition models (2nd edu.)Buckingham: Open University Press.
[33]Bandura, A(1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
[34]Luszczynska, A., Mazurkiewicz, M., Ziegelmann, J. P.,&Schwarzer, R.(2007).Recovery self-efficacy and intention as predictors of running: A cross-lagged panelanalysis over a two-year period. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,8,247-260.
[35]Garcia, K.&Mann, T.(2003). From―I wish―to―I will―: Social-cognitivepredictors of behavioral intentions. Journal of Health Psychology,8(3),347-360.
[36] Scholz, U., Sniehotta, F.F.,&Schwarzer, R.(2005). Predicting physical exercisein cardiac rehabilitation: The role of phase-specific self-efficacy beliefs. Journal ofSport and Exercise Psychology,27,135–151.
[37] Luszczynska, A.,&Schwarzer, R.(2003). Planning and self-efficacy in theadoption and maintenance of breast self-examination: A longitudinal study onself-regulatory cognitions. Psychology and Health,18,93–108
[38] Luszczynska, A.(2004). Change in breast self-examination behavior: Effects ofintervention on enhancing self-efficacy. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine,11,95–103
[39] Schwarzer, R., Schüz, B., Ziegelmann, J.P., Lippke, S., Luszczynska, A.,&Scholz, U.(2007). Adoption and maintenance of four health behaviors: Theory-guidedlongitudinal studies on dental flossing, seat belt use, dietary behavior, and physicalactivity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine,33,156–166.
[40] Renner, B., Kwon, S., Yang, B.-H., Paik, K.-C., Kim, S.H., Roh, S., Song, J.,&Schwarzer, R.(in press). Social-cognitive predictors of dietary behaviors in SouthKorean men and women. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.
[41] Sonia Lippke, Jochen P. Ziegelmann, and Ralf Schwarzer. Behavioral Intentionsand Action Plans Promote Physical Exercise: A Longitudinal Study With OrthopedicRehabilitation Patients. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,2004,26,470-483.
[42] Catrinel Craciun, Natalia Schuz, Sonia Lippke,Ralf Schwarzer(2011).A MediatorModel of Sunscreen Use: A Longitudinal Analysis of Social-Cognitive Predictors andMediators.International Society of Behavioral Medicine.
[43]段艳平，刘立凡，韦晓娜(2010).一项促进大学生体育锻炼意向的干预研究.武汉体育学院学报.44(12):43-46.
[44]沈梦英，毛志雄，张一民（2010）.中国成年人锻炼行为的影响因素——HAPA与TPB两个理论模型的整合.体育科学.30（12）:48-54.
[45]王志琳，姜飞月（2006）.健康行为改变中的社会认知因素：HAPA模型述评.医学与哲学.27(7)16-18.
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