基于Mo_5Si_3难熔金属硅化物的合金化与复合化改性
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摘要
Mo-Si系金属硅化物(Mo_5Si_3)具有高熔点、低密度、高强度和耐腐蚀性好等优良性能,在高温结构材料方面有着潜在的应用前景。但是,其室温脆性大、高温强度不足以及中温抗氧化性差等缺点阻碍了其实际应用。合金化和复合化是改善金属硅化物性能的常用方法。基于Mo_5Si_3和Nb_5Si_3互易置换合金化原理,分别采用电弧熔炼和热压烧结法制备了(Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3金属硅化物合金,并对其微观结构、力学性能及耐腐蚀性能进行了研究。基于原位复合化,研究了MoO_3-Si-Al、MoO_3-Mo-Si-Al及MoO_3-CuO-Mo-Si-Al体系的机械合金化过程、产物及合成机理;并结合热压烧结制备了Cu和Al_2O_3原位强韧化的Cu-Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3块体复合材料,系统研究了复合材料的力学性能、显微组织、耐磨损、抗氧化及强韧化机理。
相比热压烧结,电弧熔炼法制备(Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3合金具有高的相对密度和显微硬度,但断裂韧性和抗压强度较低。两种方法制备的Mo_3Nb2Si3合金显微硬度、断裂韧性及抗压强度分别为1616.7HV、3.2 MPa·m1/2、1017MPa和1334.6HV、4.7MPa·m1/2、1637MPa。电弧熔炼法制备(Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3合金组织中形成了Mo_5Si_3/ MoSi2层片组织,并对层片结构形成机理及对合金性能的影响进行研究。随层片间距减小,合金显微硬度、断裂韧性和抗压强度提高。通过截线法对片层间距和片层密度进行计算,随退火时间延长层片间距先减小后增加,退火50h后, (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3(X=0,0.2,0.4)合金层片间距分别为57.3μm、48.2μm和24.9μm。
(Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3合金具有十分优异的耐HCl和H_2SO_4溶液腐蚀性能,其腐蚀失重比0Cr_(18)Ni_9不锈钢低100多倍。在较低电位下,合金表面的Mo形成MoO_2钝化膜,在较高电位下,MoO_2钝化膜形成H_4MoO_4而溶解破坏,同时,表面的Si形成SiO_2钝化膜,从而使合金表现出二次钝化现象。(Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3金属硅化物合金具有高的共价键组成,化学稳定性好,能够有效抵抗腐蚀溶液的侵蚀,提高了合金的耐蚀性。在NaOH溶液中,SiO_2保护膜与溶液中的NaOH反应生成Na_2SiO_4,破坏SiO_2保护膜的完整性,耐腐蚀性降低。
以MoO_3-Si-Al为原料,机械球磨5h,原位合成了Al_2O_3-Mo_3Si/Mo_5Si_3复合粉体,反应以类似自蔓延高温合成的爆炸模式进行。球磨过程中优先发生MoO_3和Al之间的铝热反应,随后引发Mo-Si之间的一系列反应。以MoO_3-Mo-Si-Al为原料,通过控制原料中MoO_3和Al的含量,可制备不同Al_2O_3含量(质量比)的Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合粉体。20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合粉体具有最佳的反应特性及物相组成。球磨30h后,20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合粉体颗粒细小均匀,粒度在5μm以下,Al_2O_3和Mo_5Si_3的晶粒尺寸分别为29.9nm和42.7nm。1000℃退火1h后,复合粉体未发生物相转变,粉体具有较好的热稳定性。
以MoO_3-CuO-Mo-Si-Al为原料,采用机械化学还原法结合热压烧结制备了Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料。复合材料组织均匀致密,随Cu含量增加,组织细化,烧结致密度提高。细小的Al_2O_3颗粒存在于复合材料的晶界和晶内,形成“内晶型”结构,强化基体;单质Cu具有好的塑韧性,固溶或弥散分布在基体材料之中,改善基体的键合特性及界面结合,阻止裂纹扩展,提高材料塑韧性。
15%Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料具有最佳的综合力学性能,其显微硬度、抗压和抗弯强度及断裂韧性分别为1090HV、2160MPa、512MPa和7.33MPa·m1/2。Al_2O_3和Cu的引入,提高了Mo_5Si_3的中低温抗氧化性能,同时高温抗氧化性能不降低。复合材料具有好的循环氧化特性,其氧化动力学曲线近似呈抛物线规律。氧化过程由Si和O通过氧化膜的扩散速率决定,由于O的扩散速率低于Si的扩散速率,造成Si的选择氧化,在氧化膜中有单质的Mo残留。在低温下,Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料表面CuO与MoO_3反应生成流动性较好的Cu3Mo2O9和CuMoO4,提高了氧化膜的致密性;在较高温度下,由于Cu3Mo2O9和CuMoO4的熔融分解及助熔作用,使表面的SiO_2和Al_2O_3形成了致密的Al6Si2O13莫来石保护层。实验材料长时间循环氧化后,出现了不同程度氧化失效。Mo_5Si_3氧化失效主要是氧化膜表面在较大热应力下产生开裂;20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料表现为氧化层的局部剥落;Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料则主要是因为试样形状原因造成的边角处应力集中,引起试样边角处出现裂纹,加快材料氧化。
Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料具有好的耐摩擦磨损性能,以Si3N4陶瓷球为摩擦副,复合材料具有低的摩擦系数和磨损率,少量Cu的引入改善了复合材料的界面结合及塑韧性,提高材料的摩擦性能。以GCr15轴承钢球为摩擦副,复合材料摩擦系数提高了近10倍,而磨损率却有所降低。20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料的磨损形式以磨粒磨损为主,同时伴有疲劳磨损和氧化磨损;加入Cu后,复合材料的磨损形式以粘着磨损和疲劳磨损为主。
The Mo-Si system metal silicides (Mo_5Si_3) are attractive materials in the field of high temperature structural applications for their high melting point, low density, excellent strength and corrosion resistance. However, the high brittleness at room temperature, insufficient strength at high temperature and oxidation resistance shortcomings hindered the actual applications. Alloying and compounding is common method to improve the performance of metal silicides. Based on reciprocity replacement alloying principle of Mo_5Si_3 and Nb_5Si_3, (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 silicide alloy was produced by arc-melting and hot-pressing sintering process, respectively. And the microstructure and mechanical properties and corrosion resistant properties have been studied. Based on the in-situ compounding principle, the paper studies mechanical alloying process, products and synthesis mechanism of MoO_3-Si-Al, MoO_3-Mo-Si-Al and MoO_3-CuO-Mo-Si-Al systematic. Combining the hot-pressing sintering technology, bulk composite of Cu-Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 in situ toughening by Cu and Al_2O_3 was prepared. And the mechanical properties, microstructure, wear resistance, oxidation resistance and toughen mechanism of these composite materials have been investigated in detail.
Comparing with the alloys prepared by hot-pressing sintering method, (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 alloys prepared by arc-melting have higher relative density and micro-hardness, low fracture toughness and compressive strength. Micro-hardness, fracture toughness and compressive strength of Mo_3Nb2Si3 alloy were 1616.7 HV, 3.2 MPa·m1/2, 1017MPa and 1334.6 HV, 4.7MPa·m1/2, 1637MPa, respectively. Lamellar organization of Mo_5Si_3/ MoSi2 formed in alloy organization of (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 alloys. The formation mechanism of lamellar organization and the effect of lamellar on mechanical properties were studied. With the reducing of distance between layers, micro-hardness, fracture toughness and compressive strength increased. Through the method of section line, layer distances and layer densities were calculated. The results showed that with the annealing time prolong, at first the layer distances reduced, and then increased. The layer distances of (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3(X=0,0.2,0.4) alloys were 57.3μm、48.2μm and 24.9μm after annealing for 50h.
(Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 alloy has very excellent corrosion resistance in HCl and H2SO4 solution. And its corrosion weightlessness is 100 times lower than 0Cr18Ni9 stainless steel. In low voltage, Mo in alloy surface forms MoO_2 passivation coating. While in high voltage, MoO_2 passivation coating forms H4MoO4 and dissolves, and the same time, the Si in the surface forms a stable SiO_2 passivation coating, thus making alloy show second passivation phenomenon. Metal silicide alloys of (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 have high covalent bond and chemical stability, are able to effectively resist solution corrosion and improve the corrosion resistance of alloy. In NaOH solution, SiO_2 preservative reacts with NaOH in the solution and produces Na2SiO4, damaging the integrity of SiO_2 preservative, and so reduce the corrosion resistance of (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 metal silicides alloy.
Al_2O_3-Mo_3Si/Mo_5Si_3 composite powders were synthesized by mechanical milling for 5h using MoO_3-Si-Al powders as raw materials. The reaction is similar with explosion mode of self-propagation high temperature synthesis. The first reaction was thermite reaction of MoO_3 and Al in the milling process, Then a series of reactions between Mo-Si have been triggered. Using MoO_3-Mo-Si-Al as raw material can prepare Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 composite powders with different Al_2O_3 content (mass ratio) by means of controlling the contents of MoO_3 and Al. 20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 composite powder has the best response characteristics. Composite powder particles are small and uniform with particle size less than 5μm after ball milling for 30h. The grain size of Al_2O_3 and Mo_5Si_3 are 29.9nm and 42.7nm, respectively. Composite powders no phase transformation take place after annealing for 1h at 1000℃and composite powders has good thermal stability.
Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 composite materials are in-situ synthesized by using MoO_3-CuO-Mo-Si-Al as raw material, combining mechanical chemical reduction method with hot pressing sintering technique. The structure of composite is uniform and compact. With the increase of Cu content, the microstructure becomes fine and sintering density becomes higher. Fine Al_2O_3 particles exist in grain boundary and within the crystal of composite materials, forming intragranular particles, strengthening the matrix. Elemental Cu with good plastic toughness disperses distribution in matrix materials, improving the interface combination among matrix, preventing crack propagation, increasing plastic deformation ability. Composite material 15%Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 have the best comprehensive mechanical performance, its micro-hardness, compressive and flexural strength and fracture toughness are 1090HV, 2160MPa, 512MPa and 7.33MPa?m1/2, respectively.
The introduction of Al_2O_3 and Cu improves the antioxidative properties of Mo_5Si_3 in middle and low-temperature and matain good oxidation resistance in high temperature. Composites materials have good circulation oxidation characteristics, and its oxidation dynamic curves approximately show a parabola rule. CuO in the surface of Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 composites reacts with MoO_3 and produces Cu3Mo2O9 and CuMoO4 with better liquidity, thus improving the compactness of the oxide film. SiO_2 and Al_2O_3 in surface forms rigid and compact Al6Si2O13 mullite protective cover because of Cu3Mo2O9 and CuMoO4 fusion decomposition and fluxing action in higher temperature. Oxidation failure appears in experimental materials after cycle oxidation for a long time. Mo_5Si_3 oxidation failure is because oxidation film surface crazes in bigger thermal stress, 20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 shows local oxide layer flaking. While Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 is mainly because stress concentration in the corners caused by sample shape, causing crackle in the corners and accelerating material oxidation.
Composite material with good resistance to frictional wear, composite materials has low coefficient of friction and wear rate using Si_3N_4 ceramics ball for friction pair. Adding a few content of Cu to composite materials can improve the interface bond and plastic toughness, enhancing the friction properties of materials. Using GCr15 bearing steel ball as friction pair, coefficient of friction of composite materials has increased nearly 10 times, and wear rate reduces. The wear form of 20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 composite gives priority to particle attrition, at the same time with fatigue wear and oxidative wear; after join in Cu, the wear form of composite material are primarily adhesion wear and fatigue wear.
相比热压烧结,电弧熔炼法制备(Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3合金具有高的相对密度和显微硬度,但断裂韧性和抗压强度较低。两种方法制备的Mo_3Nb2Si3合金显微硬度、断裂韧性及抗压强度分别为1616.7HV、3.2 MPa·m1/2、1017MPa和1334.6HV、4.7MPa·m1/2、1637MPa。电弧熔炼法制备(Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3合金组织中形成了Mo_5Si_3/ MoSi2层片组织,并对层片结构形成机理及对合金性能的影响进行研究。随层片间距减小,合金显微硬度、断裂韧性和抗压强度提高。通过截线法对片层间距和片层密度进行计算,随退火时间延长层片间距先减小后增加,退火50h后, (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3(X=0,0.2,0.4)合金层片间距分别为57.3μm、48.2μm和24.9μm。
(Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3合金具有十分优异的耐HCl和H_2SO_4溶液腐蚀性能,其腐蚀失重比0Cr_(18)Ni_9不锈钢低100多倍。在较低电位下,合金表面的Mo形成MoO_2钝化膜,在较高电位下,MoO_2钝化膜形成H_4MoO_4而溶解破坏,同时,表面的Si形成SiO_2钝化膜,从而使合金表现出二次钝化现象。(Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3金属硅化物合金具有高的共价键组成,化学稳定性好,能够有效抵抗腐蚀溶液的侵蚀,提高了合金的耐蚀性。在NaOH溶液中,SiO_2保护膜与溶液中的NaOH反应生成Na_2SiO_4,破坏SiO_2保护膜的完整性,耐腐蚀性降低。
以MoO_3-Si-Al为原料,机械球磨5h,原位合成了Al_2O_3-Mo_3Si/Mo_5Si_3复合粉体,反应以类似自蔓延高温合成的爆炸模式进行。球磨过程中优先发生MoO_3和Al之间的铝热反应,随后引发Mo-Si之间的一系列反应。以MoO_3-Mo-Si-Al为原料,通过控制原料中MoO_3和Al的含量,可制备不同Al_2O_3含量(质量比)的Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合粉体。20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合粉体具有最佳的反应特性及物相组成。球磨30h后,20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合粉体颗粒细小均匀,粒度在5μm以下,Al_2O_3和Mo_5Si_3的晶粒尺寸分别为29.9nm和42.7nm。1000℃退火1h后,复合粉体未发生物相转变,粉体具有较好的热稳定性。
以MoO_3-CuO-Mo-Si-Al为原料,采用机械化学还原法结合热压烧结制备了Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料。复合材料组织均匀致密,随Cu含量增加,组织细化,烧结致密度提高。细小的Al_2O_3颗粒存在于复合材料的晶界和晶内,形成“内晶型”结构,强化基体;单质Cu具有好的塑韧性,固溶或弥散分布在基体材料之中,改善基体的键合特性及界面结合,阻止裂纹扩展,提高材料塑韧性。
15%Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料具有最佳的综合力学性能,其显微硬度、抗压和抗弯强度及断裂韧性分别为1090HV、2160MPa、512MPa和7.33MPa·m1/2。Al_2O_3和Cu的引入,提高了Mo_5Si_3的中低温抗氧化性能,同时高温抗氧化性能不降低。复合材料具有好的循环氧化特性,其氧化动力学曲线近似呈抛物线规律。氧化过程由Si和O通过氧化膜的扩散速率决定,由于O的扩散速率低于Si的扩散速率,造成Si的选择氧化,在氧化膜中有单质的Mo残留。在低温下,Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料表面CuO与MoO_3反应生成流动性较好的Cu3Mo2O9和CuMoO4,提高了氧化膜的致密性;在较高温度下,由于Cu3Mo2O9和CuMoO4的熔融分解及助熔作用,使表面的SiO_2和Al_2O_3形成了致密的Al6Si2O13莫来石保护层。实验材料长时间循环氧化后,出现了不同程度氧化失效。Mo_5Si_3氧化失效主要是氧化膜表面在较大热应力下产生开裂;20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料表现为氧化层的局部剥落;Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料则主要是因为试样形状原因造成的边角处应力集中,引起试样边角处出现裂纹,加快材料氧化。
Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料具有好的耐摩擦磨损性能,以Si3N4陶瓷球为摩擦副,复合材料具有低的摩擦系数和磨损率,少量Cu的引入改善了复合材料的界面结合及塑韧性,提高材料的摩擦性能。以GCr15轴承钢球为摩擦副,复合材料摩擦系数提高了近10倍,而磨损率却有所降低。20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3复合材料的磨损形式以磨粒磨损为主,同时伴有疲劳磨损和氧化磨损;加入Cu后,复合材料的磨损形式以粘着磨损和疲劳磨损为主。
The Mo-Si system metal silicides (Mo_5Si_3) are attractive materials in the field of high temperature structural applications for their high melting point, low density, excellent strength and corrosion resistance. However, the high brittleness at room temperature, insufficient strength at high temperature and oxidation resistance shortcomings hindered the actual applications. Alloying and compounding is common method to improve the performance of metal silicides. Based on reciprocity replacement alloying principle of Mo_5Si_3 and Nb_5Si_3, (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 silicide alloy was produced by arc-melting and hot-pressing sintering process, respectively. And the microstructure and mechanical properties and corrosion resistant properties have been studied. Based on the in-situ compounding principle, the paper studies mechanical alloying process, products and synthesis mechanism of MoO_3-Si-Al, MoO_3-Mo-Si-Al and MoO_3-CuO-Mo-Si-Al systematic. Combining the hot-pressing sintering technology, bulk composite of Cu-Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 in situ toughening by Cu and Al_2O_3 was prepared. And the mechanical properties, microstructure, wear resistance, oxidation resistance and toughen mechanism of these composite materials have been investigated in detail.
Comparing with the alloys prepared by hot-pressing sintering method, (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 alloys prepared by arc-melting have higher relative density and micro-hardness, low fracture toughness and compressive strength. Micro-hardness, fracture toughness and compressive strength of Mo_3Nb2Si3 alloy were 1616.7 HV, 3.2 MPa·m1/2, 1017MPa and 1334.6 HV, 4.7MPa·m1/2, 1637MPa, respectively. Lamellar organization of Mo_5Si_3/ MoSi2 formed in alloy organization of (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 alloys. The formation mechanism of lamellar organization and the effect of lamellar on mechanical properties were studied. With the reducing of distance between layers, micro-hardness, fracture toughness and compressive strength increased. Through the method of section line, layer distances and layer densities were calculated. The results showed that with the annealing time prolong, at first the layer distances reduced, and then increased. The layer distances of (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3(X=0,0.2,0.4) alloys were 57.3μm、48.2μm and 24.9μm after annealing for 50h.
(Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 alloy has very excellent corrosion resistance in HCl and H2SO4 solution. And its corrosion weightlessness is 100 times lower than 0Cr18Ni9 stainless steel. In low voltage, Mo in alloy surface forms MoO_2 passivation coating. While in high voltage, MoO_2 passivation coating forms H4MoO4 and dissolves, and the same time, the Si in the surface forms a stable SiO_2 passivation coating, thus making alloy show second passivation phenomenon. Metal silicide alloys of (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 have high covalent bond and chemical stability, are able to effectively resist solution corrosion and improve the corrosion resistance of alloy. In NaOH solution, SiO_2 preservative reacts with NaOH in the solution and produces Na2SiO4, damaging the integrity of SiO_2 preservative, and so reduce the corrosion resistance of (Mo_(1-x)Nb_x)_5Si_3 metal silicides alloy.
Al_2O_3-Mo_3Si/Mo_5Si_3 composite powders were synthesized by mechanical milling for 5h using MoO_3-Si-Al powders as raw materials. The reaction is similar with explosion mode of self-propagation high temperature synthesis. The first reaction was thermite reaction of MoO_3 and Al in the milling process, Then a series of reactions between Mo-Si have been triggered. Using MoO_3-Mo-Si-Al as raw material can prepare Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 composite powders with different Al_2O_3 content (mass ratio) by means of controlling the contents of MoO_3 and Al. 20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 composite powder has the best response characteristics. Composite powder particles are small and uniform with particle size less than 5μm after ball milling for 30h. The grain size of Al_2O_3 and Mo_5Si_3 are 29.9nm and 42.7nm, respectively. Composite powders no phase transformation take place after annealing for 1h at 1000℃and composite powders has good thermal stability.
Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 composite materials are in-situ synthesized by using MoO_3-CuO-Mo-Si-Al as raw material, combining mechanical chemical reduction method with hot pressing sintering technique. The structure of composite is uniform and compact. With the increase of Cu content, the microstructure becomes fine and sintering density becomes higher. Fine Al_2O_3 particles exist in grain boundary and within the crystal of composite materials, forming intragranular particles, strengthening the matrix. Elemental Cu with good plastic toughness disperses distribution in matrix materials, improving the interface combination among matrix, preventing crack propagation, increasing plastic deformation ability. Composite material 15%Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 have the best comprehensive mechanical performance, its micro-hardness, compressive and flexural strength and fracture toughness are 1090HV, 2160MPa, 512MPa and 7.33MPa?m1/2, respectively.
The introduction of Al_2O_3 and Cu improves the antioxidative properties of Mo_5Si_3 in middle and low-temperature and matain good oxidation resistance in high temperature. Composites materials have good circulation oxidation characteristics, and its oxidation dynamic curves approximately show a parabola rule. CuO in the surface of Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 composites reacts with MoO_3 and produces Cu3Mo2O9 and CuMoO4 with better liquidity, thus improving the compactness of the oxide film. SiO_2 and Al_2O_3 in surface forms rigid and compact Al6Si2O13 mullite protective cover because of Cu3Mo2O9 and CuMoO4 fusion decomposition and fluxing action in higher temperature. Oxidation failure appears in experimental materials after cycle oxidation for a long time. Mo_5Si_3 oxidation failure is because oxidation film surface crazes in bigger thermal stress, 20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 shows local oxide layer flaking. While Cu-20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 is mainly because stress concentration in the corners caused by sample shape, causing crackle in the corners and accelerating material oxidation.
Composite material with good resistance to frictional wear, composite materials has low coefficient of friction and wear rate using Si_3N_4 ceramics ball for friction pair. Adding a few content of Cu to composite materials can improve the interface bond and plastic toughness, enhancing the friction properties of materials. Using GCr15 bearing steel ball as friction pair, coefficient of friction of composite materials has increased nearly 10 times, and wear rate reduces. The wear form of 20%Al_2O_3/Mo_5Si_3 composite gives priority to particle attrition, at the same time with fatigue wear and oxidative wear; after join in Cu, the wear form of composite material are primarily adhesion wear and fatigue wear.
引文
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