摘要
中国的农业,对于中国整体经济和社会发展的重要性,怎样强调都不会过份。解决中国农业在改革和发展中存在的问题,对于中国乃至全球的重要性,怎样评价都不会过高。
中国的农业发展取得了举世瞩目的成就,但技术的贡献率依然较低,农业技术创新不能适应农业发展的需要。在新的历史时期,突破发展中的土地资源硬约束,技术创新是根本。发展现代农业,技术创新是最有力的支撑。增加农民收入,技术创新是必要条件。满足农产品市场需求,技术创新是保障。实现农业技术创新活动的有效运行,激励问题是核心。我国农业技术创新中出现的问题,源于各经济主体的创新激励不足或扭曲。
本文的研究对象为我国农业技术创新中的激励问题。遵循经济研究“本体论”的基本要求,根据农业技术创新中的不同经济活动主体,围绕主体经济行为的激励问题,解释我国农业技术创新中的因果关系,阐发因果发生机制。将我国农业技术创新中出现的问题解释为各主体创新激励方面存在的障碍。本文综合运用历史分析、比较借鉴、均衡分析和博弈论等方法,分析了政府、农业公共科研机构、农业私人科研机构、农业技术推广各主体、涉农企业和农业生产者等主体的创新行为。
中国农业科研的主要问题之一是财政资金投入少,公共科研投入的主体应是政府。本文认为,公共科研投资是一个内生变量。公共科研投入的不足可以归结为政府激励的不足。这是由于对政府的经济增长目标而言,投入农业科研形成较低的比较利益,农业对政府的较低比较利益由农业GDP份额的变化这一外生条件所决定。政府的粮食生产目标、科研活动的结果、农业生产中的劳动力流动、农业生产者素质、农业生产条件、农业技术溢出等是影响公共农业科研投资的重要变量。
中国农业技术创新中科研成果的低质低效是又一重要问题。公共农业科研活动的主体是科研管理机构与科研人员。本文分析了农业科研管理者和科研人员之间的委托-代理关系。不确定性和风险规避性决定了农业科研活动的最优激励安排。农业科研中的问题部分归因于偏离最优激励安排。表现在对农业科研项目基金制的过度依赖、改革过程中的盲目企业化和科研事业费的减少。
中国私人农业科研投资同样呈现不足局面。私人投资活动的实现,需要满足一定的条件且其投资具有选择性。私人投资的不足由公共科研投资不足所产生的激励不足引起。同时,私人创新收益的可得性也是一个重要的影响因素。
中国农业技术推广中的问题主要是由公共农业技术推广投资的激励不足、人员配置的激励缺失、人员和资金结合配置激励不足、人才能力培养激励不足以及公共农业技术推广运行自身的激励缺失所引起的。特别是农业技术推广活动结果评价的复杂性产造成了公共农业技术推广运行自身的激励缺失。
涉农企业是农业技术创新中的一个重要主体。然而,市场自发行为会导致技术创新的激励不足。在完全竞争市场中,技术的特征和固定资产的可逆性是决定企业采用新技术的重要激励因素。在不完全市场竞争中企业之间的博弈行为造成了新技术采用的滞后,构成新技术采用中的负激励。旧技术退出过程中企业之间的博弈行为造成旧技术退出的滞后,贴现率、固定成本及其可逆性、退出成本和垄断利润均影响企业的退出激励。
农户的新技术采用是农业生产者技术创新的主要形式,从而构成我国农业技术创新中的最重要主体。主流经济学关于农户新技术采用行为研究的基本前提在我国的实用性需要拓展。劳动力流动构成我国农业生产的一个重要特征。劳动力的选择性流动扩大了农户的选择集,造成新技术采用的激励不足。
本文主要的创新在于:1.遵循经济研究“本体论”的基本要求,研究了我国农业技术创新中公共科研投资的内生决定问题,把对问题的理解引向深入。2.跳出就农业论农业,就农业技术论农业技术的思维模式,将劳动力流动纳入农户技术创新的框架之中,分析其对农业技术创新的影响。3.运用委托-代理理论研究我国公共农业科研活动,将风险和信息不对称引入分析框架之中,使对问题的理解由表象研究向深度解释过渡。4.将涉农企业的技术创新行为纳入研究之中。同时,引入博弈论分析方法,丰富了研究内容,拓展了研究方法。
由于农业技术创新过程的复杂性、微观数据的收集困难和鉴别问题,本文对涉农企业技术创新的研究需要进一步深入。同时,在农户的新技术采用行为中,关注农户内部因素对技术创新的影响还嫌不够。
We can never emphasize too much about the importance of China's agriculturefor the overall economic and social development in China, and the importance of theproblem's solving in China's agriculture for China and even the world.
The agricultural development in China has made remarkable achievements, butthe contribution of technology is still low, agricultural technology innovation can'tsatisfy the needs of agricultural development. The technology innovation is essentialfor breaking constraint of land resources, a powerful support for developing modernagriculture, a necessary condition to increase the income of peasants, a powerfulguarantee to meet the agricultural product market demand in new period. Incentiveproblem is the core in realizing the agricultural technology innovation.The problemsfrom agricultural technology innovation in China lies in insufficient incentives.
This paper takes the incentive as the object of study in agricultural technologyinnovation. Following the basic requirements of the ontology of economic research,and according to different economic activist in agriculture technology innovation,focusing on the incentive problems of different economic behavior, it explains thecausality in agriculture technology innovation and expounds causal happeningmechanism. It explains the existing problems of agriculture technology innovation asinnovation incentives problems of every subject. It studies the innovation behaviorsof the government, public research institutions, private research institutions, eachsubject of agricultural technology extension, agro-linked enterprises, agriculturalproducers applying the methods of historical analysis, comparison and reference,game theory, equilibrium analysis synthetically.
The lack of investment in agricultural research is the main problem. Thegovernment is the main body for agricultural research investment. This paper pointsout that public research investment is an endogenous variable. The lack of investmentin public scientific research can be attributed to the shortage of government incentives.It is formed by the government's economic growth targets and the lower comparative profit deriving from the investment into agricultural scientific research, the latter isdecided by the change of agriculture GDP share which is exogenous. The variablesaffecting publicly financed agricultural research investment are as follows: thegovernment's food production target, the nature of the results of scientific researchactivities, the labor flow in agricultural production, the quality of agriculturalproducers, production conditions in agriculture and technology spillover effects.
The inferior quality and inefficiency is another important question in ourcountry's agricultural technology innovation. The main body of public agriculturalresearch activities is the scientific research management institution and scientificresearch personnel. The paper studies the principal-agent relationship betweenagricultural scientific research manager and scientific research personnel. Uncertaintyand risk–aversion decides the optimal incentive arrangements in agricultural scientificresearch management. The problem deriving from the reform of agricultural scientificresearch lies in the deviating from the optimal incentive arrangements, such asexcessive dependence on competitive research fund system, operating the researchinstitute enterprising blindly, the decreasing of the research expense.
The private investment in agricultural scientific research is also lack. Therealization of the private investment activities needs some certain conditions, and itsinvestment is selective. The shortage of private investment is caused by inadequateincentive deriving from the shortage of public research investment. Private innovationearnings accessibility is also an important factor.
The main problem in agricultural technology extension are caused by thefollowings, the insufficient incentive in public investment, the insufficient anddistorted incentive in the arrangement between personnel and investment, insufficientincentive in talent ability training, and insufficient incentive from the publicagricultural technology extension itself. In particular, the latter is cased by thecomplexity of evaluation for activity of agricultural technology extension.
Agro-linked enterprise is another important main body in agricultural technologyinnovation.Market voluntary behavior will produce negative incentives for innovationIn completely competed market, technology characteristics and assets reversibility arethe important incentive factors deciding the new technology adoption for firms. In incompletely competed market, the game behavior between enterprises can cause thelag adoption for new technology. The game behavior between enterprises can causethe lag exiting for old technology. The discount rate, fixed cost and its reversibility,exiting cost, monopoly profits affect the incentive for exiting.
The new technology adoption of the farmer is the main form of technologyinnovation for agricultural producers, and thus is the most important body inagricultural technology innovation. It is needed to expand the basic premiseconcerning the technology adoption behavioral research from the mainstreameconomics for practical using in our country. Labor flow selectively expands farmer'schoice sets, and causes insufficient incentive to new technology adoption.
The main innovation of this paper lies in four aspects. First, studies problemwhich is decided endogenously for the public investment in agricultural science andtechnology research, leads the research further more. Second, Jumping out of thinkingpattern discussing agriculture with respect to agriculture, and agriculture technology,it brings the labor flow into the framework and studies effects on agriculturaltechnology innovation. Third, applying the principal-agent theory studies the publicagricultural scientific research activities, brings risk and asymmetric information intothe analysis framework, leads understanding for the problems from the representationto explain the transition. Fourth, brings the behavior of agro-linked enterprise intoanalysis framework. And brings the game theory method into the paper, enriches theresearch methods, expands the research content.
Because of the complexity of the process of agricultural technology innovation,micro data collection difficulties and identifying problems, study on agriculturalenterprise technology innovation research need to be further and the attention tointernal factors influencing the new technology adoption for farmers is less.
引文
[1]亚当·斯密.国富论.杨敬年译.西安:陕西人民出版社,2001
[2]克拉克.财富的分配.陈福生等译.北京:商务印书馆,1997
[3]约瑟夫·熊彼特.经济发展理论.何畏等译.北京:商务印书馆,1990
[4]约瑟夫·熊彼特.资本主义、社会主义与民主主义.吴良健译.北京:商务印书馆,1999
[5]舒尔茨.改造传统农业.梁小民译.北京:商务印书馆,1987
[6]斯通曼.技术变革的经济分析.北京技术经济和管理现代化研究会技术经济学组译.北京:机械工业出版社,1989
[7]雷瑟W,李D R.生物技术和农业科研的经济学.见:雷纳、科尔曼主编.农业经济学前沿问题.唐忠、孔祥智译.北京:中国税务出版社,2000
[8]泰勒尔.产业组织理论.张维迎总译校.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997
[9]简新华.产业经济学.北京:武汉大学出版社,2001
[10]江小涓.体制转轨中的增长、绩效与产业组织变化:对中国若干行业的研究.上海:上海人民出版社,1999
[11]林毅夫.制度、技术与中国农业发展.上海:三联书店上海分店,1992
[12]郭书田,刘纯彬.失衡的中国:农村城市化的过去、现在与未来.河北:河北人民出版社,1990
[13]刘纯彬.变迁的中国.西藏:西藏人民出版社,1999
[14]李宗正,姚开建,于同申.西方农业经济思想.北京:中国物资出版社,1996
[15]林毅夫.经济发展与转型:思潮、战略与自生能力.北京:北京大学出版社,2008
[16]舒尔茨.经济增长与农业.郭熙保等译.北京:北京经济学院出版社,1991
[17]内森·罗森伯格.探索黑箱:技术、经济学和历史.王文勇,吕睿译.北京:商务印书馆,2004
[18]丹尼尔·豪斯曼.经济学的哲学.丁建峰译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007
[19]张培刚.农业国工业化问题.长沙:湖南出版社,1991
[20]钱颖一.现代经济学与中国经济改革.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003
[21]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学.上海:上海人民出版社,2001
[22]理查德·施马兰西,罗伯特·D·威利格.产业经济学手册(第2卷).李文溥等译.北京:经济科学出版社,2001
[23]罗必良.现代农业发展理论:逻辑线索与发展路径.北京:中国农业出版社,2009
[24]王松霈.推广农业科学技术必须依靠农业劳动者的积极性.农业技术经济,1983(3):1~5
[25]李小云.论我国农业科技发展的方向与战略.中国农村经济,2002(11):43~47
[26]林毅夫,沈明高.我国农业技术变迁的一般经验和政策含义.经济社会体制较,1990(2):10~18
[27]黄季焜.六十年中国农业的发展和三十年改革奇迹--制度创新、技术进步和市场改革.农业技术经济,2010(1):4~17
[28]顾海英.农业技术创新的界定.科学管理研究,1997,15(10):32~35
[29]高启杰.农业技术创新若干理论问题研究.南方经济,2004(7):45~47
[30]陈会英,周衍平.中国农业技术创新问题研究.农业经济问题,2002(8):22~26
[31]吴延兵.企业规模、市场力量与创新:一个文献综述.经济研究,2007(5):125~138
[32]顾焕章,张景顺,宋俊东等.中国农业增长的源泉与技术进步.农业技术经济,1991(1):1~8
[33]陈卫平.中国农业生产率增长、技术进步与效率变化:1990~2003年.中国农村观察,2006(1):18~23
[34]李谷成.技术效率、技术进步与中国农业生产率增长.经济评论,2009(1):60~67
[35]王秀清.中国农业增长(1981~1995年):需求角度的分析.中国农村经济,1999(5):12~17
[36]李日荣.改革以后中国的农业生产变化之原因分析.中国农村观察,1996(2):2~8
[37]李谷成,冯中朝.中国农业全要素生产率增长:技术推进抑或效率驱动—一项基于随机前沿生产函数的行业比较研究.农业技术经济,2010(5):4~14
[38]李周,于法稳.西部地区农业生产效率的DEA分析.中国农村观察,2005(6):2~10
[39]亢霞,刘秀梅.我国粮食生产的技术效率分析—基于随机前沿分析方法.中国农村观察,2005(4):25~32
[40]田伟,李明贤,谭朵朵.中国棉花生产技术进步率的测算与分析—基于随机前沿分析方法.中国农村观察,2010(2):45~53
[41]杨兴龙,王凯.中国玉米加工业生产率增长、技术进步与效率变化—以4个玉米主产省为例.中国农村观察,2008(4):53~61
[42]赵燃,骆乐,韩鹏.中国农产品加工业技术效率、技术进步与生产率长.中国农村经济,2008(4):24~32
[43]张开华.加快农业技术创新的财政政策.财政研究,2001(7):61~63
[44]赵明正.论农业科技成果属性及其转化方向.农业技术经济,1993(3):34~37
[45]樊胜根.科研投资、投入质量和中国农业科研投资的经济报酬.中国农村经济,1997(2):11~17
[46]黄季焜,胡瑞法.农业科技革命:过去和未来.农业技术经济,1998(3):1~10
[47]李国祥.加速我国农业技术创新面临的几个问题.农业经济问题,1999(11):58
[48]辜胜阻,黄永明.加快农业技术创新与制度创新的对策思考.经济评论,2000(6):25~28
[49]赵阳.中国农业科研投入的理论分析和政策建议.中国农村观察,2001(6):2~8
[50]黄季焜,胡瑞法.中国农业生产结构变化与政府的科研投资方向.华南农业大学学报,2002(1):28~33
[51]刘旭,王秀东.完善投入体制和机制推进农业科技自主创新能力建设.农业经济问题,2007(3):24~30
[52]时宽玉,胡瑞法,黄季焜等.新一轮改革以来中国农口科研单位的收入结构变化及其区域间的差异.中国软科学,2008(11):45~49
[53]安希伋.我国农业技术革新之路.农业技术经济,1998(4):16~18
[54]蔡德奇,吴元兴.要着力解决农业技术创新存在的突出问题.发展研究,2001(8):9~12
[55]胡瑞法,黄季焜,卡尔·普雷等.中国农业科研体制与政策问题的调查与思考.管理世界,1996(3):167~171
[56]蒋和平,温思美.建立农业科技投入新机制的构想.经济体制改革,1996(2):44~48
[57]高启杰.中国农业技术创新实践中存在的主要问题.调研世界.2004(8):21~24
[58]吴林海.我国农业科技创新供给的影响因素及对策探讨.上海经济研究,2009(1):30~35
[59]张军.关于我国农业科技成果若干问题的思考.农业技术经济,2005(5):61~63
[60]黄季焜,胡瑞法,方向东.农业科研投资的总量分析.农业科研经济管理,1998(3):23~32
[61]黄季焜,胡瑞法.政府是农业科技投资的主体.中国科技论坛,2000(4):59~62
[62]胡继连.论农业的自身特性与政府的宏观调控职责.农业技术经济,1995(3):2~4
[63]邵建成.论农业技术创新的涵义、特征、行为主体及其相互关系.中国农学通报,2002,18(2):103~106
[64]王静.农业技术创新的思路、重点及体制安排.产业经济研究,2003(4):56~61
[65]黄季焜,胡瑞法.中国农业科研投资:效益、利益分配及政策含义.中国软科学,2000(9):21~24
[66]沈贵银,顾焕章.农业推广服务的公共物品属性分析.农业经济问题,2002(12):30~34
[67]李容.市场失效与农业技术创新的激励.农业技术经济,1997(5):25~27
[68]李小云.论我国农业科技发展的方向与战略.中国农村经济,2002(11):43~47
[69]张雪梅,左停,周圣坤.南美农民研究小组及对我国农业科研的启示.农业技术经济,2005(2):70~75
[70]徐秀丽,李小云,左停等.农业科技政策应以支持农民生计改善为导向.中国农村经济,2003(12):4~10
[71]曾福生,李明贤.实现农业增长方式转变的科技进步方向调整的探讨.农业技术经济,1999(4):25~28
[72]李哲敏.新时期中国农业技术创新的发展战略.科学管理研究,2003,21(4):1~4
[73]黄钢,李颖,刘晓刚等.转型期我国农业技术创新面临的突出矛盾与路径选择.软科学,2009,23(10):65~68
[74]胡瑞法,梁勤,黄季焜.中国私部门农业研发投资的现状和变化趋势.中国软科学,2009(7):28~34
[75]尹茂生.私人部门农业科研投资的国际分析.农业经济问题,2004(3):19~24
[76]黄颉,胡瑞法,Carl Pray等.中国植物新品种保护申请及其决定因素.中国农村经济,2005(5):47~53
[77]辛贤.公共农业研发投资与私人农业研发投资的互补关系研究.中国农村经济,2002(5):41~47
[78]刘纯彬.实施中国农业发展战略的十个政策建议.税务研究,2008(8):18~22
[79]刘飞虎,梁雪妮.我国农业技术推广体系及其运行动力的探讨.农业技术经济,1995(3):30~32
[80]高启杰.我国农业推广投资现状与制度改革的研究.农业经济问题,2002(8):27~33
[81]黄季焜,胡瑞法,孙振玉.让科学技术进入农村的千家万户—建立新的农业技术推广创新体系.农业经济问题,2000(4):17~24
[82]智华勇,黄季焜,张德亮.不同管理体制下政府投入对基层农技推广人员从事公益性技术推广工作的影响.管理世界,2007(7):66~74
[83]黄季焜,胡瑞法,智华勇.基层农业技术推广体系30年发展与改革:政策评估和建议.农业技术经济,2009(1):4~11
[84]高启杰.国际农业推广改革与我国的对策.中国农村观察,2000(4):19~23
[85]周曙东,吴沛良,赵西华等.市场经济条件下多元化农技推广体系建设.中国农村经济,2003(4):57~62
[86]夏英,王震.农村科技特派员推广服务体系与传播机制分析.农业经济问题,2011(3):31~34
[87]高启杰.中国农业推广组织体系建设研究.科学管理研究,2010,28(1):107~111
[88]孔祥智,方松海,庞晓鹏等.西部地区农户禀赋对农业技术采纳的影响分析.经济研究,2004(12):85~95
[89]常向阳,姚华锋.农业技术选择影响因素的实证分析.中国农村经济,2005(10):36~41
[90]刘荣茂,马林靖.农户农业生产性投资行为的影响因素分析—以南京市五县区为例的实证研究.农业经济问题,2006(12):22~26
[91]张兆同,李静.农民的农业生产经营决策分析—基于江苏省苏北地区的调查.农业经济问题,2009(12):46~51
[92]唐博文,罗小锋,秦军.农户采用不同属性技术的影响因素分析—基于9省(区)2110户农户的调查.中国农村经济,2010(6):49~57
[93]李冬梅,刘智,唐殊等.农户选择水稻新品种的意愿及影响因素分析—基于四川省水稻主产区402户农户的调查.农业经济问题.2009(11):44~50
[94]廖西元,王磊,王志刚等.稻农采用节水技术影响因素的实证分析—自然因素和经济因素效应及其交互影响的估测.中国农村经济,2006(12):13~19
[95]刘宇,黄季焜,王金霞等.影响农业节水技术采用的决定因素—基于中国10个省的实证研究.节水灌溉,2009(10):1~5
[96]刘红梅,王克强,黄智俊.影响中国农户采用节水灌溉技术行为的因素分析.中国农村经济,2008(4):44~54
[97]张舰,韩纪江.有关农业新技术采用的理论及实证研究.中国农村经济,2002(11):54~60
[98]曹光乔,张宗毅.农户采纳保护性耕作技术影响因素研究.农业经济问题,2008(8):69~74
[99]刘玉梅,崔明秀,田志宏.农户对大型农机装备需求的决定因素分析.农业经济问题,2009(11):58~66
[100]刘克春.粮食生产补贴政策对农户粮食种植决策行为的影响与作用机理分析—以江西省为例.中国农村经济,2010(2):12~21
[101]王秀东,王永春.基于良种补贴政策的农户小麦新品种选择行为分析—以山东、河北、河南三省八县调查为例.中国农村经济,2008(7):24~31
[102]曹光乔,周力,易中懿等.农业机械购置补贴对农户购机行为的影响—基于江苏省水稻种植业的实证分析.中国农村经济,2010(6):38~48
[103]展进涛,陈超.劳动力转移对农户农业技术选择的影响—基于全国农户微观数据的分析.中国农村经济,2009(3):75~84
[104]朱明芬,李南田.农户采用农业新技术的行为差异及对策研究.农业技术经济,2001(2):21~26
[105]曹建民,胡瑞法,黄季焜.农民参与科学研究的意愿及其决定因素.中国农村经济,2005(19):28~35
[106]黄武.农户对有偿技术服务的需求意愿及其影响因素分析—以江苏省种植业为例.中国农村观察,2010(2):54~62
[107]张蕾,陈超,展进涛.农户农业技术信息的获取渠道与需求状况分析—基于13个粮食主产省份411个县的抽样调查.农业经济问题,2009(11):78~83
[108]王玄文,胡瑞法.农民对农业技术推广组织有偿服务需求分析—以棉花生产为例.中国农村经济,2003(4):63~68
[109]束洪福.去年我国农业科技进步贡献率达52%.科技日报,2011—04—20(1)
[110]黄季焜,胡瑞法.完善农业科研改革促进农业科技创新.农村工作通讯,2008(13):18~20
[111]杜润生.关于农村生产专业化、商品化问题.中国农村经济,1985(3):2~7
[112]王建明.中国农业科研投资与农业经济增长的互动关系研究.农业技术经济,2009(1):103~108
[113]贺大兴,姚洋.社会平等、中性政府与中国经济增长.经济研究,2011(1):4~17
[114]陈宗胜,黎德福.内生农业技术进步的二元经济增长模型—对“东亚奇迹”和中国经济的再解释.经济研究,2004(11):16~27
[115]林毅夫.中国过去是怎样养活自己的?—中国粮食生产回顾与展望.中国经贸导刊,1998(1):4~10
[116]柯炳生.正确认识和处理发展现代农业中的若干问题.中国农村经济,2007(9):4~8
[117]朱文根.中国农业发展面临的七大困惑与七项举措.中国农村经济,2003(2):12~16
[118]胡必亮.究竟应该如何认识中国的农业、农村、农民问题.中国农村经济,2007(9):4~11
[119]林毅夫,李周.我国农业的“危机”及其根本出路.经济研究,1995(6):49~53
[120]林毅夫.中国将来怎样养活自己?—中国粮食生产回顾与展望.中国经贸导刊,1998(15):9~10
[121]厉为民.关于农业科学技术效益的几个问题.农业技术经济,1994(3):2~5
[122]胡瑞法,黄季焜,罗斯高.科研体制改革的再思考:市场经济条件下农业科研人员的科研行为分析.中国农村观察,1999(6):1~10
[123]佟屏亚.聚焦农业科研体制改革.农业科研经济管理,2009(1):17~21
[124]汪学军.中美农业科技发展模式比较分析.农业经济问题,2010(8):52~57
[125]刘晓昀,辛贤.国外私人农业R&D投资及对我国农业科研机构转制的政策启示.中国农村经济,2001(7):72~77
[126]黄宗智,彭玉生.三大历史性变迁的交汇与中国小规模农业的前景.中国社会科学,2007(4):74~88
[127]周衍平,杨学成.农业技术产权实施的模式选择与保障措施.中国农村经济,2006(11):42~49
[128]温铁军,董筱丹,石嫣.中国农业发展方向的转变和政策导向:基于国际比较研究的视角.农业经济问题,2010(10):88~93
[129]夏恩君,顾焕章.构建我国农业技术创新的动力机制.农业经济问题,1995(11):42~45
[130]张林秀,乔方彬.农业技术推广与主管领导.中国农村观察,1998(5):61~65
[131]张利庠,纪海燕.试析我国农业技术推广中的财政投入.农业经济问题,2007(2):55~61
[132]梅建明,靖玉新.农业技术创新的障碍及对策.上海经济究,2002(4):10~16
[133]农业部农村经济研究中心课题组.我国农业技术推广体系调查与改革思路.中国农村经济,2005(2):46~54
[134]刘小玄,吴延兵.企业生产率增长及来源:创新还是需求拉动.经济研究,2009(7):45~54
[135]黄茂兴,李军军.技术选择、产业结构升级与经济增长.经济研究,2009(7):143~151
[136]张涛,张若雪.人力资本与技术采用:对珠三角技术进步缓慢的一个解释.管理世界,2009(2):75~82
[137]谷书堂,杨蕙馨.从进入退出角度对重复建设的考察.南开学报,1995(5):76~82
[138]刘志彪,陆国庆.衰退产业及其调整问题研究.学术月刊,2002(7):34~40
[139]杨蕙馨,王军.进入退出与国有企业的退出问题研究.南开经济研究,2004(4):36~41.
[140]宋军,胡瑞法,黄季焜.农民的农业技术选择行为分析.农业技术经济,1998(6):36~44
[141]刘纯彬.二元社会的实证分析(上).社会,1989(9):22~27
[142]刘纯彬.二元社会的实证分析(中).社会,1989(10):12~16
[143]刘纯彬.二元社会的实证分析(下).社会,1989(11):4~9
[144]刘纯彬.如何解开中国“三农”问题的死结.中国税务,2005(2):69~61
[145]贺振华.农户兼业的一个分析框架.中国农村观察,2005(1):3~9
[146]林毅夫.自生能力、经济转型与新古典经济学的反思.经济研究,2002(12):15~24.
[147]刘纯彬,王晓军.绿色经济发展中政府介入时机与政策选择:基于技术采用均衡时间的比较静态分析.经济问题,2010(3):4~8
[148]刘纯彬,王晓军.技术创新成果转化的决定因素:基于技术特征和资产可逆性的均衡分析.南京社会科学,2011(5):20~27
[149]刘纯彬,王晓军.劳动力选择性流动对农业技术创新的影响.中南财经政法大学学报,2011(4):39~45
[150]刘纯彬,王晓军.我国农业公共科技投资改革的边界.经济问题探索,2012(3):170~174
[151]刘纯彬,王晓军.农业公共科研投资的内生决定—基于我国31个省域面板数据的研究.上海经济研究,2012(4):83~93
[152]石慧.中国省际间农业生产效率差异及技术溢出效应研究:[博士学位论文].南京:南京农业大学,2009
[153]刘辉.农业技术创新的产权问题研究:[博士学位论文].长沙:湖南农业大学,2009
[154] Ruttan V W.Usher and Schumpeter on Invention,Innovation,and TechnologicalChange.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1959,73(4):596~606
[155] Sunding D,Zilberman D.TheAgricultural Innovation Process:Research and TechnologyAdoption in a Changing Agricultural Sector. For the Handbook of AgriculturalEconomics.Berkeley:University of California,2000
[156] Arrow K J.Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention.In:Universities-National Bureau.eds.The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity:Economic and Social Factors. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Incorporated,1962.609~626
[157] Demsetz H.Information and Efficiency:Another Viewpoint.Journal of Law andEconomics,1969,12(1):1~22
[158] Kamien M I,Schwartz N L.Market Structure,Elasticity of Demand and Incentive toInvent.Journal of Law and Economics,1970,13(1):241~252
[159] Dasgupta P,Stiglitz J.Corporation Uncertainty,Industrial Structure,and the Speed ofR&D.The Bell Journal of Economics,1980,11(1):1~28
[160] Dasgupta P,Stiglitz,J.Industrial Structure and the Nature of InnovativeActivity.TheEconomic Journal,1980,90(358):266-293
[161] Schmookler J.Economic Sources of InventiveActivity.The Journal of Economic History,1962,22(1):1~20
[162] Rosenberg N.Science,Invention and Economic Growth.The Economic Journal,1974,84(333):90~108
[163] Schere F M.Firm size,Market Structure and the Output of Patented Invention.AmericanEconomic Review,1965(55):1097~1125
[164] Wright B D.The Economics of Invention Incentives:Patents,Prizes,and ResearchContracts.The American Economic Review,1983,73(4):691~707
[165] Hicks J.The Theory of Wages.London:Macmillan,1st edt,1963
[166] Kurt R.The Theory of Wages.Oxford:Blackwell Publisher,1956
[167] SyedA.on the Theory of Induced Innovation.Economic Journal,1966,76(302):344~357.
[168] Ruttan,V W.Induced Innovation,Evolutionary Theory and Path Dependence:Sourcesof Technical Change.The Economic Journal,1997,107(444):1520~1529
[169] Solow R M.Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function.The Review ofEconomics and Statistics,1957,39(3):312~320
[170] Vernon W R.Productivity Growth in World Agriculture:Sources and Constraints.TheJournal of Economic Perspectives,2002,16(4):161~184
[171] Huffman W E.Developments in the Organization and Finance of Public AgriculturalResearch in the United States,1988~1999.Working Paper.Ames:Iowa State University,2005
[172] Griliches Z.Research Costs and Social Returns:Hybrid Corn and Related Innovations.TheJournal of Political Economy,1958,66(5):419~431
[173] Schmitz A,Seckler D.Mechanized Agriculture and Social Welfare:The Case of theTomato Harvester.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1970,52(4):569~577
[174] Freebairn J W,Davis J S,Edwards G W.Distribution of Research Gains in MultistageProduction Systems.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1982,64(1):39~46
[175] Huang Shuyu,Sexton R J.Measuring Returns to an Innovation in an ImperfectlyCompetitive Market:Application to Mechanical Harvesting of Processing Tomatoes inTaiwan.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1996,78(3):558~571
[176] Hamilton S F,Sunding D L.Returns to Public Investments inAgriculture with ImperfectDownstream Competition.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1998,80(4):830~838
[177] Alston J M,Sexton R J,Zhang Mingxia.The Effects of Imperfect Competition on the Sizeand Distribution of Research Benefits.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1997,79(4):1252~1265
[178] Holloway G J.Measuring research benefits in an imperfect market:secondcomment.Agricultural Economics,2000(22):123~126
[179] Guttman J M.Interest Groups and the Demand forAgricultural Research.The Journal ofPolitical Economy,1978,86(3):467~484
[180] Huffman W E,Miranowski J A.An Economic Analysis of Expenditures on AgriculturalExperiment Station Research American.Journal of Agricultural Economics,1981,63(1):104~118
[181] Huffman W E,McNulty M.Endogenous Local Public Extension Policy.American Journalof Agricultural Economics,1985,67(4):761~768
[182] Rose-Ackerman S,Evenson R.The Political Economy of Agricultural Research andExtension:Grants,Votes,and Reapportionment.American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics,1985,67(1):1~14
[183] Just R E.Economic and Political ConsiderationsAffecting Public Research inAgiculture.Study Paper.Washington:University of Maryland,1993
[184] De JA,Dethier J.Technological Innovation inAgriculture:The Political Economy of ItsRate and Bias.Study Paper.Washington:The World Bank,1985
[185] De G H,Zilberman D.On the Political Economy of Public Good Inputs inAgriculture.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1990,72(1):131~137
[186] Swinnen J F M,De Gorter H,Rausser G C,et al.The Political Economy of PublicResearch Investment and Commodity Policies in Agriculture:an AmpiricalStudy.Agricultural Economics,2000,(22):111~122
[187] Wright B D.The Economics of Invention Incentives:Patents,Prizes and ResearchContracts,The American Economic Review,1983,73(4):691~707
[188] Knudson M K,Pray C E.Plant Variety Protection,Private Funding,and Public SectorResearch Priorities.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1991,73(3):882~886
[189] Moschini G,Lapan H.Intellectual Property Rights and the Welfare Effects ofAgriculturalR&D.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1997,79(4):1229~1242
[190] Lence S H,Hayes D J,McCunnA,et al.Welfare Impacts of Property Rights in the SeedIndustry.Working Paper.Ames:Iowa State University,2002
[191] Hiebert L D.Risk,Learning,and the Adoption of Fertilizer Responsive SeedVarieties.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1974,56(4):764~768
[192] Feder G,O'Mara G T.Farm Size and the Diffusion of Green RevolutionTechnology.Economic Development and Cultural Change,1981,30(1):59~76
[193] Just R E,Zilberman D.Stochastic Structure,Farm Size and Technology Adoption inDeveloping Agriculture.Oxford Economic Papers,New Series,1983,35(2):307~328
[194] Feder G.Adoption of InterrelatedAgricultural Innovations:Complementarity and theImpacts of Risk,Scale,and Credit.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1982,64(1):94~101
[195] PurvisA,Boggess W G,Moss C B,et al.TechnologyAdoption Decisions underIrreversibility and Uncertainty:An "Ex Ante" Approach.American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics,1995,3(77):541~551
[196] Hayami Y,Ruttan V W.Factor Prices and Technical Change inAgricultural Development:The United States and Japan,1880-1960.Journal of Political Economy,1970,78(5):1115~1141
[197] Binswanger H P.A Microeconomic Approach to Induced Innovation.The EconomicJournal,1974,84(336):940~958
[198]Antle J M.The Structure of U.S.Agricultural Technology,1910-78.American Journal ofAgricultural Economics,1984,66(4):414~421
[199] Kawagoe T,Otsuka K,Hayami Y.Induced Bias of Technical Change in Agriculture:The United States and Japan,1880-1980.The Journal of Political Economy,1986,94(3):523~544
[200] OlmsteadAL,Rhode P.Induced Innovation inAmericanAgiculture:AReconsideration.The Journal of Political Economy,1993,101(1):100~118
[201] Lucas R.On the Mechanics of Economic Development.Journal of Monetary Economics,1988(22):3~42
[202] Roseboom J.Underinvestment in agricultural R&D revisited.Briefing Papers.TheNorthlands:The international Service for National agricultural Research,2003
[203] Fox G.Is the United States Really Underinvesting in Agricultural Research? AmericanJournal of Agricultural Economics,1985,67(4):806~812
[204] Schmitz A,Seckler D.Mechanized Agriculture and Social Welfare:The Case of theTomato Harvester.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1970,52(4):569~577
[205] Peterson W L.Return to Poultry Research in the United States.Journal of FarmEconomics,1967,49(3):656~669
[206] Oehmke J F,Yao Xiaobing.APolicy Preference Function for Government Intervention inthe U.S. Wheat Market.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1990,72(3):631~640
[207] Evenson R E.Spillover Benefits ofAgricultural Research:Evidence from U.S.Experience.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1989,71(2):447~452
[208] Cornes R,Sandler T.Easy Riders,Joint Production,and Public Goods.The EconomicJournal,1984,94(375):580~598
[209] Williams A.The Optimal Provision of Public Goods in a System of LocalGovernment.Journal of Political Economy,1966,74(1):18~33
[210] Warr P G.The Private Provision of a Public Good Is Independent of the Distribution ofIncome.North-Holland Economics Letters,1983(13):207~211
[211] Khanna J,Huffman W E,Sandler T.Agricultural Research Expenditures in the UnitedStates:A Public Goods Perspective.The Review of Economics and Statistics,1994,76(2):267~277
[212] Kuznets S S.Modern Economic Growth:Findings and Reflections.TheAmericanEconomic Review,1973,63(3):247~258
[213] Feder G,Just R E,Zilberman D.Adoption ofAgricultural Innovations in DevelopingCountries:A Survey.Economic Development and Cultural Change,1985,33(2):255~298
[214] Lin Yifu.Education and InnovationAdoption inAgriculture:Evidence from Hybrid Ricein China.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1991,73(3):713~723
[215] Arellano M,Bover O.Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of ErrorComponent Models.Journal of Econometrics,1995,68(1):29~51
[216] Blundell R,Bond S.Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel DataModels.Journal of Econometrics,1998,87(1):115~143
[217] Nelson R R.The Economics of Invention:ASurvey of the Literature.The Journal ofBusiness,1959,32(2):101~127
[218] Holmstrom B,Milgrom P.Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of IntertemporalIncentives.Econometrica,1987,55(2):303~328
[219] Levitt S D.Optimal Incentive Schemes when Only theAgents'"Best" Output Matters tothe Principal.The RAND Journal of Economics,1995,26(4):744~760
[220] Just R E,Huffman W E.Economic Principles and Incentives:Structure,Management,and Funding of Agricultural Research in the United States. American Journal ofAgricultural Economics,1992,74(5):1101~1108
[221] Martin S,Scott J T.The nature of innovation market failure and the design of publicsupport for private innovation.Research Policy,2000(29):437~447
[222] Huffman W E,Just R E.Funding,Structure,and Management of Public AgriculturalResearch in the United States.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1994,76(4):744~759
[223] Ruben G E:Will competitive funding improve the performance of agricultural research?Discussion Paper.The Netherlands:Inter-American Development Bank,1998
[224] Huffman W E.Developments in the Organization and Finance of PublicAgriculturalResearch in the United States,1988-1999.Working Paper.Ames:Iowa State University,2005
[225] Huffman W E,Just R E,Agricultural Research:Benefits and Beneficiaries ofAlternativeFunding Mechanisms.Review of Agricultural Economics,1999,21(1):2~18
[226] Huffman W E,Just R E.Setting Efficient Incentives forAgricultural Research:Lessonsfrom Principal-Agent Theory.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2000,82(4):828~841
[227] Mas-collelA,Whinston S D,Green J R.Microeconomic Theory.New York:OxfordUniversity Press,1995
[228] Howe J D,McFetridge DG.The Determinants of R&D Expenditures.The CanadianJournal of Economics,1976,91(1):57~71
[229] David PA,Hall B H,TooleAA.Is Public R&D a Complement or Substitute for PrivateR&D? A Review of the Econometric Evidence.Working Paper.Berkeley:University ofCalifornia,1999
[230] Blank D M,Stigler G J.The Demand and Supply of Scientific Personnel.In:DavidM.Blank,Stigler G J.The Demand and Supply of Scientific Personnel.Cambridge:the National Bureau of Economic Research,1957
[231] Levy D M,Terleckyj N E.Effects of Government R&D on Private R&D Investment andProductivity:A Macroeconomic Analysis.The Bell Journal of Economics,1983,14(2):551~561
[232] Lichtenberg F R.The Relationship between Federal Contract R&D and CompanyR&D.The American Economic Review,1984,74(2):73~78
[233] Lichtenberg F R.The Effect of Government Funding on Private Industrial Research andDevelopment:A Re-Assessment.The Journal of Industrial Economics,1987,36(1):97~104
[234] Lichtenberg F R.The Private R and D Investment Response to Federal Design andTechnical Competitions.The American Economic Review,1988,78(3):550~559
[235] JaffeAB.Real Effects ofAcademic Research.TheAmerican Economic Review,1989,79(5):957~970
[236] Acs Z J,Audretsch D B,Feldman M P.Real Effects ofAcademic Research:Comment.TheAmerican Economic Review,1992,82(1):363~367
[237] Cockborn L,Hendersen R.Public-Private Interaction and the productivity ofPharmaceutical Research.Working Paper.Cambridge:the National Bureau of EconomicResearch,1997
[238] DiamondAM,JR.Does Federal Funding " Crowd in " Private Funding of Science?Contemporary Economic Policy,1999,17(4):423~431
[239] Cohen W M,Nelson R R,Walsh J P.Links and Impacts:The Influence of Public Researchon Industrial R&D.Management Science,2002,48(1):1~23
[240] Birkhaeuser D,Evenson R E,Feder G.The Economic Impact ofAgricultural Extension:A Review.Economic Development and Cultural Change,1991,39(3):607~650
[241] Anderson J R,Feder G.Agricultural Extension:Good Intention and Hard Realities.TheWord Bank Research Observer,2004,19(1):41~60
[242] Feder G,Slade R.TheAcquisition of Information and theAdoption of NewTechnology.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1984,66(3):312~320
[243] Cash D W.In Order toAid in Diffusing Useful and Practical Information:AgriculturalExtension and Boundary Organizations.Science,Technology,Human Values,2001,26(4):431~453
[244] Wozniak G D.Human Capital,information,and the EarlyAdoption of NewTechnology.The Journal of Human Resources,1987,22(1):101~112
[245] Huffman W E.Assessing Returns toAgricultural Extension.American Journal ofAgricultural Economics,1978,60(5):969~975
[246] Picciotto R,Anderson J R.ReconsideringAgricultural Extension.The World BankResearch Observer,1997,12(2):249~259
[247]Axinn G H.Guide on alternative ExtensionApproaches.Rome:Food andAgricultureOrganization of the United Nations,1988
[248] Frisvold G B,Fernicola K,Langworthy M.Market Returns,Infrastructure and the Supplyand Demand for Extension Services.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2001,83(3):58~763
[249] Chapman R,Tripp R.Changing Incentives forAgricultural Extension–AReview ofPrivatized Extension in Practice.Agricultural Research&Extension Network,NetworkPaper,132,2003
[250] Van den BanAW.Different Ways of FinancingAgricultural Extension.AgriculturalResearch&Extension Network,Network Paper,106,2000
[251] Simpson B M,Owens M.Farmer Field Schools and the Future ofAgricultural Extensionin Africa.Proceedings of the18th Annual Conference.Durban: the Association forInternational Agricultural and Extension Education,2002
[252] Swanson B E,Samy M M.Developing an Extension Partnership among Public,Private,and Nongovernmental Organizations.Journal of International Agricultural and ExtensionEducation,2002,9(1):5~10
[253] Sharma R.Reforms in Agricultural Extension:New Policy Framework.Economic andPolitical Weekly,2002,37(30):3124~3131
[254] Rivera W M.The Continuing Role of Government in Pluralistic ExtensionSystems.Proceedings of the20th Annual Conference.Dublin: the Association forInternational Agricultural and Extension Education,2004
[255] Hanson J C,Just R E.The Potential for Transition to PaidAgricultural Some GuidingEconomic Principles.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2001,83(3):777~784
[256] Farrington J.Public SectorAgricultural Extension:Is There LifeAfter StructuralAdjustment? Natural Resource Perspectives,1994,2
[257] Umali-Deininger D.Public and PrivateAgricultural Extension:Partners or Rivals? TheWorld Bank Research Observer,1997,12(2):203~224
[258] SandmoA.On the Theory of the Competitive Firm Under Price Uncertainty.TheAmericanEconomic Review,1971,61(1):65~73
[259] Feder G.Farm Size,RiskAversion and theAdoption of New Technology underUncertainty.Oxford Economic Papers,New Series,1980,32(2):263~283
[260] SahaA,Love HA,Schwart R.Adoption of Emerging Technologies under OutputUncertainty.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1994,76(4):836~846