论英国传播研究——一种马克思主义学术传统的考察
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摘要
本文尝试做出这样一种努力:一方面,从整体上把握英国学界关于媒体和传播的种种缤纷多元的研究,画出清晰的发展脉络和地形图,书写学术史;另一方面,努力以“马克思主义”为经络串起学术史上的史实,突出马克思主义对从事英国传播研究的学者与英国传播研究本身的双重影响。
本文采用了文献阅读、访谈与讨论、实地观察三种方法来进行这次学术史的写作。首先,通过大量阅读英文文献尽可能全面地了解英国的传播研究领域,获得接近实际情况的理解。其次,借助在英国访问学习的机会,对本文所涉及到的一些重要学者进行访谈和讨论,消除误会、澄清态度和观点,弥补书面文献的不足之处。第三,参与威斯敏斯特学派这一媒体研究的代表学派的学术活动,通过实地观察法获得全面而深入的了解,并获得一手资料。
要探究马克思主义与英国传播研究的关系,首先要了解马克思主义在英国的发展及其对知识界的影响,然后再在相关学术史中考察马克思主义如何被接受或被修正。因此本文在厘清基本概念之后,首先描述马克思主义对英国知识界的影响,突出了左派读书俱乐部与新左派运动的重要作用。然后对由左派知识分子所创立的英国文化研究领域进行详述,以伯明翰学派为分析的主要对象。写作中突出文化研究对媒体的关照,并理清其中“走近马克思”又“远离马克思”的线索。接着,讨论以威斯敏斯特学派为代表的英国媒体研究与马克思主义的关系。本文认为,在文化研究逐渐丧失对政治的关注后,媒体研究学者成为了英国的批判性研究的主体。最后,本文从马克思的阶级、劳动、权力的概念出发,对较多继承了马克思主义的传播政治经济领域进行了学说整理。
就论文整体而言,对英国传播研究的整理以及对马克思主义在其中的影响力的阐释,对威斯敏斯特学派及其与马克思主义的关系的分析是本文的创新之处。将马克思主义、英国共产党、左派读书俱乐部、新左运动这四者勾连起来,以此阐述英国传播研究中马克思主义传统的大背景,也较有新意。
This thesis aims to on the one hand map out the academic field of media and communication studies in UK, which covers culture studies, media studies, political economy of media, policy research, media history, etc; and on the other hand outline the Marxism roots in the intellectual history of these fields. Not only the personal influences Marxism exerted to the scholars are examined, but also the dynamics between Marxism and the researches on media are evaluated.
The methodologies of the thesis are as below: literature review, interview and informal talk, field observation. Abundant literature in English in its original form provide more accurate information than the translated versions; interviews and informal talks conducted by the author provide the chances to enhance the understanding of what the scholars thought of and wrote about; field observation collects first hand all-around information.
The thesis first probes how Marxism was accepted by British intellectuals, especially the left wing. Left Book Club and New Left are discussed in this case. Then the thesis describes how the British culture studies and media studies inherit, modify, develop or abandon Marxism, in which way and causes what results. Birmingham School and Westminster School as the representing scholar communities of each approach are in the center of discussion. At last the thesis identifies three concepts of class, labor and power, which are key concepts of Marxism as well as playing a major role in the approach of political economy of media/communication.
The main contribution of the thesis is to elaborate on Westminster School that was rarely mentioned before in China as well as map out the communication research field in UK in the Marxism perspective.
本文采用了文献阅读、访谈与讨论、实地观察三种方法来进行这次学术史的写作。首先,通过大量阅读英文文献尽可能全面地了解英国的传播研究领域,获得接近实际情况的理解。其次,借助在英国访问学习的机会,对本文所涉及到的一些重要学者进行访谈和讨论,消除误会、澄清态度和观点,弥补书面文献的不足之处。第三,参与威斯敏斯特学派这一媒体研究的代表学派的学术活动,通过实地观察法获得全面而深入的了解,并获得一手资料。
要探究马克思主义与英国传播研究的关系,首先要了解马克思主义在英国的发展及其对知识界的影响,然后再在相关学术史中考察马克思主义如何被接受或被修正。因此本文在厘清基本概念之后,首先描述马克思主义对英国知识界的影响,突出了左派读书俱乐部与新左派运动的重要作用。然后对由左派知识分子所创立的英国文化研究领域进行详述,以伯明翰学派为分析的主要对象。写作中突出文化研究对媒体的关照,并理清其中“走近马克思”又“远离马克思”的线索。接着,讨论以威斯敏斯特学派为代表的英国媒体研究与马克思主义的关系。本文认为,在文化研究逐渐丧失对政治的关注后,媒体研究学者成为了英国的批判性研究的主体。最后,本文从马克思的阶级、劳动、权力的概念出发,对较多继承了马克思主义的传播政治经济领域进行了学说整理。
就论文整体而言,对英国传播研究的整理以及对马克思主义在其中的影响力的阐释,对威斯敏斯特学派及其与马克思主义的关系的分析是本文的创新之处。将马克思主义、英国共产党、左派读书俱乐部、新左运动这四者勾连起来,以此阐述英国传播研究中马克思主义传统的大背景,也较有新意。
This thesis aims to on the one hand map out the academic field of media and communication studies in UK, which covers culture studies, media studies, political economy of media, policy research, media history, etc; and on the other hand outline the Marxism roots in the intellectual history of these fields. Not only the personal influences Marxism exerted to the scholars are examined, but also the dynamics between Marxism and the researches on media are evaluated.
The methodologies of the thesis are as below: literature review, interview and informal talk, field observation. Abundant literature in English in its original form provide more accurate information than the translated versions; interviews and informal talks conducted by the author provide the chances to enhance the understanding of what the scholars thought of and wrote about; field observation collects first hand all-around information.
The thesis first probes how Marxism was accepted by British intellectuals, especially the left wing. Left Book Club and New Left are discussed in this case. Then the thesis describes how the British culture studies and media studies inherit, modify, develop or abandon Marxism, in which way and causes what results. Birmingham School and Westminster School as the representing scholar communities of each approach are in the center of discussion. At last the thesis identifies three concepts of class, labor and power, which are key concepts of Marxism as well as playing a major role in the approach of political economy of media/communication.
The main contribution of the thesis is to elaborate on Westminster School that was rarely mentioned before in China as well as map out the communication research field in UK in the Marxism perspective.
引文
①参见《马克思恩格斯全集》.1版.第35卷.第253页。
②参见《马克思恩格斯全集》.1版.第35卷.第422页。
①见‘Karl Marx: 100 not out’, Marxism Today, p.16.
①参见汪晖对佩里·安德森的访谈:《新左翼、自由主义与社会主义——P.安德森访谈》。
①参见汪晖对佩里·安德森的访谈:《新左翼、自由主义与社会主义——P.安德森访谈》。
①参见李兴耕译.“马克思至今仍然是具有重大现实意义的人物”——霍布斯鲍姆访谈录.当代世界社会主义问题. 2005年第1期. vol 83.
②参见:《文化研究四十年——理查·霍加特访谈录》,《现代传播:北京广播学院学报》,2002年5期。
②参看徐德林在《记忆与欲望的耦合》一书译后记里的脚注,第229页。
①Stuart Hall,‘Encoding/decoding’, in S Hall, D Hobson, A Lowe and P Willis, Culture, Media, Language. Unwin Hyman Ltd. 1980. pp128-138.
①David Morley, Television, Audiences and Cultural Studies, Routledge, 1997.p10-12.
②Ien Ang,‘On the Politics of Empirical Audience Research’, in M. G. Durham, D. Kellner eds. Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks. Blackwell Publishing, 2001.
①参见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Westminster
②参见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)
②根据Andrew Goodwin于2008年5月对尼古拉斯·加汉姆的访谈,见https://usffiles.usfca.edu/FacStaff/goodwina/WWW/GarnhamInterview.pdf
①根据Andrew Goodwin于2008年5月对尼古拉斯·加汉姆的访谈,载https://usffiles.usfca.edu/FacStaff/goodwina/WWW/GarnhamInterview.pdf
①根据Andrew Goodwin于2008年5月对尼古拉斯·加汉姆的访谈,载https://usffiles.usfca.edu/FacStaff/goodwina/WWW/GarnhamInterview.pdf
①参见威斯敏斯特学术动态通讯“Findings: Centre for Communication and Information Studies, University of Westminster. Nov/Dec 2002”。
②参见柯林·斯帕克斯在自己主页上的介绍:http://www.wmin.ac.uk/mad/page-1613
①参见威斯敏斯特学术动态通讯“Findings: Centre for Communication and Information Studies, University of Westminster. Nov 2004”中对WPCC的介绍。
②参见威斯敏斯特学术动态通讯“Findings: Centre for Communication and Information Studies, University of Westminster. Spring 2009”中关于RAE评估结果的介绍。
③参见《泰晤士报》报道:Alexandra Frean,‘RAE: Former polytechnics give Oxbridge a run for its money in rankings’, Dec.18 2008, The Times.
①详情可见http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/ukpga_20030021_en_1
②全名为United Kingdom’s Office of Communications
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②参见《马克思恩格斯全集》.1版.第35卷.第422页。
①见‘Karl Marx: 100 not out’, Marxism Today, p.16.
①参见汪晖对佩里·安德森的访谈:《新左翼、自由主义与社会主义——P.安德森访谈》。
①参见汪晖对佩里·安德森的访谈:《新左翼、自由主义与社会主义——P.安德森访谈》。
①参见李兴耕译.“马克思至今仍然是具有重大现实意义的人物”——霍布斯鲍姆访谈录.当代世界社会主义问题. 2005年第1期. vol 83.
②参见:《文化研究四十年——理查·霍加特访谈录》,《现代传播:北京广播学院学报》,2002年5期。
②参看徐德林在《记忆与欲望的耦合》一书译后记里的脚注,第229页。
①Stuart Hall,‘Encoding/decoding’, in S Hall, D Hobson, A Lowe and P Willis, Culture, Media, Language. Unwin Hyman Ltd. 1980. pp128-138.
①David Morley, Television, Audiences and Cultural Studies, Routledge, 1997.p10-12.
②Ien Ang,‘On the Politics of Empirical Audience Research’, in M. G. Durham, D. Kellner eds. Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks. Blackwell Publishing, 2001.
①参见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Westminster
②参见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)
②根据Andrew Goodwin于2008年5月对尼古拉斯·加汉姆的访谈,见https://usffiles.usfca.edu/FacStaff/goodwina/WWW/GarnhamInterview.pdf
①根据Andrew Goodwin于2008年5月对尼古拉斯·加汉姆的访谈,载https://usffiles.usfca.edu/FacStaff/goodwina/WWW/GarnhamInterview.pdf
①根据Andrew Goodwin于2008年5月对尼古拉斯·加汉姆的访谈,载https://usffiles.usfca.edu/FacStaff/goodwina/WWW/GarnhamInterview.pdf
①参见威斯敏斯特学术动态通讯“Findings: Centre for Communication and Information Studies, University of Westminster. Nov/Dec 2002”。
②参见柯林·斯帕克斯在自己主页上的介绍:http://www.wmin.ac.uk/mad/page-1613
①参见威斯敏斯特学术动态通讯“Findings: Centre for Communication and Information Studies, University of Westminster. Nov 2004”中对WPCC的介绍。
②参见威斯敏斯特学术动态通讯“Findings: Centre for Communication and Information Studies, University of Westminster. Spring 2009”中关于RAE评估结果的介绍。
③参见《泰晤士报》报道:Alexandra Frean,‘RAE: Former polytechnics give Oxbridge a run for its money in rankings’, Dec.18 2008, The Times.
①详情可见http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/ukpga_20030021_en_1
②全名为United Kingdom’s Office of Communications
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