中部地区城乡收入极化程度变化研究
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摘要
收入分配不平等问题一直受到社会各界的关注,近年来收入两极分化问题开始引起学者们的关注,我国各地区均存在不同程度的城乡收入两极分化情况,且各地区间存在差异性,本文对我国中部地区区域内城乡收入两极分化的静态特征及动态时空演变特征进行了深入分析,并探索了城乡收入两极分化与地区经济增长之间的长期均衡关系。
笔者首先利用中部六省的实证数据,得到中部地区88个地级市的城乡收入两极分化指数(ER指数),按ER指数对各地区进行排名,并在此排名基础上的将中部地区88个地级市按极化程度分为四类,分别是城乡两极分化严重地区、城乡两极分化较严重地区、城乡两极分化一般化地区、城乡两极分化不显著地区。然后讨论了这四种类型区的特征和空间分布情况,并分析了各极化类型区的经济发展差异。动态分析部分,选取2000年、2009年两个时点数据,从地级市(州)域、省域、以及极化类型区等层面分析中部地区城乡收入两极分化在这10年来不断演变的动态特征。最后在中部地区整体层面的视角下探究了城乡收入极化与地区经济增长之间的动态关系。主要结论是：中部地区市(州)域的城乡居民收入两极分化程度各异,且分布极不平衡,有显著的地域差异,中部地区各省省域内城乡收入两极分化程度差异也非常突出。城乡两极分化严重地区与城乡两极分化较严重地区数量远大于城乡两极分化一般化地区与城乡两极分化不显著地区的数量,从空间分布特征看,严重地区数量众多。动态分析中发现,中部地区市(州)城乡居民收入两极分化指数除少数地级市出现一定程度的降低外,绝大多数地级市呈现出不同程度的增长态势,空间类型分布也发生了明显的变化。在对城乡收入两极分化与经济增长之间关系的讨论中,通过协整检验发现,收入两极分化指数与人均GDP之间存在一个协整方程,即二者间具有长期均衡关系。
Income distribution inequality has always received concerns from all sectors of the society. Recently, income polarization began to attract the attentions of scholars. The degree of income polarization varies between urban and rural residents in many areas in China; furthermore, differences exist in different areas. This dissertation will thoroughly analyze the static characteristics and dynamic evolution characteristics of income polarization in the central region of China. It will also explore the long term equilibrium relationship between income polarization between urban and rural areas and regional economic growth.
The author will first use the empirical data from six provinces in the central region of China to get the income polarization index between urban and rural areas (ER index) of 88 cities in the central region of China. Then those areas will be ranked according to the ER index, and then divided into four categories based on the degree of income polarization between urban and rural areas:the most serious area, serious area, general area, and not significant area. Then the author will discuss the characteristics and spatial distribution of the four areas and analyze the development differences between those areas. In the dynamic analysis part, the author used the data of year 2000 and 2009, analyzed dynamic evolution characteristics of the income polarization between urban and rural residents in the central region of China during the 10 years from levels of prefecture-level cities, provinces, and the four categories divided. Finally, the dissertation explores the dynamic relationship between income polarization between urban and rural areas and regional economic growth from the perspective of the overall dimensions of the central region of China. The main conclusions are:the degree of income polarization between urban and rural residents in the central region of China differs, the distribution is extremely uneven, there is significant regional and spatial divergence, and the income polarization between urban and rural residents is also severe in different provinces in the central region of China. The number of the most serious areas is much larger than the number of the general area and the not significant area. From the view of the characteristics of the spatial distribution, the number of the most serious area is huge. The dynamic analysis shows that, except some reduction in a few cities, the income polarization index between urban and rural areas shows varying degrees of growth in most cities. During the discussion of the relationship between income polarization between urban and rural areas and regional economic growth, through the co-integration test, the author found that there is a co-integration equation between the income polarization index between urban and rural areas and the GDP per capita; that is there is a long term equilibrium relationship between them.
笔者首先利用中部六省的实证数据,得到中部地区88个地级市的城乡收入两极分化指数(ER指数),按ER指数对各地区进行排名,并在此排名基础上的将中部地区88个地级市按极化程度分为四类,分别是城乡两极分化严重地区、城乡两极分化较严重地区、城乡两极分化一般化地区、城乡两极分化不显著地区。然后讨论了这四种类型区的特征和空间分布情况,并分析了各极化类型区的经济发展差异。动态分析部分,选取2000年、2009年两个时点数据,从地级市(州)域、省域、以及极化类型区等层面分析中部地区城乡收入两极分化在这10年来不断演变的动态特征。最后在中部地区整体层面的视角下探究了城乡收入极化与地区经济增长之间的动态关系。主要结论是：中部地区市(州)域的城乡居民收入两极分化程度各异,且分布极不平衡,有显著的地域差异,中部地区各省省域内城乡收入两极分化程度差异也非常突出。城乡两极分化严重地区与城乡两极分化较严重地区数量远大于城乡两极分化一般化地区与城乡两极分化不显著地区的数量,从空间分布特征看,严重地区数量众多。动态分析中发现,中部地区市(州)城乡居民收入两极分化指数除少数地级市出现一定程度的降低外,绝大多数地级市呈现出不同程度的增长态势,空间类型分布也发生了明显的变化。在对城乡收入两极分化与经济增长之间关系的讨论中,通过协整检验发现,收入两极分化指数与人均GDP之间存在一个协整方程,即二者间具有长期均衡关系。
Income distribution inequality has always received concerns from all sectors of the society. Recently, income polarization began to attract the attentions of scholars. The degree of income polarization varies between urban and rural residents in many areas in China; furthermore, differences exist in different areas. This dissertation will thoroughly analyze the static characteristics and dynamic evolution characteristics of income polarization in the central region of China. It will also explore the long term equilibrium relationship between income polarization between urban and rural areas and regional economic growth.
The author will first use the empirical data from six provinces in the central region of China to get the income polarization index between urban and rural areas (ER index) of 88 cities in the central region of China. Then those areas will be ranked according to the ER index, and then divided into four categories based on the degree of income polarization between urban and rural areas:the most serious area, serious area, general area, and not significant area. Then the author will discuss the characteristics and spatial distribution of the four areas and analyze the development differences between those areas. In the dynamic analysis part, the author used the data of year 2000 and 2009, analyzed dynamic evolution characteristics of the income polarization between urban and rural residents in the central region of China during the 10 years from levels of prefecture-level cities, provinces, and the four categories divided. Finally, the dissertation explores the dynamic relationship between income polarization between urban and rural areas and regional economic growth from the perspective of the overall dimensions of the central region of China. The main conclusions are:the degree of income polarization between urban and rural residents in the central region of China differs, the distribution is extremely uneven, there is significant regional and spatial divergence, and the income polarization between urban and rural residents is also severe in different provinces in the central region of China. The number of the most serious areas is much larger than the number of the general area and the not significant area. From the view of the characteristics of the spatial distribution, the number of the most serious area is huge. The dynamic analysis shows that, except some reduction in a few cities, the income polarization index between urban and rural areas shows varying degrees of growth in most cities. During the discussion of the relationship between income polarization between urban and rural areas and regional economic growth, through the co-integration test, the author found that there is a co-integration equation between the income polarization index between urban and rural areas and the GDP per capita; that is there is a long term equilibrium relationship between them.
引文
[1]李实,赵人伟.中国居民收入分配再研究[J].经济研究,1999(4)：3-17.
[2]李实.中国个人收入分配研究回顾与展望[J].经济学(季刊),2003(2).
[3]李实,岳希明.我国城乡收入差距世界最高[J].理论参考,2005,(4)：50-52.
[4]刘宪.中国经济增长与收入差距的理论与经验研究[J].商业经济与管理.2010,(10)：91-96.
[5]龙翠红,洪银兴.收入不平等对中国经济增长的影响[J].当代财经.2010(6)：5-11.
[6]张海峰,毛捷.转型期收入差距变动及其对经济增长的影响[J].财政研究2010(5)
[7]陈安平.论我国收入差距与经济增长的关系及其内在机制[J].开发研究.2009(4)
[8]陈安平.城乡收入差距与经济增长的关系研究[J].中央财经大学学报.2009(6)
[9]陈安平.中国经济增长与收入差距关系的经验研究[J].经济问题.2010(4)
[10]陈安平.我国收入差距与经济增长的面板协整与因果关系研究[J].经济经纬.2010(1)
[11]潘爱芹.经济增长与城乡居民收入差距实证分析[J].商业时代,2009,(31)：122-123.
[12]洪兴建,李金昌.两极分化测度方法述评与中国居民收入两极分化.经济研究[J].2007,(11)：139-153.
[13]王明华.论收入差距与两极分化之关系[J].经济问题.2003,(9)：2-4,64.
[14]马克思.资本论(第1卷)[M]1北京：人民出版社.197517081
[15]丛松日.两极分化、共同富裕与社会制度[J].财经科学.2000,(5)：54-56.
[16]胡培兆.共同富裕与良性两极分化[J].理论前沿.2003(5)
[17]严林彪.马克思对两极分化问题的论述及思考[J].马克思主义研究.1997(5)
[18]王检贵.两种不同类型的两极分化[J].经济学家.2000,(5)：70-73.
[19]陈宗胜.关于收入差别倒U曲线及两极分化研究中的几个方法问题[J].中国社 会科学.2002,(5)：307-315.
[20]李实,赵人伟,张平.中国经济改革中的收入分配变动[J].管理世界.1998,(5)：43-56.
[21]王少平,欧阳志刚.我国城乡收入差距的度量及其对经济增长的效应[J].经济研究.2007(10)：44-55.
[22]宾建成,金喜在.关于两极分化的理论探讨[J].吉首大学学报.2000(02)
[23]章洪海,苟娟娟.也谈中国的两极分化现状[J].经济问题.2005,(6)：28-34.
[24]刘霖,秦宛顺收入分配差距与经济增长之因果关系研究[J].福建论坛.人文社会科学版.2005,(7)：79-82.
[25]彭腾.论我国现阶段收入分配极化[J].云南财贸学院学报(社会科学版).2005,(1)：34-37
[26]朱明,吴伟.我国城镇居民收入差距问题研究[J].边疆经济与文化.2007(02)
[27]金江,何立华.中国城乡居民收入分配两极分化研究[J].山东经济.2010,(10):33-37.
[28]王祖祥.中部六省基尼系数的估算研究[J].中国社会科学.2006(04)
[29]刘小勇.中国区域间农村居民收入差异及极化研究[J].财经论丛.2009,,(1)：1-6.
[30]曹裕,陈晓红,马跃如.城市化、城乡收入差距与经济增长—基于我国省级面板数据的实证研究[J].统计研究.2010,(3)：29-36.
[31]许冰,章上峰.经济增长与收入分配不平等的倒U型多拐点测度研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究.2010(2)
[32]王少国,贺福珍.中国城乡收入差距对经济效率的影响[J].云南财经大学学报.2009,(9)：43-56.
[33]Beach, C.M., Chaykowski, R.P., Slotsve, G.A.Inequality and polarization of male earnings in the US 1968-1992[J]. North American Journal of Economics and Finance,1998,(8):135-151.
[34]ROBERTO EZCURRA Does Income Polarization Affect Economic Growth? The Case of the European Regions Regional Studies,Vol.43.2,pp.267-285,March 2009
[35]ESTEBAN J.M.and RAY D.(1994)On the measurement of polarization,Econometrica 62,819-851.
[36]ESTEBAN J.M.,GRAD'IN C.and RAY D.(2007)Extension of a measure of polarization with an application to the income distributions of five OECD countries,Journal of Income Inequality 5,1-19.
[38]WOLFSON M.(1994)When inequalities diverge,American Economic Review 84,353-358.
[39]ANDERSON G.(2004)Toward an empirical analysis of polarization,Journal of Econometrics 122,1-26.
[40]BARRO R.(2000)Inequality and growth in a panel of countries,Journal of Economic Growth 5,5-32.
[41]AGHION P.,CAROLI E.and GARCIA-PEN?ALOSA C.(1999)Inequality and economic growth:the perspective of the new growth theories,Journal of Economic Literature 37,1615-1660.
[42]BENABOU R.(1996)Inequality and growth,NBER Macroeconomics Annual,11-73.
[43]EASTERLY W.(2001)The middle class consensus and economic development,Journal of Economic Growth 6,317-335.
[44]EICHER T.S.and TURNOVSKY S.J.(Eds)(2003)Inequality and Growth:Theory and Policy Implications.MIT Press,Cambridge,MA
[45]FORBES K.J.(2000)A reassessment on the relationship between inequality and growth,American Economic Review 90,869-887.
[46]HORRIGAN M.W.and HAUGEN S.E.(1988)The declining middle class:a sensitivity analysis,Monthly Labor Review 111,3-11.
[47]JENKINS S.P.(1996)Recent trends in the UK income distribution:what happened and why?,Oxford Economic Policy 12,29-46.
[48]MARTINO Gand PERUGINI C.(2006)Income inequality within European regions:determinants and effects on growth.Paper presented at the 9th Conference of the EACE Studies,Brighton,UK,September 2006.
[49]PANIZZA U.(2002)Income inequality and economic growth:evidence from American data Journal of Economic Growth 7,25-41.
[50]WANG Y.and TSUI K.(2000)Polarization orderings and new classes of polarization indices,Journal of Public Economic Theory 2, 349-363.
[51]Juan Antonio Duro Another look to income polarization across countries Journal of Policy Modeling 27(2005)1001-1007
[52]Shubhasree Seshanna, Stephane Decornez Income polarization and inequality across countries:an empirical study Journal of Policy Modeling 25(2003)335-358
[53]XIAOBO ZHANG and RAVI KANBUR What Difference Do Polarisation Measures Make? An Application to China The Journal ofDevelopment Studies; Feb 2001;37,3
[54]Simon Kuznets,"Econom ic Growth and Income Inequality",The American Econom ic Review,1955,3,pp1-28.
[2]李实.中国个人收入分配研究回顾与展望[J].经济学(季刊),2003(2).
[3]李实,岳希明.我国城乡收入差距世界最高[J].理论参考,2005,(4)：50-52.
[4]刘宪.中国经济增长与收入差距的理论与经验研究[J].商业经济与管理.2010,(10)：91-96.
[5]龙翠红,洪银兴.收入不平等对中国经济增长的影响[J].当代财经.2010(6)：5-11.
[6]张海峰,毛捷.转型期收入差距变动及其对经济增长的影响[J].财政研究2010(5)
[7]陈安平.论我国收入差距与经济增长的关系及其内在机制[J].开发研究.2009(4)
[8]陈安平.城乡收入差距与经济增长的关系研究[J].中央财经大学学报.2009(6)
[9]陈安平.中国经济增长与收入差距关系的经验研究[J].经济问题.2010(4)
[10]陈安平.我国收入差距与经济增长的面板协整与因果关系研究[J].经济经纬.2010(1)
[11]潘爱芹.经济增长与城乡居民收入差距实证分析[J].商业时代,2009,(31)：122-123.
[12]洪兴建,李金昌.两极分化测度方法述评与中国居民收入两极分化.经济研究[J].2007,(11)：139-153.
[13]王明华.论收入差距与两极分化之关系[J].经济问题.2003,(9)：2-4,64.
[14]马克思.资本论(第1卷)[M]1北京：人民出版社.197517081
[15]丛松日.两极分化、共同富裕与社会制度[J].财经科学.2000,(5)：54-56.
[16]胡培兆.共同富裕与良性两极分化[J].理论前沿.2003(5)
[17]严林彪.马克思对两极分化问题的论述及思考[J].马克思主义研究.1997(5)
[18]王检贵.两种不同类型的两极分化[J].经济学家.2000,(5)：70-73.
[19]陈宗胜.关于收入差别倒U曲线及两极分化研究中的几个方法问题[J].中国社 会科学.2002,(5)：307-315.
[20]李实,赵人伟,张平.中国经济改革中的收入分配变动[J].管理世界.1998,(5)：43-56.
[21]王少平,欧阳志刚.我国城乡收入差距的度量及其对经济增长的效应[J].经济研究.2007(10)：44-55.
[22]宾建成,金喜在.关于两极分化的理论探讨[J].吉首大学学报.2000(02)
[23]章洪海,苟娟娟.也谈中国的两极分化现状[J].经济问题.2005,(6)：28-34.
[24]刘霖,秦宛顺收入分配差距与经济增长之因果关系研究[J].福建论坛.人文社会科学版.2005,(7)：79-82.
[25]彭腾.论我国现阶段收入分配极化[J].云南财贸学院学报(社会科学版).2005,(1)：34-37
[26]朱明,吴伟.我国城镇居民收入差距问题研究[J].边疆经济与文化.2007(02)
[27]金江,何立华.中国城乡居民收入分配两极分化研究[J].山东经济.2010,(10):33-37.
[28]王祖祥.中部六省基尼系数的估算研究[J].中国社会科学.2006(04)
[29]刘小勇.中国区域间农村居民收入差异及极化研究[J].财经论丛.2009,,(1)：1-6.
[30]曹裕,陈晓红,马跃如.城市化、城乡收入差距与经济增长—基于我国省级面板数据的实证研究[J].统计研究.2010,(3)：29-36.
[31]许冰,章上峰.经济增长与收入分配不平等的倒U型多拐点测度研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究.2010(2)
[32]王少国,贺福珍.中国城乡收入差距对经济效率的影响[J].云南财经大学学报.2009,(9)：43-56.
[33]Beach, C.M., Chaykowski, R.P., Slotsve, G.A.Inequality and polarization of male earnings in the US 1968-1992[J]. North American Journal of Economics and Finance,1998,(8):135-151.
[34]ROBERTO EZCURRA Does Income Polarization Affect Economic Growth? The Case of the European Regions Regional Studies,Vol.43.2,pp.267-285,March 2009
[35]ESTEBAN J.M.and RAY D.(1994)On the measurement of polarization,Econometrica 62,819-851.
[36]ESTEBAN J.M.,GRAD'IN C.and RAY D.(2007)Extension of a measure of polarization with an application to the income distributions of five OECD countries,Journal of Income Inequality 5,1-19.
[38]WOLFSON M.(1994)When inequalities diverge,American Economic Review 84,353-358.
[39]ANDERSON G.(2004)Toward an empirical analysis of polarization,Journal of Econometrics 122,1-26.
[40]BARRO R.(2000)Inequality and growth in a panel of countries,Journal of Economic Growth 5,5-32.
[41]AGHION P.,CAROLI E.and GARCIA-PEN?ALOSA C.(1999)Inequality and economic growth:the perspective of the new growth theories,Journal of Economic Literature 37,1615-1660.
[42]BENABOU R.(1996)Inequality and growth,NBER Macroeconomics Annual,11-73.
[43]EASTERLY W.(2001)The middle class consensus and economic development,Journal of Economic Growth 6,317-335.
[44]EICHER T.S.and TURNOVSKY S.J.(Eds)(2003)Inequality and Growth:Theory and Policy Implications.MIT Press,Cambridge,MA
[45]FORBES K.J.(2000)A reassessment on the relationship between inequality and growth,American Economic Review 90,869-887.
[46]HORRIGAN M.W.and HAUGEN S.E.(1988)The declining middle class:a sensitivity analysis,Monthly Labor Review 111,3-11.
[47]JENKINS S.P.(1996)Recent trends in the UK income distribution:what happened and why?,Oxford Economic Policy 12,29-46.
[48]MARTINO Gand PERUGINI C.(2006)Income inequality within European regions:determinants and effects on growth.Paper presented at the 9th Conference of the EACE Studies,Brighton,UK,September 2006.
[49]PANIZZA U.(2002)Income inequality and economic growth:evidence from American data Journal of Economic Growth 7,25-41.
[50]WANG Y.and TSUI K.(2000)Polarization orderings and new classes of polarization indices,Journal of Public Economic Theory 2, 349-363.
[51]Juan Antonio Duro Another look to income polarization across countries Journal of Policy Modeling 27(2005)1001-1007
[52]Shubhasree Seshanna, Stephane Decornez Income polarization and inequality across countries:an empirical study Journal of Policy Modeling 25(2003)335-358
[53]XIAOBO ZHANG and RAVI KANBUR What Difference Do Polarisation Measures Make? An Application to China The Journal ofDevelopment Studies; Feb 2001;37,3
[54]Simon Kuznets,"Econom ic Growth and Income Inequality",The American Econom ic Review,1955,3,pp1-28.