超/特高压输电线路雷电屏蔽性能三维先导仿真模型研究
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摘要
超/特高压输电线路的雷电屏蔽是制约电网安全运行水平提升的瓶颈问题之一。超/特高压输电线路的几何尺度大、工作电压高，雷电迎面先导对屏蔽性能的影响开始凸显，致使传统的雷电屏蔽分析方法已无法满足其雷电屏蔽设计和防护的需求。本文以建立超/特高压输电线路雷电屏蔽性能三维先导仿真模型为研究目标，围绕雷电迎面先导起始与发展过程建模和雷击输电线路三维空间电场计算两个方面的基础问题，开展深入细致的研究。
研究了已有的正极性迎面先导特性试验方法的等效性。以间隙电场时空相似为原则，结合放电过程试验观测，提出了负极性棒-棒间隙和正极性棒-板间隙中电场空间分布与自然雷电条件不相似；负极性板-棒间隙中，下棒电极附近的电场空间分布与自然雷电条件一致，然而间隙电场时间等效性还有待完善。尽管已有的长间隙放电试验方法均无法直接模拟雷电迎面先导过程，但是通过开展典型间隙的放电试验观测，获取正极性先导起始和发展特性，对于雷电迎面先导仿真模型的建立和完善具有重要意义。本文利用CCD高速摄影仪，获取了典型间隙中正极性先导起始电压、临界电晕半径和发展速度等的宏观特征参数，为雷电迎面先导仿真模型的验证提供了基础数据。
研究了正极性先导发展过程中空间电荷量的计算方法，建立了基于热电离机理的正极性先导发展仿真模型，并利用典型间隙放电试验观测结果验证了模型的有效性。基于所建立的模型，对负极性板-棒间隙试验方法中，背景电场随时间的变化特性与正极性迎面先导起始和发展特性的关系进行了分析。通过与最新的雷电观测结果的对比，提出了用于雷电迎面先导发展过程仿真的先导通道电流和发展速度外推关系。
开展了雷云和下行先导作用下输电线路附近空间动态三维电场计算方法研究。提出了输电线路和杆塔的单元划分和模拟电荷配置方法，通过引入并行计算技术，提高了三维电场的求解效率。利用计算方法研究了计算模型维度、工作电压和杆塔对下行先导作用下输电线路空间电场计算结果的影响。
建立了超/特高压输电线路雷电屏蔽性能分析的三维仿真模型。实现了计及架空输电线路三维结构影响的雷电下行先导和迎面先导相向发展过程的动态仿真，克服了已有二维雷电先导模型中无法计算雷电迎面先导持续发展速度和无法考虑实际线路三维结构影响两个方面的不足。利用典型超/特高压输电线路运行经验，对模型的合理性极性了验证。所开发的雷电屏蔽三维仿真工具为特高压变电站进线段、耐张转角塔以及大跨越线段等特殊对象的雷电屏蔽性能评估提供了新的途径。
Lightning shielding failure of EHV and UHV transmission lines is one of the mostimportant aspects to cause unscheduled disturbance of the UHV power system. The largescale and high operation voltage increases the probability of lighting strokes to EHV andUHV transmission lines.The traditional lightning shielding analysis models can notcompletely explain the lightning shielding failure mechanism of UHV transmission lines,and support the lightning shielding design. Aimming to develop a new3-dimensional leaderprogression model for lightning shielding performance simulation of EHV and UHVtransmission lines, this paper mainly focuses on the modeling of the self-consistent positiveupward leader and the calculation method of3-dimensional electric field of transmissionlines under thunder cloud and negative downward stepped leader.
Firstly, the equivalency of the exsiting positive upward leader test methods by usinglong sparks was discussed. Comparing the electric field spatio-temporal distribution of thedischarge gaps and lightning attachment process, the rod-rod gaps under negative impulsevoltages and the rod-plane gaps under positive impulse voltages can’t reproduce the electricfield spatial distribution during the lightning attachment process. The temporalcharacteristics of the ambient electric field during the lightning attachment process can’t berepresence in the inverted rod-plane gaps under negative impulses. However, the macrofeatures of the positive leader initiated and developed in such typical discharge gaps wereobserved by using CCD high speed cameras, which could provide some fundmental datafor the development and verification of the self-consistent positive upward connectingleader simulation models.
Secondly, the calculation method for the streamer space charge produced during thepositive leader propagation was studied here, and a physical model for the positive leaderpropagation simulation was developed on the basis of the thermal ionization theory, whichwas verificated by using the data observed in long air gaps. The influence of the temporalcharacteristics of the ambient electric field on the positive leader propagation in theinverted rod-plane gap was carried out by using this model. A new velocity-current relationduring positive leader propagation was proposed by comparing the simulation results to the recent lightning observation results.
Next, the3-dimensional distribution of space electric field in vicinity of thetransmission lines under thunder cloud and negative downward stepped leader wascalculated by using the charge simulation method (CSM). The mesh method andconfiguration of the simulation charge was proposed in the4th chapter. And the parallelcomputation methodology was introduced here to accelerate the solution of chargesimulation equation. The impact of calculation dimensionality, operation voltages andtowers on the space electric field calculation were discussed in the rest of this chapter.
At last, by combining the physical model of positive leader propagation and3-dimensional electic field calculation method develop in previous chapters, a new3-dimensional leader progression model for lightning shielding performance simulation ofEHV and UHV transmission lines was proposed, which overcome the disadvantages of theexisting2-dimensional leader progression model. The calculation results of this model werecompared to the operation experiences, which verified the applicability of this model. Thismodel provide a new choice for the lightning shielding performance asseccment of somespecific facilities, such as incoming lines of substation, anchor tower and long span lines.
研究了已有的正极性迎面先导特性试验方法的等效性。以间隙电场时空相似为原则，结合放电过程试验观测，提出了负极性棒-棒间隙和正极性棒-板间隙中电场空间分布与自然雷电条件不相似；负极性板-棒间隙中，下棒电极附近的电场空间分布与自然雷电条件一致，然而间隙电场时间等效性还有待完善。尽管已有的长间隙放电试验方法均无法直接模拟雷电迎面先导过程，但是通过开展典型间隙的放电试验观测，获取正极性先导起始和发展特性，对于雷电迎面先导仿真模型的建立和完善具有重要意义。本文利用CCD高速摄影仪，获取了典型间隙中正极性先导起始电压、临界电晕半径和发展速度等的宏观特征参数，为雷电迎面先导仿真模型的验证提供了基础数据。
研究了正极性先导发展过程中空间电荷量的计算方法，建立了基于热电离机理的正极性先导发展仿真模型，并利用典型间隙放电试验观测结果验证了模型的有效性。基于所建立的模型，对负极性板-棒间隙试验方法中，背景电场随时间的变化特性与正极性迎面先导起始和发展特性的关系进行了分析。通过与最新的雷电观测结果的对比，提出了用于雷电迎面先导发展过程仿真的先导通道电流和发展速度外推关系。
开展了雷云和下行先导作用下输电线路附近空间动态三维电场计算方法研究。提出了输电线路和杆塔的单元划分和模拟电荷配置方法，通过引入并行计算技术，提高了三维电场的求解效率。利用计算方法研究了计算模型维度、工作电压和杆塔对下行先导作用下输电线路空间电场计算结果的影响。
建立了超/特高压输电线路雷电屏蔽性能分析的三维仿真模型。实现了计及架空输电线路三维结构影响的雷电下行先导和迎面先导相向发展过程的动态仿真，克服了已有二维雷电先导模型中无法计算雷电迎面先导持续发展速度和无法考虑实际线路三维结构影响两个方面的不足。利用典型超/特高压输电线路运行经验，对模型的合理性极性了验证。所开发的雷电屏蔽三维仿真工具为特高压变电站进线段、耐张转角塔以及大跨越线段等特殊对象的雷电屏蔽性能评估提供了新的途径。
Lightning shielding failure of EHV and UHV transmission lines is one of the mostimportant aspects to cause unscheduled disturbance of the UHV power system. The largescale and high operation voltage increases the probability of lighting strokes to EHV andUHV transmission lines.The traditional lightning shielding analysis models can notcompletely explain the lightning shielding failure mechanism of UHV transmission lines,and support the lightning shielding design. Aimming to develop a new3-dimensional leaderprogression model for lightning shielding performance simulation of EHV and UHVtransmission lines, this paper mainly focuses on the modeling of the self-consistent positiveupward leader and the calculation method of3-dimensional electric field of transmissionlines under thunder cloud and negative downward stepped leader.
Firstly, the equivalency of the exsiting positive upward leader test methods by usinglong sparks was discussed. Comparing the electric field spatio-temporal distribution of thedischarge gaps and lightning attachment process, the rod-rod gaps under negative impulsevoltages and the rod-plane gaps under positive impulse voltages can’t reproduce the electricfield spatial distribution during the lightning attachment process. The temporalcharacteristics of the ambient electric field during the lightning attachment process can’t berepresence in the inverted rod-plane gaps under negative impulses. However, the macrofeatures of the positive leader initiated and developed in such typical discharge gaps wereobserved by using CCD high speed cameras, which could provide some fundmental datafor the development and verification of the self-consistent positive upward connectingleader simulation models.
Secondly, the calculation method for the streamer space charge produced during thepositive leader propagation was studied here, and a physical model for the positive leaderpropagation simulation was developed on the basis of the thermal ionization theory, whichwas verificated by using the data observed in long air gaps. The influence of the temporalcharacteristics of the ambient electric field on the positive leader propagation in theinverted rod-plane gap was carried out by using this model. A new velocity-current relationduring positive leader propagation was proposed by comparing the simulation results to the recent lightning observation results.
Next, the3-dimensional distribution of space electric field in vicinity of thetransmission lines under thunder cloud and negative downward stepped leader wascalculated by using the charge simulation method (CSM). The mesh method andconfiguration of the simulation charge was proposed in the4th chapter. And the parallelcomputation methodology was introduced here to accelerate the solution of chargesimulation equation. The impact of calculation dimensionality, operation voltages andtowers on the space electric field calculation were discussed in the rest of this chapter.
At last, by combining the physical model of positive leader propagation and3-dimensional electic field calculation method develop in previous chapters, a new3-dimensional leader progression model for lightning shielding performance simulation ofEHV and UHV transmission lines was proposed, which overcome the disadvantages of theexisting2-dimensional leader progression model. The calculation results of this model werecompared to the operation experiences, which verified the applicability of this model. Thismodel provide a new choice for the lightning shielding performance asseccment of somespecific facilities, such as incoming lines of substation, anchor tower and long span lines.
引文
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