商标反向假冒法律规制研究
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摘要
商标反向假冒是指行为人合法购买商品后,擅自替换或者去除他人附贴在该商品上的商标,再将该商品投入市场,并向公众隐瞒商品的真正生产者对商品来源作虚假表述的行为。其包括显性反向假冒与隐性反向假冒两种表现形式。商标反向假冒行为相对于正向假冒行为具有不同的特征:反向假冒的表现形式多样;可能存在双重侵权;行为人利用他人生产的产品;以替换或去除为方式;行为后果的多重性。商标反向假冒行为既属于商标侵权行为,也属于不正当竞争行为,其要件应包括:商品必须来源于被反向假冒者;商品在消费者心中存在信誉;反向假冒未经原生产者同意;行为人的反向假冒会引起消费者混淆及被反向假冒者必须受到损害以上五个要素。商标反向假冒行为不仅侵害了原商标权人和消费者的利益,造成被反向假冒者利益的减损及消费者寻找成本和购买风险的增加,而且危害到企业名牌战略的实施,破坏市场经济的竞争秩序。
我国商标反向假冒行为的法律规制并不成熟,如:隐性反向假冒未被禁止;保护范围没有包括未注册的驰名商标;诉讼程序中权利人举证困难;缺乏惩罚性赔偿制度的适用;适用法律的不统一;对商标使用秩序的行政监管不力;缺乏刑事制裁等,这些问题的存在不利于对商标权人权益的保护。我国规范商标反向假冒机制应采取商标法调整为主相关制度为补充的模式,具体应完善以下措施:增加隐性反向假冒的规定;对未注册的驰名商标纳入保护范围;在诉讼程序中实行举证责任倒置;增加惩罚性赔偿制度的适用;正确处理相关法律的适用关系;加强商标使用的行政监管;加大刑事制裁力度。完善以上措施才能有效规范商标反向假冒行为。
Trademark reverse passing-off means that the actor replace or remove and enclose others trademark which stuck on this goods without authorization after buys the goods legally, launch this goods into the market again, and conceal the real producers to the public. It includes obvious reverse passing-off and recessive reverse passing-off. Trademark reverse passing-off is different to the behavior of imitating in trade mark: the multiplicity of reverse passing-off behaves; being double tort by any possibility; using products of others; as the way of replacing or removing; the multiplicity of sequent of the behavior. It is not only trade mark tort action, it is also an unfair competition behavior, it’s basic should include: The goods must stem from the person reverse passed-off; The goods have prestige in the mind of consumers; Without former producer's consent; The reverse passing-off will cause consumers to obscure and the person reverse passed–off must be damaged. Trademark reverse passing-off not merely encroached on original owner of a trademark and consumer, make the damage of the owner of trademark and consumer’s interest, and increase the cost to search for and the risk to buy for consumers, and endanger enterprise's famous-brand implementation, destroy the competition order of market economy.
It is incomplete that the mechanism of our country to regulate trademark reverse passing-off, for instance: Recessive trademark reverse passing-off has not been forbidden; The protection domain has not included the unregistered famous trade mark; The oblige puts the proof difficultly in the proceeding; The lack of punishing compensation system; Disunion of the applicable law; The administrative supervision of the order of use of trademark is not good; Scarcely of the penalty, the existence of these questions is unfavorable to the protection of the rights and interests of owner of a trademark. We should set up the mode that we mainly adopt the Trademark law and supplemented by a positive correlation law in the regulation mechanism of trademark reverse passing-off, and we should improve the following measures: Increase the regulation of recessive reverse passing-off; Introduce the unregistered famous trademark to the protection domain; Practice the inversion of the putting proofs; Increase application of punishing compensation system; Dealt with relevant laws in application process correctly; Strengthen the administrative supervision of use of trademark; Devote more efforts to punishing criminally. We should improve these measures to regu late trademark reverse passing-of f more effectively.
我国商标反向假冒行为的法律规制并不成熟,如:隐性反向假冒未被禁止;保护范围没有包括未注册的驰名商标;诉讼程序中权利人举证困难;缺乏惩罚性赔偿制度的适用;适用法律的不统一;对商标使用秩序的行政监管不力;缺乏刑事制裁等,这些问题的存在不利于对商标权人权益的保护。我国规范商标反向假冒机制应采取商标法调整为主相关制度为补充的模式,具体应完善以下措施:增加隐性反向假冒的规定;对未注册的驰名商标纳入保护范围;在诉讼程序中实行举证责任倒置;增加惩罚性赔偿制度的适用;正确处理相关法律的适用关系;加强商标使用的行政监管;加大刑事制裁力度。完善以上措施才能有效规范商标反向假冒行为。
Trademark reverse passing-off means that the actor replace or remove and enclose others trademark which stuck on this goods without authorization after buys the goods legally, launch this goods into the market again, and conceal the real producers to the public. It includes obvious reverse passing-off and recessive reverse passing-off. Trademark reverse passing-off is different to the behavior of imitating in trade mark: the multiplicity of reverse passing-off behaves; being double tort by any possibility; using products of others; as the way of replacing or removing; the multiplicity of sequent of the behavior. It is not only trade mark tort action, it is also an unfair competition behavior, it’s basic should include: The goods must stem from the person reverse passed-off; The goods have prestige in the mind of consumers; Without former producer's consent; The reverse passing-off will cause consumers to obscure and the person reverse passed–off must be damaged. Trademark reverse passing-off not merely encroached on original owner of a trademark and consumer, make the damage of the owner of trademark and consumer’s interest, and increase the cost to search for and the risk to buy for consumers, and endanger enterprise's famous-brand implementation, destroy the competition order of market economy.
It is incomplete that the mechanism of our country to regulate trademark reverse passing-off, for instance: Recessive trademark reverse passing-off has not been forbidden; The protection domain has not included the unregistered famous trade mark; The oblige puts the proof difficultly in the proceeding; The lack of punishing compensation system; Disunion of the applicable law; The administrative supervision of the order of use of trademark is not good; Scarcely of the penalty, the existence of these questions is unfavorable to the protection of the rights and interests of owner of a trademark. We should set up the mode that we mainly adopt the Trademark law and supplemented by a positive correlation law in the regulation mechanism of trademark reverse passing-off, and we should improve the following measures: Increase the regulation of recessive reverse passing-off; Introduce the unregistered famous trademark to the protection domain; Practice the inversion of the putting proofs; Increase application of punishing compensation system; Dealt with relevant laws in application process correctly; Strengthen the administrative supervision of use of trademark; Devote more efforts to punishing criminally. We should improve these measures to regu late trademark reverse passing-of f more effectively.
引文
[1]刘春田.知识产权法.北京:高等教育出版社,北京大学出版社,2000,261
[2]谢璐遥.论商标反向假冒行为及其法律规制.中国律师,2003,(7):67
[3] Christopher Heath.Exhaustion and Parallel Imports in USA.Journal of Pacific Basin Law,2002,(7):622-623
[4]王玫.反向假冒不可滥用——美国商标法中的反向假冒原则最新发展.中华商标,2004,(4):54
[5]黄晖.驰名商标和著名商标的法律保护.北京:法律出版社,2001,341
[6]施汉嵘,王平.隐性反向假冒不容忽视的商标侵权.知识产权,2004,(4):14
[7]张军,卫聪玲.知识产权领域侵权行为研究.北京:经济科学出版社,2005,253-264
[8]刘春田.知识产权法.北京:中国人民人学出版社,2003,329
[9]李珈瑾.论商标的反向假冒.法制与社会,2006,(11):82
[10]吴汉东.知识产权法.北京:法律出版社,2003,252
[11]刘丽.对商标反向假冒的几点认识.法制与社会,2007,(3):76
[12]王利明,杨立新.侵权行为法.北京:法律出版社,2001,1
[13]郎贵梅.论知识产权侵权行为认定和责任确定的制度设计.法律适用,2004,(1):32
[14]吴汉东,刘剑文.知识产权法学.北京:北京大学出版社,2002,232
[15]郭庆存.知识产权法.上海:上海人民出版社,2002,449-450
[16]张玉敏.维护公平竞争是商标法的根本宗旨——以商标法修改为视角.法学论坛,2008,(2):3
[17]黄晖.驰名商标和著名商标的法律保护.北京:法律出版社,2001,91
[18]周安平,黄小栩.关于商标反向假冒行为法律性质的探讨.西南大学学报(社会科学版),2007,(4):114
[19]吴汉东.知识产权法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998,342
[20]刘春田.知识产权法教程.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997,5
[21]侯陆冉,苗晋峰.浅析反向假冒行为的负面影响及法律适用.沧桑,2007,(2):91-92
[22]曹云野.驳商标反向假冒侵权否定论.法学论丛,2007,(2):97-98
[23]张玉敏,王法强.论商标反向假冒的性质——兼谈商标的使用权.知识产权,2004,(1):32
[24]张俊浩.民法学原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997,458
[25]傅蕾,徐承云.论反向假冒商标行为.南京邮电学院学报(社会科学版),2004,(3):24
[26]种明钊.竞争法.北京:法律出版社,2008,113-115
[27]张俊浩.民法学原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002,58
[28] John T.Cross.Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due-Revisiting The Doctrine of Reverse Passing off in Trademark Law.Washington Law Review,1997,(6):240
[29]张临伟,尹奎杰.浅议商标反向假冒行为.法学论坛,2005,(3):117
[30]周胜照.商标反向假冒之剖析.商场现代化,2008,(4):260
[31]袁晓东,李晓桃.美国商标法中的反向假冒理论.知识产权,2003,(3):40
[32]栾娈.反向假冒的经济分析及立法建议.当代法学,2003,(6):66
[33]张炳生.论商标功能的实现途径与反向假冒的危害.中国政法大学学报,2005,(6):167
[34]韦之,白洪娟.反向假冒质疑.知识产权,2004,(1):206
[35]蔡振明.反向假冒也侵权.中国律师,2008,(7):58-59
[36]郑成思.知识产权法.北京:法律出版社,1998,321
[37]林旭辉.试论商标的反向假冒.引进与咨询,2006,(2):21
[38] Salger.World Intellectual Property Guidebook,Stockholm:World Intellectual Property Organization,1997,6-11
[39]栾颖娜.论商标反向假冒行为的法律规制.学术交流,2005,(1):48
[40] Gregory Mankiw.Law and the information superhighway.New York:Wiley Law Publications,1996,442-443
[41] Robertson A . Passing off-Protection against imitations under the unfair competition act.Journal of Intellectual Property Research,1998,(7):573
[42]孙一涛,雷晓.论商标侵权中的反向假冒.湖南公安高等专科学校学报,2007,(1):82
[43]肖乾利.浅析商标反向假冒行为的性质及法律规制.西华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,(5):91
[44]舒予.论商标反向假冒行为的性质及法律适用——以知识产权重叠保护理论为视角.黑龙江社会科学,2007,(6):166-168
[45]孟庆法.美国专利及商标保护.北京:专利文献出版社,1992,261
[46]张晋静.反向假冒中的举证困境.中华商标,2005,(2):48
[47] Cohen Jehoram . Parallel Imports and Intellectual Property Right . Journal of Pacific Basin Law,1999,(2):497
[48] Shusaku .Reversal of Fortune for Patentees and Parallel Importers in America.WashingtonLaw Review,1999,(5):341
[49] Irini and Paul.Foreman International Exhaustion of Trademark Law.Journal of Pacific Basin Law,2000,(5):123-127
[50]张杰.解读合作的制度基础.货币金融,2004,(9):307
[51]陶然.公力救济与私力救济的法理差异分析.法制与经济,2008,(4):127-128
[52] Robert Bruce . compensation for damages of trademark tort . Journal of Intellectual Property Research,2002,(7):573
[53] Verma.Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights.Cambridge:Harvard Press,2003,357
[54]杨和义.商标法选论.重庆:重庆出版社,2003,61
[55]罗国轩.知识产权管理概论.北京:知识产权出版社,2007,421
[56]曾陈明汝.商标法原理.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003,100
[57]高继伟,陈丽.建议刑法增设反向假冒商标罪.中华商标,2007,(10):32
[58]任彦君.反向假冒的犯罪化初探.中华商标,2008,(4):65
[59]陈玉和.我国商标权的刑事保护.中华商标,2006,(5):45
[2]谢璐遥.论商标反向假冒行为及其法律规制.中国律师,2003,(7):67
[3] Christopher Heath.Exhaustion and Parallel Imports in USA.Journal of Pacific Basin Law,2002,(7):622-623
[4]王玫.反向假冒不可滥用——美国商标法中的反向假冒原则最新发展.中华商标,2004,(4):54
[5]黄晖.驰名商标和著名商标的法律保护.北京:法律出版社,2001,341
[6]施汉嵘,王平.隐性反向假冒不容忽视的商标侵权.知识产权,2004,(4):14
[7]张军,卫聪玲.知识产权领域侵权行为研究.北京:经济科学出版社,2005,253-264
[8]刘春田.知识产权法.北京:中国人民人学出版社,2003,329
[9]李珈瑾.论商标的反向假冒.法制与社会,2006,(11):82
[10]吴汉东.知识产权法.北京:法律出版社,2003,252
[11]刘丽.对商标反向假冒的几点认识.法制与社会,2007,(3):76
[12]王利明,杨立新.侵权行为法.北京:法律出版社,2001,1
[13]郎贵梅.论知识产权侵权行为认定和责任确定的制度设计.法律适用,2004,(1):32
[14]吴汉东,刘剑文.知识产权法学.北京:北京大学出版社,2002,232
[15]郭庆存.知识产权法.上海:上海人民出版社,2002,449-450
[16]张玉敏.维护公平竞争是商标法的根本宗旨——以商标法修改为视角.法学论坛,2008,(2):3
[17]黄晖.驰名商标和著名商标的法律保护.北京:法律出版社,2001,91
[18]周安平,黄小栩.关于商标反向假冒行为法律性质的探讨.西南大学学报(社会科学版),2007,(4):114
[19]吴汉东.知识产权法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998,342
[20]刘春田.知识产权法教程.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997,5
[21]侯陆冉,苗晋峰.浅析反向假冒行为的负面影响及法律适用.沧桑,2007,(2):91-92
[22]曹云野.驳商标反向假冒侵权否定论.法学论丛,2007,(2):97-98
[23]张玉敏,王法强.论商标反向假冒的性质——兼谈商标的使用权.知识产权,2004,(1):32
[24]张俊浩.民法学原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997,458
[25]傅蕾,徐承云.论反向假冒商标行为.南京邮电学院学报(社会科学版),2004,(3):24
[26]种明钊.竞争法.北京:法律出版社,2008,113-115
[27]张俊浩.民法学原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002,58
[28] John T.Cross.Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due-Revisiting The Doctrine of Reverse Passing off in Trademark Law.Washington Law Review,1997,(6):240
[29]张临伟,尹奎杰.浅议商标反向假冒行为.法学论坛,2005,(3):117
[30]周胜照.商标反向假冒之剖析.商场现代化,2008,(4):260
[31]袁晓东,李晓桃.美国商标法中的反向假冒理论.知识产权,2003,(3):40
[32]栾娈.反向假冒的经济分析及立法建议.当代法学,2003,(6):66
[33]张炳生.论商标功能的实现途径与反向假冒的危害.中国政法大学学报,2005,(6):167
[34]韦之,白洪娟.反向假冒质疑.知识产权,2004,(1):206
[35]蔡振明.反向假冒也侵权.中国律师,2008,(7):58-59
[36]郑成思.知识产权法.北京:法律出版社,1998,321
[37]林旭辉.试论商标的反向假冒.引进与咨询,2006,(2):21
[38] Salger.World Intellectual Property Guidebook,Stockholm:World Intellectual Property Organization,1997,6-11
[39]栾颖娜.论商标反向假冒行为的法律规制.学术交流,2005,(1):48
[40] Gregory Mankiw.Law and the information superhighway.New York:Wiley Law Publications,1996,442-443
[41] Robertson A . Passing off-Protection against imitations under the unfair competition act.Journal of Intellectual Property Research,1998,(7):573
[42]孙一涛,雷晓.论商标侵权中的反向假冒.湖南公安高等专科学校学报,2007,(1):82
[43]肖乾利.浅析商标反向假冒行为的性质及法律规制.西华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,(5):91
[44]舒予.论商标反向假冒行为的性质及法律适用——以知识产权重叠保护理论为视角.黑龙江社会科学,2007,(6):166-168
[45]孟庆法.美国专利及商标保护.北京:专利文献出版社,1992,261
[46]张晋静.反向假冒中的举证困境.中华商标,2005,(2):48
[47] Cohen Jehoram . Parallel Imports and Intellectual Property Right . Journal of Pacific Basin Law,1999,(2):497
[48] Shusaku .Reversal of Fortune for Patentees and Parallel Importers in America.WashingtonLaw Review,1999,(5):341
[49] Irini and Paul.Foreman International Exhaustion of Trademark Law.Journal of Pacific Basin Law,2000,(5):123-127
[50]张杰.解读合作的制度基础.货币金融,2004,(9):307
[51]陶然.公力救济与私力救济的法理差异分析.法制与经济,2008,(4):127-128
[52] Robert Bruce . compensation for damages of trademark tort . Journal of Intellectual Property Research,2002,(7):573
[53] Verma.Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights.Cambridge:Harvard Press,2003,357
[54]杨和义.商标法选论.重庆:重庆出版社,2003,61
[55]罗国轩.知识产权管理概论.北京:知识产权出版社,2007,421
[56]曾陈明汝.商标法原理.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003,100
[57]高继伟,陈丽.建议刑法增设反向假冒商标罪.中华商标,2007,(10):32
[58]任彦君.反向假冒的犯罪化初探.中华商标,2008,(4):65
[59]陈玉和.我国商标权的刑事保护.中华商标,2006,(5):45