盆栽安祖花无土栽培技术研究
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摘要
本文以两年生安祖花为材料，通过盆栽试验，对安祖花无土栽培进行了系统的研究。目的在于找出安祖花的配套无土栽培措施，其中包括适合安祖花生长的光照、湿度、温度，适用的基质、营养液以及营养液的浇灌方式等。
试验采用正交试验设计，考察了营养液配比、营养液浓度、基质、营养液施用方法、营养液施用间隔天数5个因素。其中除了营养液配比设6个水平外，其它因素均设3个水平。通过测定光合速率的变化决定安祖花的适合生长环境。测定各处理组合的总叶面积、株高、叶绿素含量、光合速率等形态、生理指标，并对这些指标进行正交试验的方差分析来决定影响安祖花无土栽培的主要因素。通过对主要因素各水平进行新复极差检验得出最好的水平。综合考虑主要因素和水平找出最适合安祖花无土栽培的基质、营养液。观察各处理安祖花初花期的早晚，并通过测定不同时期叶片中的N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量，确定安祖花不同生长时期对大量元素的需求情况，为今后更好的进行安祖花无土栽培提供理论依据。
通过对安祖花叶片的光饱和点分析，在不加湿的情况下，安祖花的光合速率很低。在光照达到500μmol．m~(-2)．s~(-1)时，安祖花叶片的光合速率就不再增加。认为安祖花的光饱和点在500μmol．m~(-2)．s~(-1)。以此为依据确定在我国北方春天中午可采用30％的遮荫网，夏天应采用60％的遮荫网。
通过在不同的湿度和不同的温度下测定安祖花的光合速率发现，当安祖花叶界湿度在10.5、叶温为28℃～29℃时光合速率就不再增加，说明安祖花的最适空气湿度为90％，环境温度为26℃～27℃。在我国北方双面温室(冬天具有供暖设备)可基本满足安祖花对温度的需要，北方空气湿度低，需要人为加湿。
通过对两年生安祖花苗的总叶面积分析可以看出，影响总叶面积的最主要因素为营养液的施用方法，其中以盆底给液法水平生长量最大。其次为营养液配比，所选用的三种基质对总叶面积并没有太大的影响。
通过株高分析得出，影响株高的主要因素是营养液施用方法、基质、营养液配比。施用方法中以盆底给液法株高最高，基质以泥炭株高最高，营养液配比以水平1株高最高，其它两因素对株高的影响不明显。
从安祖花初花期分析可以看出，安祖花的初花期与叶面积有着密切的关系。生长一定时间后，叶面积越大的处理初花期越早，说明安祖花是在营养生长达到一定量时才开始开花。加速营养生长可促使提前开花。
分析叶绿素含量可以看出，影响安祖花叶绿素含量的主要因素是营养液方面，基质没有太大的影响。并且适当增加N、Mg的含量可有助于叶
．2．赵红霞：盆栽女祖化无土从培技术研穴
绿素的合成。
各试验因素对光合速率均产生了显著的影响，其中各因素以营养液配
LL 5、0．7％。质量分数、泥炭作基质、盆底给液法、间隔 15天施用一次营
养液时光合速率最大。
对不同生K发育时期安爪花的叶片中N、P。K、山、…含量分折可以
看出，安祖花叶片中N、P、K含量在花梗伸长期间最高，＊。在花苞展开
时最高。花梗伸氏期间叶片中N的含量为1．87％，P为0，19％，K为3。6O％，
Ca为176％，Nlg为0．43％。说明安祖花在开花阶对N、P、K的需求相对
较多，Ca对花苞的质量有较大的影响。花梗伸KVh需要调整营养液，增加
N、卜、K的含量，并加大K的比例。花苞展开朋翌加人Ca的比例。
The two-year-old potted seedlings of Anthurium andreanum has been systematically studied by soilless culture in order to find out a set of comprehensive techniques including optimum illumination , humidity , temperature , substrate, nutritional solution and method of nutritional solution irrigating.
Adopting orthogonal experiment design, the ratio of nutrition element,
concentration of nutrition , substrate , method of nutritional solution
irrigating , time interval of nutrition application were tested. The ratio of
nutrition element was set at six levels, and the other at three levels. The
optimeter growthing environment of Anthurium andreanum seedlings was
tested by the photosynthetic rate;The important factor of the soilless culture of Anthurium andreanum seedlings was decided by variance analysis of the total areas of leaves, height of seedling, the content of chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate;The best statistical level was defined by Duncan's test;The optimum substrate and nutritional solution were determined by analysis of the major components; The requirements of macro- element at the different growth period have determined by the timing of flowering and measuring the content of N, P, K, Ca , Mg of leaves which can offer the theory of the soilless
culture of Anthurium andreanum.
The analysis of light saturation point indicated that the photosynthetic rate of Anthurium andreanum was very low at no-increasing humidity condition .The increase of photosynthetic rate was stopped when the light intensity reached up to 500 mol.L-1.m-2.s-1 .Thus the light saturation of Anthurium andreanum could be at considered 500 mol.L-1'.m-2, s-1 , and therefore 30% overshadow net at noon of Spring and 60% at Summer in the north of china should be suitable.
By measuring photosynthetic rate under different humidity and temperature,it is found that the photosynthetic rate didn't increase when the humidity between leaves and air came up to 10.5 and the temperature of leaves came up to 28C ~29C,which indicated the optimum humidity is 90% and optimum temperature is 26C ~ 27癈 .The glassroom of double glass(be provided with heating equipment in winter )can meet the basic requirement of
temperature of Anthurium andreanum seedlings, but need artificial adding humidity .
Analysis of total areas of leaves indicated that the best important factor affecting areas of leaves was the method of nutrition application. Next was the ratio of nutrition element. The quantity of growth with leading nutrition was the biggest among the levels of the method of nutrition application. The substrate didn't have much effect on the total areas of leaves.
Analysis of the height of seedlings indicated that the important factor affecting the height of seedling was the method of nutrition application, substrate and the ratio of nutrition element. The best results of seedlings height growth should be the leading meathod, turves, level 1 of of nutrition. The other factors didn't reach significant levels.
Analysis of flowering stage indicated that there were consanguineous relation between anthesis and areas of leaves. After a period of growth, the date of flowering with bigger areas of leaves was earlier than the smaller. It showed that Anthurium andreanum began flowering when the areas of leaves grew enough.
Analysis of the content of chlorophyll indicated that the important factor affecting the content of chlorophyll was nutrition.The substrate affected little. It helped to compose chlorophyll if increasing the content of N and Mg.
All the factors had obvious effect on the photosynthetic rate.The photosynthetic rate was the biggest with the ratio of nutrition 5, 0.7%o quality mark, turves, leading nutrition, nutrition application with 15 days interval.
Analysis of the leaves'contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg in different growh phases showed that the leaves' contents of N, P, K were highest at the period of elongating of pedicel,Ca was the highest when the bract was spreading. T
试验采用正交试验设计，考察了营养液配比、营养液浓度、基质、营养液施用方法、营养液施用间隔天数5个因素。其中除了营养液配比设6个水平外，其它因素均设3个水平。通过测定光合速率的变化决定安祖花的适合生长环境。测定各处理组合的总叶面积、株高、叶绿素含量、光合速率等形态、生理指标，并对这些指标进行正交试验的方差分析来决定影响安祖花无土栽培的主要因素。通过对主要因素各水平进行新复极差检验得出最好的水平。综合考虑主要因素和水平找出最适合安祖花无土栽培的基质、营养液。观察各处理安祖花初花期的早晚，并通过测定不同时期叶片中的N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量，确定安祖花不同生长时期对大量元素的需求情况，为今后更好的进行安祖花无土栽培提供理论依据。
通过对安祖花叶片的光饱和点分析，在不加湿的情况下，安祖花的光合速率很低。在光照达到500μmol．m~(-2)．s~(-1)时，安祖花叶片的光合速率就不再增加。认为安祖花的光饱和点在500μmol．m~(-2)．s~(-1)。以此为依据确定在我国北方春天中午可采用30％的遮荫网，夏天应采用60％的遮荫网。
通过在不同的湿度和不同的温度下测定安祖花的光合速率发现，当安祖花叶界湿度在10.5、叶温为28℃～29℃时光合速率就不再增加，说明安祖花的最适空气湿度为90％，环境温度为26℃～27℃。在我国北方双面温室(冬天具有供暖设备)可基本满足安祖花对温度的需要，北方空气湿度低，需要人为加湿。
通过对两年生安祖花苗的总叶面积分析可以看出，影响总叶面积的最主要因素为营养液的施用方法，其中以盆底给液法水平生长量最大。其次为营养液配比，所选用的三种基质对总叶面积并没有太大的影响。
通过株高分析得出，影响株高的主要因素是营养液施用方法、基质、营养液配比。施用方法中以盆底给液法株高最高，基质以泥炭株高最高，营养液配比以水平1株高最高，其它两因素对株高的影响不明显。
从安祖花初花期分析可以看出，安祖花的初花期与叶面积有着密切的关系。生长一定时间后，叶面积越大的处理初花期越早，说明安祖花是在营养生长达到一定量时才开始开花。加速营养生长可促使提前开花。
分析叶绿素含量可以看出，影响安祖花叶绿素含量的主要因素是营养液方面，基质没有太大的影响。并且适当增加N、Mg的含量可有助于叶
．2．赵红霞：盆栽女祖化无土从培技术研穴
绿素的合成。
各试验因素对光合速率均产生了显著的影响，其中各因素以营养液配
LL 5、0．7％。质量分数、泥炭作基质、盆底给液法、间隔 15天施用一次营
养液时光合速率最大。
对不同生K发育时期安爪花的叶片中N、P。K、山、…含量分折可以
看出，安祖花叶片中N、P、K含量在花梗伸长期间最高，＊。在花苞展开
时最高。花梗伸氏期间叶片中N的含量为1．87％，P为0，19％，K为3。6O％，
Ca为176％，Nlg为0．43％。说明安祖花在开花阶对N、P、K的需求相对
较多，Ca对花苞的质量有较大的影响。花梗伸KVh需要调整营养液，增加
N、卜、K的含量，并加大K的比例。花苞展开朋翌加人Ca的比例。
The two-year-old potted seedlings of Anthurium andreanum has been systematically studied by soilless culture in order to find out a set of comprehensive techniques including optimum illumination , humidity , temperature , substrate, nutritional solution and method of nutritional solution irrigating.
Adopting orthogonal experiment design, the ratio of nutrition element,
concentration of nutrition , substrate , method of nutritional solution
irrigating , time interval of nutrition application were tested. The ratio of
nutrition element was set at six levels, and the other at three levels. The
optimeter growthing environment of Anthurium andreanum seedlings was
tested by the photosynthetic rate;The important factor of the soilless culture of Anthurium andreanum seedlings was decided by variance analysis of the total areas of leaves, height of seedling, the content of chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate;The best statistical level was defined by Duncan's test;The optimum substrate and nutritional solution were determined by analysis of the major components; The requirements of macro- element at the different growth period have determined by the timing of flowering and measuring the content of N, P, K, Ca , Mg of leaves which can offer the theory of the soilless
culture of Anthurium andreanum.
The analysis of light saturation point indicated that the photosynthetic rate of Anthurium andreanum was very low at no-increasing humidity condition .The increase of photosynthetic rate was stopped when the light intensity reached up to 500 mol.L-1.m-2.s-1 .Thus the light saturation of Anthurium andreanum could be at considered 500 mol.L-1'.m-2, s-1 , and therefore 30% overshadow net at noon of Spring and 60% at Summer in the north of china should be suitable.
By measuring photosynthetic rate under different humidity and temperature,it is found that the photosynthetic rate didn't increase when the humidity between leaves and air came up to 10.5 and the temperature of leaves came up to 28C ~29C,which indicated the optimum humidity is 90% and optimum temperature is 26C ~ 27癈 .The glassroom of double glass(be provided with heating equipment in winter )can meet the basic requirement of
temperature of Anthurium andreanum seedlings, but need artificial adding humidity .
Analysis of total areas of leaves indicated that the best important factor affecting areas of leaves was the method of nutrition application. Next was the ratio of nutrition element. The quantity of growth with leading nutrition was the biggest among the levels of the method of nutrition application. The substrate didn't have much effect on the total areas of leaves.
Analysis of the height of seedlings indicated that the important factor affecting the height of seedling was the method of nutrition application, substrate and the ratio of nutrition element. The best results of seedlings height growth should be the leading meathod, turves, level 1 of of nutrition. The other factors didn't reach significant levels.
Analysis of flowering stage indicated that there were consanguineous relation between anthesis and areas of leaves. After a period of growth, the date of flowering with bigger areas of leaves was earlier than the smaller. It showed that Anthurium andreanum began flowering when the areas of leaves grew enough.
Analysis of the content of chlorophyll indicated that the important factor affecting the content of chlorophyll was nutrition.The substrate affected little. It helped to compose chlorophyll if increasing the content of N and Mg.
All the factors had obvious effect on the photosynthetic rate.The photosynthetic rate was the biggest with the ratio of nutrition 5, 0.7%o quality mark, turves, leading nutrition, nutrition application with 15 days interval.
Analysis of the leaves'contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg in different growh phases showed that the leaves' contents of N, P, K were highest at the period of elongating of pedicel,Ca was the highest when the bract was spreading. T
引文
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38．吴永华，冯国琦，李正平．仙客来无土栽培营养液中氮、磷、钾、铁浓度选优试验研究．甘肃农业大学学报，2000，(2)：197～201
39．余燕平，李琼，沈瑞庆．纺织材料基质无土栽培技术研究．非织造布，2000，(3)：15～17
40．王凤英．4种观叶花卉水培营养液的效果比较．甘肃科学学报，2000，(3)：67～70
41．谢志刚．基质栽培花卉氮磷钾营养配方研究．广东农业科学，2000，(5)：37～39
42．吴淑杭，姜震方，俞清英，许蔚文．鸡冠花栽培基质研究．上海农业学报，2001，(1)：66～69
43．黄冬华，宋小民，陶秀花，胡新龙．金边瑞香无土栽培研究初报，江西农业学报，2001，(1)：40～43
44．赵九洲，陈洁敏，王义庆，赵永厚，王然．六种无土栽培代用基质理化特性的比较．莱阳农学院学报，2001，(3)：161～165
45．秦松，孙锐锋，熊元．花卉栽培基质配方筛选研究．贵州农业科学，2001，(4)：38～39
46. Beel, E. Amendments in anthurium substrates. B.V.O.-Mededelingen. 1973, 69:8～9.
47. Guminska, Z and Nalepka, M.The suitability of brown coal from Turow and Konin mines as a substrate in hydroponic culture. Acta-Agrobotanica. 1973, 26: 63～88.
48. Poole, RT and Greaves, BA. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization of Anthurium and raeanum Nitta and Kaumana. Procee din gs-of-the-Tropical-Region-American-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. 1969, 13: 367～372.
49. Beel, E. Application of artificial substrates for pot-plants and azalea. Acta-Horticulturae. 1974, 37: 14～15.
50. Annual reports of the German Plant Protection Service, 1972.
51. Straver, NA. Results with the culture of Anthurium andreanum on rockwool. Vakblad-voor-de-Bloemisterij. 1980, 35: 38～39.
52. Higaki, T. and Imamura, J.S N,P,K rates and leaf tissue standards for optimum Anthurium andraeanum flower production. Hortscience. 1992.27: 909～912.
53. Sonneveld, C and Voogt, W. The concentration of nutrients for growing Anthurium andreanum in substrate Acta-hortic. 1993,342:61～67.
54. Hoicroft, DM and Laing, MaD Evalulation of pine bark as a substrate for anthurium production in South Africa. International symposium on growing media & plant nutrition in horticulture, Naaldwijk, Netherlands. Acta-Horticulturae. 1995, 401:177～184.
55. Matysiak, B and Nowak, J. Effects of substrates on the growth of
Anthurium X cultorum, Diffenbachia and Spathiphyllum wallisii ex vitro in relation to CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych. 1996,429:241-244．
56． Abad, R.G. and Concibido, E.C. Some benefits from the disposal of coconut logs previously used as breeding sites of the Rhinoceros beetle(Orycterhinoceros L.). Philippine Journal of Coconut Studies (Philippines). 1993,18:11-14．
57． Ladilad, A. Foliar fertilization in Anthurium. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines).PCARRD highlights .1997,P. 72．
58． Conover, C.A. and Henny R.J. Lowering N and K rates improves anthr ium-growth and flowering proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society.1996, 108:5-10．
59． Parker, D.R. and Norvell, W.A Advandes in solution culture methods for plant mineral nutrition research. Advagron. SanDiego, Catif,1999,65: 151-213．
60． Cole, J.C and Dole, J.M. Temperature and phosphorus source affect phosphorus rentention by a pinebark-based container medium HortScience. Alecandria, Va:TheAmerican Society for Horticultural Science. 1997, 32: 236-240．
61． Argo, W.R. and Biernbaum, J.A. Lime, water source, and fertilizer nitrogen form affect medium PH and nitrogen accumulation and uptake. HortScience. Alecandria, Va: The American Society for Horticultural Science.l997,32:71-74．
62． Lim, E.S. Substrate studies on peanut using hydroponic culture.Growing Media & Plant Nutrition.l995,401:259-264．
2．邢禹贤．无土栽培原理与技术．中国农业出版社，1994
3．韦三立．花卉无土栽培．中国林业出版社，2001
4．王华芳等．花卉无土栽培．金盾出版社，1997
5．陈国霞，徐新，张龙宝．花卉无土栽培初报．上海园林科技专辑，1983，(2)：20～22
6．秦文英，林源祥，陆彩萍．夏鹃基质栽培试验．林业科技通讯，1988，(7)：28～30
7．卢克成，胡建刚．无土栽培营养液的改进及应用前景．江苏林业科技，1991，(1)：15～18
8．任俐，周丹．花卉无土育苗营养液和基质的研究．东北林业大学学报，1991，(1)：105～111
9．秦文英，罗震伟，金为民，林源祥，连本中．小苍兰基质栽培试验研究．上海农学院学报，1994，12(1)：42～47
10．黄定华，等遮光对火鹤花生长发育及生理的影响．广东园林，1994(4)：7～95
11．张永红，王莲英．安祖花生长发育特性初探．北京林业大学学报，1995，(2)：73～783
12．李枝林 郑丽 红掌研究终述 云南农业大学学报1997，(2)：143～146
13．孙映波 马曼庄 广东主要盆花无土栽培技术研究 广东农业科学 1997(5)．28～30
14．韩劲，等 不同栽培基质及pH对火鹤生长的影响．北京农学院学报，1997(3)：26～30
15．孙映波，马曼庄，段昆生，林碧香，黄庆．广东主要盆花无上栽培技术研究．广东农业科学，1997，(5)：28～30
16．尹艺林，刘文中，陈乃富．唐菖蒲河石子、河沙混合基质栽培研究初探．安庆师范学院学报Z(自然科学版)，1997，(3)：103～105
17．李式军，高丽红，庄仲连．我国无土栽培研究新技术新成果及发展动向．长江蔬菜，1997，(5)：1～4
18．韦三立，韩碧文．离子交换基质在花卉栽培上的应用研究．中国农业科学，1997，(3)：92～94
19．薛秋华．小苍兰无土栽培营养条件的初步研究．福建农业大学学报，1998，(1)：62～68
20．吴竹华，汤庚国，王国良，汪有良．非洲菊无土高效栽培研究进展．江苏林业科技，1998，(2)：50～52
21．刘明月，秦玉芝，蔡雁平，何长征NPK施用量与芹菜硝酸盐积累和产量的相关性．中国蔬菜，1998(6)：4～7
22．马子骏，王鲁彤，卢宇广，孙萍，刘妹球．蝴蝶兰工厂化生产技术研究．浙江林学院学报，1998，(2)：192～196
23．张源盛，余昌明，韦丽娜，陆乃林，林证明，寿伟林，陈丽萍，何圣米．无土栽培基质对菊花生长发育的影响．浙江农业学报，1998(3)：158～160
24．刘登民，宋金斗，吴善明，庞天信，许继法，闫秀亭，卞爱善．牡丹无土栽培试验初报．山东林业科技1998，(5)：11～13
25．沈兵，郭勤，杨静．无土栽培基质对酸碱的反应．石河子科技，1998，(5)：10～11
26．薛秋华，黄梓春，林荣．杂种补血草无土栽培试验初报．热带农业科学，1998，(6)：72～76
27．陈琰芳，刘洪涛．中国花卉科研技术进展．世界农业，1998，(8)：30～31
28．卢克成，高殿国．观赏植物试管苗无土栽培营养技术的研究．江苏林业科技1999,(2)：21～25
29．刘亚群，岳春雷，杨奇佳，王泳，楼培娟．龟背竹等11种花卉无土栽培营养环境动态试验研究．浙江林业科技，1999，(2)：40～43
30．裴雁曦，郝建平，乔淑梅，贾炜珑，杨丽莉．无土栽培香石竹营养液筛选研究．山西农业科学1999，(3)：66～68
31．韩劲，等．施肥与火鹤叶片营养状况之间的关系．北京农学院学报，1999(1)：35～38
32．郭霞，张桂荣，赵孝庆，赵弟轩，李丰刚，贾存敬．案头牡丹无土栽培技术．山东林业科技，1999，(3)：45～46
33．杨国英，章镇强．稀土肥料对比利时杜鹃生长效应研究．江苏农业科，1999，(5)：53～54
34．陈发棣，房伟民，余真霞，袁琮．中国石竹无土栽培初步研究．上海农业报，1999，15(2)：87～89
35．赵九洲，陈洁敏，陈松笔，刘庆华，刘峥．无土基质与营养液EC值对切花菊土长发育的影响．园艺学报，1999，(5)：327～330
36．常丽新．不同浓度钾对金盏菊生长发育的影响．河北林果研究，2000．(1)：75～78
37．田吉林，汪寅虎 设施无土栽培基质的研究现状、存在问题与展望(综述)上海农业学报2000．(4)
38．吴永华，冯国琦，李正平．仙客来无土栽培营养液中氮、磷、钾、铁浓度选优试验研究．甘肃农业大学学报，2000，(2)：197～201
39．余燕平，李琼，沈瑞庆．纺织材料基质无土栽培技术研究．非织造布，2000，(3)：15～17
40．王凤英．4种观叶花卉水培营养液的效果比较．甘肃科学学报，2000，(3)：67～70
41．谢志刚．基质栽培花卉氮磷钾营养配方研究．广东农业科学，2000，(5)：37～39
42．吴淑杭，姜震方，俞清英，许蔚文．鸡冠花栽培基质研究．上海农业学报，2001，(1)：66～69
43．黄冬华，宋小民，陶秀花，胡新龙．金边瑞香无土栽培研究初报，江西农业学报，2001，(1)：40～43
44．赵九洲，陈洁敏，王义庆，赵永厚，王然．六种无土栽培代用基质理化特性的比较．莱阳农学院学报，2001，(3)：161～165
45．秦松，孙锐锋，熊元．花卉栽培基质配方筛选研究．贵州农业科学，2001，(4)：38～39
46. Beel, E. Amendments in anthurium substrates. B.V.O.-Mededelingen. 1973, 69:8～9.
47. Guminska, Z and Nalepka, M.The suitability of brown coal from Turow and Konin mines as a substrate in hydroponic culture. Acta-Agrobotanica. 1973, 26: 63～88.
48. Poole, RT and Greaves, BA. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization of Anthurium and raeanum Nitta and Kaumana. Procee din gs-of-the-Tropical-Region-American-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. 1969, 13: 367～372.
49. Beel, E. Application of artificial substrates for pot-plants and azalea. Acta-Horticulturae. 1974, 37: 14～15.
50. Annual reports of the German Plant Protection Service, 1972.
51. Straver, NA. Results with the culture of Anthurium andreanum on rockwool. Vakblad-voor-de-Bloemisterij. 1980, 35: 38～39.
52. Higaki, T. and Imamura, J.S N,P,K rates and leaf tissue standards for optimum Anthurium andraeanum flower production. Hortscience. 1992.27: 909～912.
53. Sonneveld, C and Voogt, W. The concentration of nutrients for growing Anthurium andreanum in substrate Acta-hortic. 1993,342:61～67.
54. Hoicroft, DM and Laing, MaD Evalulation of pine bark as a substrate for anthurium production in South Africa. International symposium on growing media & plant nutrition in horticulture, Naaldwijk, Netherlands. Acta-Horticulturae. 1995, 401:177～184.
55. Matysiak, B and Nowak, J. Effects of substrates on the growth of
Anthurium X cultorum, Diffenbachia and Spathiphyllum wallisii ex vitro in relation to CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych. 1996,429:241-244．
56． Abad, R.G. and Concibido, E.C. Some benefits from the disposal of coconut logs previously used as breeding sites of the Rhinoceros beetle(Orycterhinoceros L.). Philippine Journal of Coconut Studies (Philippines). 1993,18:11-14．
57． Ladilad, A. Foliar fertilization in Anthurium. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines).PCARRD highlights .1997,P. 72．
58． Conover, C.A. and Henny R.J. Lowering N and K rates improves anthr ium-growth and flowering proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society.1996, 108:5-10．
59． Parker, D.R. and Norvell, W.A Advandes in solution culture methods for plant mineral nutrition research. Advagron. SanDiego, Catif,1999,65: 151-213．
60． Cole, J.C and Dole, J.M. Temperature and phosphorus source affect phosphorus rentention by a pinebark-based container medium HortScience. Alecandria, Va:TheAmerican Society for Horticultural Science. 1997, 32: 236-240．
61． Argo, W.R. and Biernbaum, J.A. Lime, water source, and fertilizer nitrogen form affect medium PH and nitrogen accumulation and uptake. HortScience. Alecandria, Va: The American Society for Horticultural Science.l997,32:71-74．
62． Lim, E.S. Substrate studies on peanut using hydroponic culture.Growing Media & Plant Nutrition.l995,401:259-264．