无序的世界和精神的救赎
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摘要
根据混沌理论,人的命运具有不确定性和随机性,且被外界无数的不可预测的力量所影响、所操纵。同样,后现代主义也认为世界是无序的、非理性的、虚无的和不确定的。因此,可以说世界是不可预测的、不稳定的、无序的和混乱的。
深受混沌理论影响,考麦克·麦卡锡在他的作品中对人类社会的无序、混乱和暴力现象作了全面的展现与批判；对人性贪婪和堕落之根源作了深刻的剖析与探讨。本论文试图运用混沌理论对麦卡锡的两部小说《路》和《老无所依》中的混沌、无序主题以及主人公命运的不确定性进行研究分析。麦卡锡笔下的世界充斥着暴力、人性的贪婪、和邪恶。面对这个以混乱、强暴、空虚和人性堕落为特征的后现代社会,麦卡锡倡导宗教救赎的理想、呼吁人与人之间的怜悯、同情以及人文关怀,他指出这种人际之间的同情与关爱、协力与互助是我们走出这个混沌无序、黑暗世界的希望之光。
本论文共分简介、主体五个章节和结论部分。简介部分简要介绍了考麦克·麦卡锡国内外研究现状及本论文的框架和研究目的。本研究指出国内外麦卡锡研究硕果累累,但从后现代语境下的混沌理论为切入点研究麦卡锡的作品,国内尚无先例。
第一章简要介绍了后现代语境下的混沌理论。它指出后现代理论和混沌理论都认为世界是无序混乱的,具有随机性、非理性、不确定性。混沌理论认为世界是非线型的动态系统,这个系统内部无数相互交织、相互作用、相互依存的子系统构成了世界的多样性和混沌性。尽管世界是一个不可预测的无序世界,但在无序中又存在着一种无序中的有序。
第二章从麦卡锡的哲学、教育、生活、成长及美国的文化背景几方面探寻麦卡锡创作观的成因。麦卡锡的罗马天主教的教育、成长背景为他同后宗教救赎思想打下了坚实的基础。军队的服役经历在空间时间纬度给他提供了更多对战争、暴力、流血及人性邪恶的思考。麦卡锡对科学的特有的兴趣以及他在圣达菲研究所的工作、生活经历为他文学创作中的科学美学思想奠定了理论基础。
第三章从自然和社会两方面研究麦卡锡两部作品《路》和《老无所依》中的混沌性。在这两部小说中麦卡锡描绘了一个是凄凉、悲惨的混沌世界,在这里邪恶、暴力、恐怖和残忍弥漫在自然和社会的每个角落。在《路》中麦卡锡用丰富的想象勾勒出一个大灾难后的混沌世界,这个世界充斥着黑暗、阴冷、凄凉、混乱、食人族蚕食后的断肢残臂、大灾难后的残壁断垣及杂乱、沙砾的荒芜世界。在《老无所依》这部小说里,到处弥漫着压抑的阴冷、悲惨、混沌和暴力,人的命运被这种暴力、血腥所奴役,所操纵。
第四章运用混沌理论中的“奇异吸引子”理论分析了这两部作品中人物命运的不确定性和随机性。在《老无所依》这部小说里,齐格是邪恶、神秘力量的化身,他代表混沌理论中的奇异因子。他是不可控制、不可预测、超自然的代表,小说中人物的命运都被他这种神秘的力量所操控。在《路》中,一种神秘的力量引起了地球上的大灾难,尽管这种灾难并不一定是原子能的爆炸所引起,但大灾难后的后启示录世界值得我们去思考、去探索。
第五章指出当我们面对这个混沌、无序、暴力和人性邪恶堕落的世界,人与人之间的相互关怀、怜悯和同情以及宗教救赎才是走出这个混沌、惨淡世界的救赎之路,这样的救赎行为从根本上讲,就是人类在混沌无序中力图以感性的精神重建一个有序的世界。
总结部分对本论文做了简要的总结。它指出混沌、暴力、虚无及人性堕落是大多麦卡锡作品的中心主题。尽管如此,在《路》和《老无所依》中,麦卡锡又力图通过个人的自我完善、怜悯同情以及宗教思想在这个无望、贫瘠的荒原上构建一座希望之桥。
According to Chaos theory, fate is influenced by innumerable forces which are both random and determined at once. Likewise, postmodernists also advocate the discourse of inconsistency, disorder, nihilism and random variables.
Influenced by chaos theory, Cormack McCarthy attempts to explore human potentiality of violence, avarice, blindness and depravity in his works. From the perspective of chaos theory, the dissertation analyses the central themes and explores the chaos and uncertainty of human society in McCarthy's The Road and No Country for Old Men. Moreover, it points out that the only way for human society to survive is that humans become sympathetic and concerned for each other in the chaotic fallen society.
The dissertation consists of an introduction, five expository chapters and a conclusion. The introduction briefly introduces the major research work that has been done on McCarthy both at home and abroad. And the aim and significance of this dissertation are also introduced in the part. Though critics apply various critical approaches to the reading of his novels, none of them tries to use chaos theory to interpret them.
Chapter One gives an analysis of chaos theory in the postmodern context. It points out that chaos theory and the postmodernists advocate disorder, randomness and indeterminism in postmodern society. Chaos theory examines the nonlinear behavior of dynamical systems, in which many features interact and make their behavior complex and nonlinear. Moreover, the chaos theorists believe that the root cause of most events is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable. Chaotic systems appear random or disordered, but they do contain orders in nonlinear systems.
Chapter Two investigates McCarthy's philosophy, education and background and attempts to witness Cormack McCarthy's chaotic worldview in his life. McCarthy's Roman Catholic education, religious background creates in him a religious urge to redeem the chaotic world. His experience of serving in the army gives him enough time and space to meditate the violence, war and evil in the world. Moreover, his special interests in science, particularly his four-year residence in Santa Fe Institute have a great influence on the formation of the aesthetics for his literary works.
Chapter Three explores the chaosmos in McCarthy's two novels. It studies the natural and social chaos in The Road and No Country for Old Men. In the two novels, Cormac McCarthy gives a vivid description in details about the complex chaotic states in the environments and society. In The Road, McCarthy has summoned his fiercest visions to invoke the devastation, upheaval world, in which the ruined setting is scattered with dust, charred corpses, and bottles, and limbless trunks of trees. In No Country for Old Men, the unbearable bleakness and chaos are pervaded in the godless, evil world. In McCarthy's works, social chaos is revealed completely by the social violence and pervading evil. The protagonists manage to mount some resistance to it, but evil overcomes the goodness in the end.
Chapter Four discusses the unpredictable and uncontrollable strange attractors in the novels, and argues that the destinies of the characters are determined by the strange attractors. In No Country for Old, Chigurh, the fascination of pure evil, represents the mysterious power or devil which can control human's fate and stands for uncontrollable chaos and supernatural ferocity in the society. In The Road, McCarthy doesn't mention what kind of strange attractor leads to the disaster. Nevertheless, it is demonstrated that the mysterious undetermined strange attractor caused the global spasm of destruction, which is not necessarily nuclear, but is certainly apocalyptic.
Chapter Five demonstrates McCarthy's positive religious attitude towards the chaos, unpredictability and the depravity of the world. And it emphasizes that the best way for us to coexist better is to show the compassion and concern for other human beings in the world. According to chaos theory, order and disorder bind together in a dialectic that enfolds them into each other while still permitting each to retain its distinct identity. Likewise, in McCarthy's wring, the world is imbued with chaos, violence, evil and avarice, but it has a hidden order out of the disorderly world. In other words, in the two novels the writer attempts to make our lives meaningful or sublime by encouraging the self-improving action to enhance and promote goodness, compassion and altruism in dealing with others when we are trapped in a dark pit.
The Conclusion summarizes the major arguments of each chapter. Chaos, violence and nihilism are the central philosophic ideas in much of McCarthy's works. But in his last novel The Road, McCarthy attempts to construct a hopeful bridge that connects the hopeless, sterile and barren wasteland.
深受混沌理论影响,考麦克·麦卡锡在他的作品中对人类社会的无序、混乱和暴力现象作了全面的展现与批判；对人性贪婪和堕落之根源作了深刻的剖析与探讨。本论文试图运用混沌理论对麦卡锡的两部小说《路》和《老无所依》中的混沌、无序主题以及主人公命运的不确定性进行研究分析。麦卡锡笔下的世界充斥着暴力、人性的贪婪、和邪恶。面对这个以混乱、强暴、空虚和人性堕落为特征的后现代社会,麦卡锡倡导宗教救赎的理想、呼吁人与人之间的怜悯、同情以及人文关怀,他指出这种人际之间的同情与关爱、协力与互助是我们走出这个混沌无序、黑暗世界的希望之光。
本论文共分简介、主体五个章节和结论部分。简介部分简要介绍了考麦克·麦卡锡国内外研究现状及本论文的框架和研究目的。本研究指出国内外麦卡锡研究硕果累累,但从后现代语境下的混沌理论为切入点研究麦卡锡的作品,国内尚无先例。
第一章简要介绍了后现代语境下的混沌理论。它指出后现代理论和混沌理论都认为世界是无序混乱的,具有随机性、非理性、不确定性。混沌理论认为世界是非线型的动态系统,这个系统内部无数相互交织、相互作用、相互依存的子系统构成了世界的多样性和混沌性。尽管世界是一个不可预测的无序世界,但在无序中又存在着一种无序中的有序。
第二章从麦卡锡的哲学、教育、生活、成长及美国的文化背景几方面探寻麦卡锡创作观的成因。麦卡锡的罗马天主教的教育、成长背景为他同后宗教救赎思想打下了坚实的基础。军队的服役经历在空间时间纬度给他提供了更多对战争、暴力、流血及人性邪恶的思考。麦卡锡对科学的特有的兴趣以及他在圣达菲研究所的工作、生活经历为他文学创作中的科学美学思想奠定了理论基础。
第三章从自然和社会两方面研究麦卡锡两部作品《路》和《老无所依》中的混沌性。在这两部小说中麦卡锡描绘了一个是凄凉、悲惨的混沌世界,在这里邪恶、暴力、恐怖和残忍弥漫在自然和社会的每个角落。在《路》中麦卡锡用丰富的想象勾勒出一个大灾难后的混沌世界,这个世界充斥着黑暗、阴冷、凄凉、混乱、食人族蚕食后的断肢残臂、大灾难后的残壁断垣及杂乱、沙砾的荒芜世界。在《老无所依》这部小说里,到处弥漫着压抑的阴冷、悲惨、混沌和暴力,人的命运被这种暴力、血腥所奴役,所操纵。
第四章运用混沌理论中的“奇异吸引子”理论分析了这两部作品中人物命运的不确定性和随机性。在《老无所依》这部小说里,齐格是邪恶、神秘力量的化身,他代表混沌理论中的奇异因子。他是不可控制、不可预测、超自然的代表,小说中人物的命运都被他这种神秘的力量所操控。在《路》中,一种神秘的力量引起了地球上的大灾难,尽管这种灾难并不一定是原子能的爆炸所引起,但大灾难后的后启示录世界值得我们去思考、去探索。
第五章指出当我们面对这个混沌、无序、暴力和人性邪恶堕落的世界,人与人之间的相互关怀、怜悯和同情以及宗教救赎才是走出这个混沌、惨淡世界的救赎之路,这样的救赎行为从根本上讲,就是人类在混沌无序中力图以感性的精神重建一个有序的世界。
总结部分对本论文做了简要的总结。它指出混沌、暴力、虚无及人性堕落是大多麦卡锡作品的中心主题。尽管如此,在《路》和《老无所依》中,麦卡锡又力图通过个人的自我完善、怜悯同情以及宗教思想在这个无望、贫瘠的荒原上构建一座希望之桥。
According to Chaos theory, fate is influenced by innumerable forces which are both random and determined at once. Likewise, postmodernists also advocate the discourse of inconsistency, disorder, nihilism and random variables.
Influenced by chaos theory, Cormack McCarthy attempts to explore human potentiality of violence, avarice, blindness and depravity in his works. From the perspective of chaos theory, the dissertation analyses the central themes and explores the chaos and uncertainty of human society in McCarthy's The Road and No Country for Old Men. Moreover, it points out that the only way for human society to survive is that humans become sympathetic and concerned for each other in the chaotic fallen society.
The dissertation consists of an introduction, five expository chapters and a conclusion. The introduction briefly introduces the major research work that has been done on McCarthy both at home and abroad. And the aim and significance of this dissertation are also introduced in the part. Though critics apply various critical approaches to the reading of his novels, none of them tries to use chaos theory to interpret them.
Chapter One gives an analysis of chaos theory in the postmodern context. It points out that chaos theory and the postmodernists advocate disorder, randomness and indeterminism in postmodern society. Chaos theory examines the nonlinear behavior of dynamical systems, in which many features interact and make their behavior complex and nonlinear. Moreover, the chaos theorists believe that the root cause of most events is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable. Chaotic systems appear random or disordered, but they do contain orders in nonlinear systems.
Chapter Two investigates McCarthy's philosophy, education and background and attempts to witness Cormack McCarthy's chaotic worldview in his life. McCarthy's Roman Catholic education, religious background creates in him a religious urge to redeem the chaotic world. His experience of serving in the army gives him enough time and space to meditate the violence, war and evil in the world. Moreover, his special interests in science, particularly his four-year residence in Santa Fe Institute have a great influence on the formation of the aesthetics for his literary works.
Chapter Three explores the chaosmos in McCarthy's two novels. It studies the natural and social chaos in The Road and No Country for Old Men. In the two novels, Cormac McCarthy gives a vivid description in details about the complex chaotic states in the environments and society. In The Road, McCarthy has summoned his fiercest visions to invoke the devastation, upheaval world, in which the ruined setting is scattered with dust, charred corpses, and bottles, and limbless trunks of trees. In No Country for Old Men, the unbearable bleakness and chaos are pervaded in the godless, evil world. In McCarthy's works, social chaos is revealed completely by the social violence and pervading evil. The protagonists manage to mount some resistance to it, but evil overcomes the goodness in the end.
Chapter Four discusses the unpredictable and uncontrollable strange attractors in the novels, and argues that the destinies of the characters are determined by the strange attractors. In No Country for Old, Chigurh, the fascination of pure evil, represents the mysterious power or devil which can control human's fate and stands for uncontrollable chaos and supernatural ferocity in the society. In The Road, McCarthy doesn't mention what kind of strange attractor leads to the disaster. Nevertheless, it is demonstrated that the mysterious undetermined strange attractor caused the global spasm of destruction, which is not necessarily nuclear, but is certainly apocalyptic.
Chapter Five demonstrates McCarthy's positive religious attitude towards the chaos, unpredictability and the depravity of the world. And it emphasizes that the best way for us to coexist better is to show the compassion and concern for other human beings in the world. According to chaos theory, order and disorder bind together in a dialectic that enfolds them into each other while still permitting each to retain its distinct identity. Likewise, in McCarthy's wring, the world is imbued with chaos, violence, evil and avarice, but it has a hidden order out of the disorderly world. In other words, in the two novels the writer attempts to make our lives meaningful or sublime by encouraging the self-improving action to enhance and promote goodness, compassion and altruism in dealing with others when we are trapped in a dark pit.
The Conclusion summarizes the major arguments of each chapter. Chaos, violence and nihilism are the central philosophic ideas in much of McCarthy's works. But in his last novel The Road, McCarthy attempts to construct a hopeful bridge that connects the hopeless, sterile and barren wasteland.
引文
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Ibarrola-Armendariz, Aitor. "Crises across the Board in Cormac McCarthy's The Road." Universidad de Deusto Revista de Estudios Norteamericanos 14 (2009-2010):81-105.
Jackson, Wesley Calvin. "From Hills to Plains:Cormac McCarthy's Use of Landscape, Terrain, and Environment". Diss. University of Georgia,2009.
James, Lilley, ed. Cormac McCarthy: New Directions. Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,2002.
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