建筑工程安全事故预防与控制
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摘要
建筑行业受其自身的生产特点影响,是一个危险性高、极易发生事故的行业,在全世界来说都属于事故多发行业。建筑业的安全事故带来的灾难,促使了人们对建筑安全问题的普遍关注和对事故控制理论分析的重视,也是我国安全生产专项治理的重点行业之一。
本文在调查研究和参阅相关文献的基础上,着重总结了建筑施工过程中多发及严重事故的原因,并有针对性地提出切实可行的防控技术措施和管理对策。首先由我国目前工程事故控制的现状出发,总结建筑施工过程中多发及严重事故的原因；然后以降低建设过程中安全事故发生的可能性为目的,对六项分部工程的主要施工安全事故的调查与案例分析,通过对生产要素具体的状态控制,使生产要素不安全的行为和状态尽量减少或消除,不引发为工程事故；最终通过研究提出,安全教育与培训是我国建设安全事故预防与控制目前最需进行也最容易被忽视的环节。
通过分析建筑安全事故发生的因素及规律,对安全事故进行积极的预防和控制,完善建筑安全管理体制、管理方法和管理手段,这将为以后施工安全管理提供可操作性的方法,从而规范建筑行业开展具体安全管理工作,对其行业发展有进一步的促进与有益探索。
Because of special features in civil engineering construction processes, construction industry is of high risk of accident and casualty in China, even for the developed countries. So, the construction industry is the focused field of government safety monitoring and controlling. The accidents and casualty in the process of construction bring to the birth of safety science and technology.
Based on literature referencing and field investigation, the common and serious accidents in construction processes are summarized, then, for the purpose of accident control, some corresponding countermeasures are put forward to eliminate the factors of hazard. Firstly, the typical construction procedure is divided into six phases, such as pit excavation, high position works, contemporary electricity, scaffold works, weight lifting, explosive works and so on. Secondly, the corresponding measures are set for the detail procedures of each construction phases, in order to eliminate the dangerous actions and states, and cut the chains action of accidents. Finally, it is suggested that the safety education and exercises are the usually neglected measures in the practical projects, however, they are the most important and efficient way the improve the safety of construction industry.
The common factors of accidents in construction industry are outlined, and the general evolving chains of disaster are listed. Based on the main ideas of the paper, the decision-makers in a construction enterprise may take some actions to eliminate the accidents:the risk control framework should be set up, the daily checking and modification steps should be done, and the safety education and exercises should be carried out periodically.
本文在调查研究和参阅相关文献的基础上,着重总结了建筑施工过程中多发及严重事故的原因,并有针对性地提出切实可行的防控技术措施和管理对策。首先由我国目前工程事故控制的现状出发,总结建筑施工过程中多发及严重事故的原因；然后以降低建设过程中安全事故发生的可能性为目的,对六项分部工程的主要施工安全事故的调查与案例分析,通过对生产要素具体的状态控制,使生产要素不安全的行为和状态尽量减少或消除,不引发为工程事故；最终通过研究提出,安全教育与培训是我国建设安全事故预防与控制目前最需进行也最容易被忽视的环节。
通过分析建筑安全事故发生的因素及规律,对安全事故进行积极的预防和控制,完善建筑安全管理体制、管理方法和管理手段,这将为以后施工安全管理提供可操作性的方法,从而规范建筑行业开展具体安全管理工作,对其行业发展有进一步的促进与有益探索。
Because of special features in civil engineering construction processes, construction industry is of high risk of accident and casualty in China, even for the developed countries. So, the construction industry is the focused field of government safety monitoring and controlling. The accidents and casualty in the process of construction bring to the birth of safety science and technology.
Based on literature referencing and field investigation, the common and serious accidents in construction processes are summarized, then, for the purpose of accident control, some corresponding countermeasures are put forward to eliminate the factors of hazard. Firstly, the typical construction procedure is divided into six phases, such as pit excavation, high position works, contemporary electricity, scaffold works, weight lifting, explosive works and so on. Secondly, the corresponding measures are set for the detail procedures of each construction phases, in order to eliminate the dangerous actions and states, and cut the chains action of accidents. Finally, it is suggested that the safety education and exercises are the usually neglected measures in the practical projects, however, they are the most important and efficient way the improve the safety of construction industry.
The common factors of accidents in construction industry are outlined, and the general evolving chains of disaster are listed. Based on the main ideas of the paper, the decision-makers in a construction enterprise may take some actions to eliminate the accidents:the risk control framework should be set up, the daily checking and modification steps should be done, and the safety education and exercises should be carried out periodically.
引文
[1]杨文柱.建筑安全工程[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[2]任宏,兰定筠.建设工程施工安全管理[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[3]方东平,黄新宇,Jimmie Hinze.工程建设安全管理[M].中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[4]工程质量和安全专业委员会.施工现场安全生产保证体系[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[5]建设部工程质量安全监督与行业发展司.建设工程安全生产技术[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[6]田元福.建筑安全控制及其应用研究[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2002,23：42-44
[7]何学秋.安全工程学[M].中国矿业大学出版社,2002,75页
[8]《建筑施工安全检查标准》(JGJ59-99).中国建筑工业出版社,北京,1999.
[9]蒋军成.事故调查与分析技术[M].化学工业出版社,北京,2004
[10]苏毅勇,叶继香.伤亡事故分析与预防[M].中国劳动出版社,北京,1991.
[11]卢文刚.建筑安全技术的历史、现状与发展[J].中国安全科学学报,1995.10
[12]刘少华.建筑施工安全现状原因及对策[J].建筑安全,2005,11.
[13]丁传波.我国建筑施工伤亡事故的致因分析和对策[J].土木工程学报,第37卷第8期
[14]周士元.高坠实例分析与对策[J].建筑安全,2004.6.
[15]洪清源.重大伤亡事故类型、原因分析与防范[J].建筑安全,2006.9
[16]张其中主编,《爆破安全法规标准选编》[M],中国标准出版社,1993年
[17]日本工业火药协会编：新爆破手册,湖北科学技术出版社,1997年
[18]中国工程爆破协会,《爆破安全规程》GB 6722-2003
[19]吴庆洲主编,《建筑安全》[M],中国建筑工业出版社,2007年
[20]邓聿文.根治安全事故关键在于法制的健全和执行.花炮科技与市场[J],2003,(4)：13-15
[21]陆明.分析安全事故频发的客观成因.山东省工会管理干部学院学报[J],2003,(6)：28-29
[22]纪薇.建设工程安全事故分析及预防措施.建筑安全[J],2005,(7)：34-35
[23]陈宝春.脚手架模板工程安全事故原因分析及预防措施.工业建筑[J],2005,(5)：18-20
[24]上海市工程建设监督研究会.建筑工程安全施工指南[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000：33-36
[25]杨志明.基坑工程安全事故及原因分析.地质勘探安全[J],1998,(1)：26-28
[26]包其国.建筑施工安全管理与技术[M],成都：四川科学技术出版社,1993：50-55
[27]王赫.建筑施工质量事故分析与防治[M],南京：江苏科学技术出版社,1990,15-18
[28]张革.减少建设工程安全事故的认识.江西煤炭科技[J],2005,(2)：22-24
[29]崔克清,张礼敬,淘刚,建筑安全工程与科学导论[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.
[30]金龙哲,宋存义,建筑安全科学原理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.
[31]田元福.建筑安全控制及其应用研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[32]宋岩.浅谈建筑施工过程中的安全问题及处理措施[J].科技信息,2007,(17).
[33]段绪华,李守钊.案例与研讨教学在安全培训工作中的作用[J]中国安全生产科学技术,23006,(01).
[34]中国建筑科学研究院.哈尔滨工业大学.《建筑施工扣件式钢管脚手架安全技术规范》(JGJ130-2001).中国建筑工业出版社,2001.6.1
[35]袁海林.建筑安全的管理和控制研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2007
[36]张文渊.当前建筑施工安全状况差的原因及其对策[J]安全,1999,(06).
[37]张平远.我国安全生产培训现状与对策[J]中国煤炭,2002,(11).
[38]段力誌.建筑施工安全管理研究[D].重庆大学,2006
[39]A Multilayer Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Model of Fire Safety for Petrochemical Enterprise[A]Proceedings of the First International Conference on Risk Analysis and Crisis Response[C], 2007
[40]Liability in designing for construction worker safety. Journal of Architectural Engineering[Z].1998:
[41]Blair E H. Achieving a total safety paradigm through authentic caring and quality.Professional Safety, 1996,415,41(5):24-27.
[42]Lingard H C and Rowlinson S. Behavior -based safety management in Hong Kong' s construction industry Journal of Safety Research,1997,284,28(4):243-256.
[43]Hislop R D. Who is responsible for construction safety.Professional Safety,1998,432,43(2):26-28.
[44]Geller S E. Ten principles for achieving a total safety culture.Professional Safety,1994,393, 39(3):18-24.
[45]Hinze J W and Appelgate L. Costs of construction injuries.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,1991,1173,117(3):537-550.
[46]Toward a contingency model of strategic risk taking. Academy of Management Review[Z].1985:
[47]Achieving a total safety paradigm through authentic caring and quality. Professional Safety[Z].1996:
[48]Who is responsible for construction safety. Professional Safety[Z].1998:.
[49]Ten principles for achieving a total safety culture. Professional Safety[Z].1994:
[50]Strategies for achieving excellence in construction safety performance. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management[Z].1996:
[51]Saji G. A scoping study on consequences of the Chernobyl accident. Presented at an informal symposium on the radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident. IBRAE, Moscow[J],2002,9(23):28-29
[52]Value-at-Risk-based risk management:optimal policies and asset prices. The Review of Financial Studies[Z].2001:
[53]Improving workers' compensation management in construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management[Z].1997:
[2]任宏,兰定筠.建设工程施工安全管理[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[3]方东平,黄新宇,Jimmie Hinze.工程建设安全管理[M].中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[4]工程质量和安全专业委员会.施工现场安全生产保证体系[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[5]建设部工程质量安全监督与行业发展司.建设工程安全生产技术[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[6]田元福.建筑安全控制及其应用研究[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2002,23：42-44
[7]何学秋.安全工程学[M].中国矿业大学出版社,2002,75页
[8]《建筑施工安全检查标准》(JGJ59-99).中国建筑工业出版社,北京,1999.
[9]蒋军成.事故调查与分析技术[M].化学工业出版社,北京,2004
[10]苏毅勇,叶继香.伤亡事故分析与预防[M].中国劳动出版社,北京,1991.
[11]卢文刚.建筑安全技术的历史、现状与发展[J].中国安全科学学报,1995.10
[12]刘少华.建筑施工安全现状原因及对策[J].建筑安全,2005,11.
[13]丁传波.我国建筑施工伤亡事故的致因分析和对策[J].土木工程学报,第37卷第8期
[14]周士元.高坠实例分析与对策[J].建筑安全,2004.6.
[15]洪清源.重大伤亡事故类型、原因分析与防范[J].建筑安全,2006.9
[16]张其中主编,《爆破安全法规标准选编》[M],中国标准出版社,1993年
[17]日本工业火药协会编：新爆破手册,湖北科学技术出版社,1997年
[18]中国工程爆破协会,《爆破安全规程》GB 6722-2003
[19]吴庆洲主编,《建筑安全》[M],中国建筑工业出版社,2007年
[20]邓聿文.根治安全事故关键在于法制的健全和执行.花炮科技与市场[J],2003,(4)：13-15
[21]陆明.分析安全事故频发的客观成因.山东省工会管理干部学院学报[J],2003,(6)：28-29
[22]纪薇.建设工程安全事故分析及预防措施.建筑安全[J],2005,(7)：34-35
[23]陈宝春.脚手架模板工程安全事故原因分析及预防措施.工业建筑[J],2005,(5)：18-20
[24]上海市工程建设监督研究会.建筑工程安全施工指南[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000：33-36
[25]杨志明.基坑工程安全事故及原因分析.地质勘探安全[J],1998,(1)：26-28
[26]包其国.建筑施工安全管理与技术[M],成都：四川科学技术出版社,1993：50-55
[27]王赫.建筑施工质量事故分析与防治[M],南京：江苏科学技术出版社,1990,15-18
[28]张革.减少建设工程安全事故的认识.江西煤炭科技[J],2005,(2)：22-24
[29]崔克清,张礼敬,淘刚,建筑安全工程与科学导论[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.
[30]金龙哲,宋存义,建筑安全科学原理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.
[31]田元福.建筑安全控制及其应用研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[32]宋岩.浅谈建筑施工过程中的安全问题及处理措施[J].科技信息,2007,(17).
[33]段绪华,李守钊.案例与研讨教学在安全培训工作中的作用[J]中国安全生产科学技术,23006,(01).
[34]中国建筑科学研究院.哈尔滨工业大学.《建筑施工扣件式钢管脚手架安全技术规范》(JGJ130-2001).中国建筑工业出版社,2001.6.1
[35]袁海林.建筑安全的管理和控制研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2007
[36]张文渊.当前建筑施工安全状况差的原因及其对策[J]安全,1999,(06).
[37]张平远.我国安全生产培训现状与对策[J]中国煤炭,2002,(11).
[38]段力誌.建筑施工安全管理研究[D].重庆大学,2006
[39]A Multilayer Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Model of Fire Safety for Petrochemical Enterprise[A]Proceedings of the First International Conference on Risk Analysis and Crisis Response[C], 2007
[40]Liability in designing for construction worker safety. Journal of Architectural Engineering[Z].1998:
[41]Blair E H. Achieving a total safety paradigm through authentic caring and quality.Professional Safety, 1996,415,41(5):24-27.
[42]Lingard H C and Rowlinson S. Behavior -based safety management in Hong Kong' s construction industry Journal of Safety Research,1997,284,28(4):243-256.
[43]Hislop R D. Who is responsible for construction safety.Professional Safety,1998,432,43(2):26-28.
[44]Geller S E. Ten principles for achieving a total safety culture.Professional Safety,1994,393, 39(3):18-24.
[45]Hinze J W and Appelgate L. Costs of construction injuries.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,1991,1173,117(3):537-550.
[46]Toward a contingency model of strategic risk taking. Academy of Management Review[Z].1985:
[47]Achieving a total safety paradigm through authentic caring and quality. Professional Safety[Z].1996:
[48]Who is responsible for construction safety. Professional Safety[Z].1998:.
[49]Ten principles for achieving a total safety culture. Professional Safety[Z].1994:
[50]Strategies for achieving excellence in construction safety performance. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management[Z].1996:
[51]Saji G. A scoping study on consequences of the Chernobyl accident. Presented at an informal symposium on the radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident. IBRAE, Moscow[J],2002,9(23):28-29
[52]Value-at-Risk-based risk management:optimal policies and asset prices. The Review of Financial Studies[Z].2001:
[53]Improving workers' compensation management in construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management[Z].1997: