湖库富营养化评价、预测研究
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摘要
富营养化已成为我国湖泊、水库的重大环境问题。湖泊水库的富营养化发生机理相同，一起研究的可行性较大。但是，富营养化的发生所受影响因素较多，不同水域其决定因子有所不同，必然要求对其研究应结合水体实际状况、体现针对性。博斯腾湖是我国典型的内陆高原大型浅水湖，糯扎渡水库是典型的河道型深水库。它们是我国西部内陆湖泊和西南大型河道型水库的典型代表，本文以此为例探讨这两类水体富营养化评价、预测和防治的研究方式。
本文首先对博斯腾湖和糯扎渡水库的水文及污染状况进行调查，给出两水域的污染源分布、发展趋势。由此，分析两水域富营养化的各种影响因子，寻求合适的评价、预测模型。通过对两水域富营养化现状的评价，验证几种典型模型对两水域富营养化评价的可行性，得出两水体各断面富营养化水平。并在此基础上，预测博斯腾湖限制因子总磷、总氮浓度以及湖泊整体营养水平在2010年前的逐年分布，预测2010年不同频率水文工况下的湖内各点营养水平分布，并从理论上分析预测博斯腾湖富营养化发生的可能性。四种预测方案结果全面给出了博斯腾湖在各种工况下的营养水平分布，为博斯腾湖富营养化总量控制以及重点区域污染防治提供依据。同时，本文还预测出糯扎渡水库建成后库区沿程以及各典型断面的逐月营养水平分布，分析库区各江段富营养化发生的可能性，为建库过程中重点区域、重点水期的污染防治工作提供理论指导。
最后，根据两水体富营养化评价和预测结果，结合国内外富营养化防治的实际经验，探讨我国类似湖库富营养化防治措施，给出博斯腾湖和糯扎渡水库两水体合理的富营养化防治措施。
Eutrophication has become the most important problem of lakes and reservoirs in our country. Lake and reservoir have the same eutrophication mechanism, so it is feasible to research the two water areas together. But the occurrence of eutrophication bears some factors, different water area has different decisive one, which requires research combined with the actual condition of water body and embodies pertinence. Bosten is a typical big shallow lake in west inland altiplano in china and NuoZhaDu is the typical river-type reservoir. They are the representations of west inland lakes and west-south river-type reservoirs in China. According to the two water bodies, this paper has probed into the research on the eutrophication assessment, predication and management in these two type of water bodies.
In this paper, hydrology and pollution level in Bosten Lake and NuoZhaDu Reservoir were firstly investigated. Distribution and development trend of pollution source were presented. Thereout, appropriate models for assessment and predication have been saked through the analysis of eutrophication influence factors in these two water bodies. After the eutrophication assessment of the actual condition in these two water bodies, the feasibility of several typical assessment models have been validated and eutrophication level of every section in the two water bodies have also been given. On the basis of assessment .yearly distribution of TP and TN concentration and the whole water' s eutrophication level of Bosten lake before 2010 have been
discussed. In addition, this paper have also predicated eutrophication level of every spot in this lake in different hydrology year of 2010 and theoretically analyzed the probability of eutrophication. All these research programs mentioned above were to provide foundation for eutrophication gross control and pollution prevention in key water field in Bosten Lake. Simulately, to provide theory guidance for pollution prevention and cure in key section and key time during the building process of NuoZhaDu reservoir, month-by-month distribution of eutrophication and the eutrophication probability along the reservoir and in every river section have also predicted after the construct of NuoZhaDu. According to the result of assessment and predication in these two water bodies, combined with the practical experience of eutrophication prevention in home and out waters, this paper have discussed some measures for eutrophication prevention and cure for similar lakes and reservoirs and also brought forward some measures
for Bosten Lake and NuoZhaDu Reservoir.
本文首先对博斯腾湖和糯扎渡水库的水文及污染状况进行调查，给出两水域的污染源分布、发展趋势。由此，分析两水域富营养化的各种影响因子，寻求合适的评价、预测模型。通过对两水域富营养化现状的评价，验证几种典型模型对两水域富营养化评价的可行性，得出两水体各断面富营养化水平。并在此基础上，预测博斯腾湖限制因子总磷、总氮浓度以及湖泊整体营养水平在2010年前的逐年分布，预测2010年不同频率水文工况下的湖内各点营养水平分布，并从理论上分析预测博斯腾湖富营养化发生的可能性。四种预测方案结果全面给出了博斯腾湖在各种工况下的营养水平分布，为博斯腾湖富营养化总量控制以及重点区域污染防治提供依据。同时，本文还预测出糯扎渡水库建成后库区沿程以及各典型断面的逐月营养水平分布，分析库区各江段富营养化发生的可能性，为建库过程中重点区域、重点水期的污染防治工作提供理论指导。
最后，根据两水体富营养化评价和预测结果，结合国内外富营养化防治的实际经验，探讨我国类似湖库富营养化防治措施，给出博斯腾湖和糯扎渡水库两水体合理的富营养化防治措施。
Eutrophication has become the most important problem of lakes and reservoirs in our country. Lake and reservoir have the same eutrophication mechanism, so it is feasible to research the two water areas together. But the occurrence of eutrophication bears some factors, different water area has different decisive one, which requires research combined with the actual condition of water body and embodies pertinence. Bosten is a typical big shallow lake in west inland altiplano in china and NuoZhaDu is the typical river-type reservoir. They are the representations of west inland lakes and west-south river-type reservoirs in China. According to the two water bodies, this paper has probed into the research on the eutrophication assessment, predication and management in these two type of water bodies.
In this paper, hydrology and pollution level in Bosten Lake and NuoZhaDu Reservoir were firstly investigated. Distribution and development trend of pollution source were presented. Thereout, appropriate models for assessment and predication have been saked through the analysis of eutrophication influence factors in these two water bodies. After the eutrophication assessment of the actual condition in these two water bodies, the feasibility of several typical assessment models have been validated and eutrophication level of every section in the two water bodies have also been given. On the basis of assessment .yearly distribution of TP and TN concentration and the whole water' s eutrophication level of Bosten lake before 2010 have been
discussed. In addition, this paper have also predicated eutrophication level of every spot in this lake in different hydrology year of 2010 and theoretically analyzed the probability of eutrophication. All these research programs mentioned above were to provide foundation for eutrophication gross control and pollution prevention in key water field in Bosten Lake. Simulately, to provide theory guidance for pollution prevention and cure in key section and key time during the building process of NuoZhaDu reservoir, month-by-month distribution of eutrophication and the eutrophication probability along the reservoir and in every river section have also predicted after the construct of NuoZhaDu. According to the result of assessment and predication in these two water bodies, combined with the practical experience of eutrophication prevention in home and out waters, this paper have discussed some measures for eutrophication prevention and cure for similar lakes and reservoirs and also brought forward some measures
for Bosten Lake and NuoZhaDu Reservoir.
引文
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[3]叶守泽，夏军，郭生练．水库水环境模拟预测与评价．中国水利水电出版社．1994
[4]马经安等．浅谈国内外江河湖库水体富营养化状况，长江流域资源与环境，11(6),2002：575-578
[5]蒋火华，吴贞丽，梁德华。世界典型湖泊水质探讨，世界环境，2000：35～37
[6]舒金华．中国湖泊富营养化程度评价．湖泊与海洋．1993(6)
[7]蔡庆华．湖泊富营养化综合评价方法．湖泊科学．Vol．9．No．1.89～94
[8] Joshua Dustin and A. Woodruff Mille. Trophic State Evaluation for Selected Lakes in Grand Teton National Park. Journal of the American Water Resource Association. 37(4), 2001
[9]全为民等．湖泊富营养化模型研究进展，生物多样性．2001．9
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[14]张忠祥、钱易．城市可持续发展与水污染防治对策，中国建筑工业出版社．290～291．300～207
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[16]艾有年，阎立荣．环境检测新方法，中国环境科学出版社，1992．
[17]叶常明著．水污染理论与控制，学术书刊出版社，1989．
[18]Sophie Pitois; Michael H Jackson. Sources of the Eutrophication problems associated with toxic algae: An overview. Journal of Environmental Health.
Dec．2001．
[19]张锡辉编著．水环境修复工程学原理与应用，化学工业出版社环境科学与工程出版中心．2002：24～63
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[21]FiorenzaMicheli. Eutrophication, fisheries, and consumer resource dynamics in marine pelagic ecosystems. Science .Aug 27, 1999.
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[23]冯玉国．湖泊富营养化灰色评价模型及其应用，系统工程理论与实践．1996：42～46
[24]门宝辉等．湖库富营养化综合评价的属性识别模型，四川大学学报(工程科学版)34(6)：109～111
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[26]刘思峰，郭天榜，党耀国等著。灰色系统理论及应用(第二版)，科学出版社，1999：40～60
[27]吕兰军．鄱阳湖富营养化调查与评价，人民长江，1995(4)．
[28]李祚泳等。湖泊营养状态评价的普适指数公式及效果检验，环境工程．Vol．20．No.1．70～72
[29]扬广利，王芹，刘斌。大口子水库的生物学调查与评价，环境监测管理与技术，14(2)：18～20
[30] C J Richardson. Plant and environment interactions: Macrophyte species changes in the Everglades: Examination along a Eutrophication gradient Journal of Environmental Quality; Madison; Jul/Aug 1999.
[31]Song Daxiang，Zhou Kaiya．Assessing Biodiversity：A Heavy Task．南京师大学报(自然科学版)．25(2)：1～6
[32]阎晓燕．博斯腾湖底栖动物现存量的变化及评价．新疆环境保护．16(3)：17-20
[33]Clain A. Jones Eugene B. welch, internal phosphorus loading related to mixing and dilution in a dendritic, shallow praire lake. research journal WPCF. 62(7):847～852
[34]向量良．用狄龙模型预测紫坪铺水库磷负荷的变化趋势，水利水电技术报导，1990年第2期：48-50
[35]黄锦辉等．鸭河口水库水体总氮、总磷预测研究，环境污染与防治，25(1)，2003：10～11
[36]陈永灿等．密云水库富营养化分析与预测，水利学报1998：12～15
[37]Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale. long-termphenomen- ological model of phosphorus and oxygen for strified lakes, wat. res. 25(6):707～715
[38]陈凯麒等．温排水对湖泊、水库富营养化影响的数值模拟，水利学报，1999．1：22～25．
[39]By Dong-il Seo etc. analysis of sediment characteristics and total phosphorus models for shagawa lake. joural of envirmental engineering, april 1999.346～350
[40]Raymond p canale and Steven w. effle, stochastic phosphorus model for Onondaga lake. wat. res. 23(8):1O09～lO16
[41]Dong-il Seo and Raymond P. Canaleo erformance, reliability and uncertainty of total phosphorus models for lake-I deterministic analyses, Wat. res. 30 (1) : 83～94
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[57]Donald F Boesch; Russell B Brinsfield; Robert E Magnien. Chesapeake Bay eutrophication: Scientific understanding, ecosystem restoration, and challenges for agriculture. Journal of Environmental Quality. Madison; Mar/Apr 2001.
[2]黄玉瑶编著．内陆水域污染生态学原理与应用．科学出版社．2001．
[3]叶守泽，夏军，郭生练．水库水环境模拟预测与评价．中国水利水电出版社．1994
[4]马经安等．浅谈国内外江河湖库水体富营养化状况，长江流域资源与环境，11(6),2002：575-578
[5]蒋火华，吴贞丽，梁德华。世界典型湖泊水质探讨，世界环境，2000：35～37
[6]舒金华．中国湖泊富营养化程度评价．湖泊与海洋．1993(6)
[7]蔡庆华．湖泊富营养化综合评价方法．湖泊科学．Vol．9．No．1.89～94
[8] Joshua Dustin and A. Woodruff Mille. Trophic State Evaluation for Selected Lakes in Grand Teton National Park. Journal of the American Water Resource Association. 37(4), 2001
[9]全为民等．湖泊富营养化模型研究进展，生物多样性．2001．9
[10]刘鸿亮等著．中国水环境模拟预测和对策概论．中国环境科学出版社．1988．
[11]A．詹姆斯等著，陈祖明等译．水质模拟导论．成都科学技术大学出版社．1987．
[12]饶群，芮孝芳．富营养化机理及数学模拟研究进展，水文， 21(2)．2001
[13]李炜主编．环境水力学进展，武汉水利电力大学出版社，1999：330～350
[14]张忠祥、钱易．城市可持续发展与水污染防治对策，中国建筑工业出版社．290～291．300～207
[15]David A Matthews: Steven W Effler; Carol M Matthews. Ammonia and toxicity criteria in polluted Onondaga Lake, New York Water Environment Research. Alexandria: Nov/Dec 2000.
[16]艾有年，阎立荣．环境检测新方法，中国环境科学出版社，1992．
[17]叶常明著．水污染理论与控制，学术书刊出版社，1989．
[18]Sophie Pitois; Michael H Jackson. Sources of the Eutrophication problems associated with toxic algae: An overview. Journal of Environmental Health.
Dec．2001．
[19]张锡辉编著．水环境修复工程学原理与应用，化学工业出版社环境科学与工程出版中心．2002：24～63
[20]Edward J Garland .The Fate of Phosphorus. Water Environment & Technology.Jun 2000.
[21]FiorenzaMicheli. Eutrophication, fisheries, and consumer resource dynamics in marine pelagic ecosystems. Science .Aug 27, 1999.
[22]蔡庆华．刘建康。评价湖泊富营养化的一个综合模型，应用生态学报，13(12)，2002：1674～1678
[23]冯玉国．湖泊富营养化灰色评价模型及其应用，系统工程理论与实践．1996：42～46
[24]门宝辉等．湖库富营养化综合评价的属性识别模型，四川大学学报(工程科学版)34(6)：109～111
[25]胡著邦．徐建民．全为民．模糊评价法在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用．农业环境保护，21(6)，2002：535～536．
[26]刘思峰，郭天榜，党耀国等著。灰色系统理论及应用(第二版)，科学出版社，1999：40～60
[27]吕兰军．鄱阳湖富营养化调查与评价，人民长江，1995(4)．
[28]李祚泳等。湖泊营养状态评价的普适指数公式及效果检验，环境工程．Vol．20．No.1．70～72
[29]扬广利，王芹，刘斌。大口子水库的生物学调查与评价，环境监测管理与技术，14(2)：18～20
[30] C J Richardson. Plant and environment interactions: Macrophyte species changes in the Everglades: Examination along a Eutrophication gradient Journal of Environmental Quality; Madison; Jul/Aug 1999.
[31]Song Daxiang，Zhou Kaiya．Assessing Biodiversity：A Heavy Task．南京师大学报(自然科学版)．25(2)：1～6
[32]阎晓燕．博斯腾湖底栖动物现存量的变化及评价．新疆环境保护．16(3)：17-20
[33]Clain A. Jones Eugene B. welch, internal phosphorus loading related to mixing and dilution in a dendritic, shallow praire lake. research journal WPCF. 62(7):847～852
[34]向量良．用狄龙模型预测紫坪铺水库磷负荷的变化趋势，水利水电技术报导，1990年第2期：48-50
[35]黄锦辉等．鸭河口水库水体总氮、总磷预测研究，环境污染与防治，25(1)，2003：10～11
[36]陈永灿等．密云水库富营养化分析与预测，水利学报1998：12～15
[37]Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale. long-termphenomen- ological model of phosphorus and oxygen for strified lakes, wat. res. 25(6):707～715
[38]陈凯麒等．温排水对湖泊、水库富营养化影响的数值模拟，水利学报，1999．1：22～25．
[39]By Dong-il Seo etc. analysis of sediment characteristics and total phosphorus models for shagawa lake. joural of envirmental engineering, april 1999.346～350
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