石灰浆液双流体荷电喷雾烟气脱硫理论与试验研究
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摘要
本文围绕石灰浆液荷电喷雾烟气脱硫,对双流体荷电喷雾特性与卷吸流动结构、荷电喷雾烟气脱硫模型与试验、伴有传热传质的荷电多相湍流流动进行了系统而深入的理论与实验研究。在喷雾湿法烟气脱硫的基础上,利用双流体荷电喷雾改善石灰浆液雾滴的运动特性、荷电特性和表面吸收特性来提高喷雾法烟气脱硫效率。研究内容包括:石灰浆液雾滴的荷电特性,浆液双流体荷电喷雾卷吸结构,雾滴空间分布规律,荷电气液两相流动特性,荷电喷雾烟气脱硫模型与试验,荷电多相湍流流动理论等。本文的研究工作得到了江苏省高校自然科学基金的资助,取的部分阶段性成果为荷电喷雾烟气脱硫的进一步深入研究和实际工业应用奠定了基础。
主要内容有:
1.对介质的电导、介质的极化进行了理论分析,探讨了石灰浆液雾滴的带电机理和极化机理。提出了浆液雾滴和SO_2分子的偶极矩估算公式,建立了感应荷电雾滴荷质比的数学模型,计算结果与试验数据基本吻合。假定浆液雾滴吸收SO_2的过程符合双膜理论模型,得出了伴有化学反应的雾滴吸收SO_2的传质速率公式。
2.设计制造了双流体荷电喷雾装置,进行了双流体荷电喷雾雾滴荷电特性试验,研究表明环形电极高度、液气比、石灰浆液浓度等对雾滴荷电量有较大的影响。雾滴荷质比随着荷电电压升高而增大,随着雾化效果的改善而增加。
3.根据实际烟气脱硫塔系统设计了荷电喷雾烟气脱硫实验系统,进行了石灰浆液荷电喷雾烟气脱硫试验研究。试验结果表明:荷电喷雾烟气脱硫效率较普通喷雾提高5-12%,脱硫效率的提高与带电雾滴运动特性和表面吸收特性有关。同时,在电压作用下雾滴粒径的减小和在空间的均匀分布程度的改善也是脱硫效率提高的关键因素。对Ca/S比、温度、旋流进气、SO_2浓度等对脱硫效率的影响进行了试验。研究表明:Ca/S比的增大可以改善脱硫效率;温度在一定范围可以改善脱硫效率;旋流进气降低了烟气流速,增加了雾滴与烟气接触时间,有利于传质的进行;SO_2浓度越大,脱硫效率降低。
4.采用PIV对石灰浆液双流体荷电喷雾流场进行了测试,得到了喷雾图像、流场矢量图和速度云图等。通过对喷雾流动的测量,发现双流体荷电喷雾存在复杂的漩涡结构;通过对喷雾流动结构的分析,得出具体结构形式包括主射流区、上卷吸区、下卷吸区及影响区等四个区域;雾滴荷电后在库伦力、极化力作用下,其横向速度增大,有利于浆液雾滴与周围烟气的接触,提高了气液传质速率,提高了烟气脱硫效率。
5.采用PDA对石灰浆液荷电喷雾特性进行了测试,得到了不同电压和液气比下的雾滴粒径、雾滴运动速度、湍流脉动强度等信息。雾滴粒径随荷电电压的升高而变小,雾滴尺寸分布均匀程度随电压升高明显提高,雾滴速度随着电压的升高先增大再减小,并对石灰浆液雾滴静电破碎机理进行了理论分析。对荷电气液两相流动的测量表明:荷电雾滴具有良好的跟随性,雾滴的脉动强度与雾滴的速度有关,且本身存在较强的脉动。
6.在分析带电雾滴与SO_2分子微观作用的基础上,考虑雾滴带电和极化过程对雾滴吸收SO_2传质的影响,认为带电和极化是荷电喷雾脱硫区别于常规雾化脱硫的关键。荷电雾滴由于带有过剩电荷和非过剩电荷感应极化等原因在库伦力和极化力作用下与SO_2产生附加作用力,从而提高了雾滴吸收SO_2的传质速率。在此基础上结合喷雾塔反应器烟气脱硫过程,考虑了高压静电强电场区、雾滴诱导电场区和塔壁反应膜区三个过程,建立了荷电喷雾烟气脱硫的传质模型。
7.根据荷电喷雾脱硫流动的特点,采用颗粒拟流体假设建立了荷电多相流动的方程组。根据雷诺时均法则,建立了荷电气体—颗粒两相湍流雷诺时均方程组的κ-ε-κ_p模型,并考虑了气体与颗粒之间化学反应产生的传热传质。对石灰浆液荷电喷雾脱硫塔内部流场进行了数值计算,计算值与实验值基本吻合。
Based on series fundamental experiments and theoretical analyses, the charged spray theory, flue gas absorption mechanism, the two-fluid electrostatic spray characteristics of the limewater, flue gas desulfurization by the electrostatic spray, charged multiphase turbulent flow are studied systematically and comprehensively in this paper, which established a research foundation for flue gas desulfurization by the electrostatic spray. Based on the WFGD systems, the desulfurization efficiency is improved by improving the limewater droplets movement characteristics, charging characteristics and surface absorption characteristics through making uses of the charged spray. The research work involves the limewater droplets charging characteristics, the two-fluid electrostatic spray structure of the limewater and the droplets space distributing, the model and experiment of flue gas desulfurization by the electrostatic spray, charged multiphase turbulent flow theory and numerical simulation in the tower. This research work is supported by the University Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province.
1. The medium conductance and polarization mechanisms are analyzed in theory, the limewater droplets electrification and non-excess charge polarization mechanisms are discussed. The annular electrode and droplets troop inducement voltage distributing are gained. Dipole moments of limewater droplets and SO_2 are analyzed in theory. The model of charge to mass ratio of limewater droplets is established, the calculation results is in accord with the experimental data.
2. The experimental equipments have been designed and produced. The limewater droplets charging characteristics are tested. The experimental data indicate the pole distance, liquid to gas ratio and the slurry consistence are the important factors for the droplets electrification effect.
3. Flue gas desulfurization of electrostatic charged spray system have been designed and produced. The experimental data show the efficiency by limewater electrostatic spray could improve 5-12% than the traditional spray. The improvement of efficiency is relation to the electrification droplets movement characteristics and surface absorption characteristics. And the minishing of the droplets and space distributing uniformity are important factors to improve the efficiency. The effects of Ca/S ratio, temperature, revolving flow, inlet SO_2 consistence to efficiency are test and discussed. The efficiency is proved when the Ca/S mol ratio increase. The temperature could improve the efficiency under the some range. Revolving flow could improve the time of the droplets and flue gas, and revolving flow enhances the gas turbulent fluctuation, and could conduce to the contact gas and droplets. Inlet SO_2 consistence is big, and the efficiency is small.
4. The two-fluid electrostatic spray of the limewater is tested by the PIV. The spray flow images, velocity vector graphs and nephograms are gained. There are the distinctness convolution structures in the two-fluid electrostatic spray. The idiographic flow structures are analyzed. The two-fluid electrostatic spray flow structures involve main jet flow section, up convolution section, down convolution section and influence section.
5. The two-fluid electrostatic spray of the limewater is tested by the PDA. The droplets diameter, droplets velocity and droplets turbulent fluctuation intensity are obtained under the different voltages and liquid to gas ratios. The limewater droplets diameter minish, the dimension distributing uniformity improve and the droplets velocity increase at first and decrease later while the high voltage increasing. The possibility of atomization of droplets is analyzed on base of the Rayleigh Limitation. The experimental data on the charged two-fluid flow show that the charged droplets are provided with follows. The droplets turbulent fluctuation intensity is concerned with the droplets velocity and the droplets themselves are provided with strong turbulent fluctuation.
6. Based on the microcosmic function between electrification droplets and SO_2 molecules, the electrification and non-excess charge polarization for SO_2 absorption mass transfer process are important factors and are know from the conventional spray. The electrostatic force and polarization force between droplets and SO_2 molecules for the electrification and non-excess charge polarization. The mass transfer velocity increases. Combined with the spray reactor FGD process, the high electrostatic field reaction section, droplets inducement electric field reaction section and tower wall film reaction section are taken into account. The model of flue gas desulfurization by the electrostatic spray reactor is inextenso established.
7. Based on the electrostatic spray, adopting assumption that the droplets are regarded as fluid, the charged multiphase flow is established. Applied the Reynolds time-average method, a k-ε-k_p model of Reynolds time-average equations for gas and chargeddroplets are set up. The heat and mass transfer of gas and droplets are advised. The simulation of limewater electrostatic spray flow is carried through in the tower. The simulations indicate the charged droplets distribute uniformity and the droplets inlet velocity is different under the different voltage.
主要内容有:
1.对介质的电导、介质的极化进行了理论分析,探讨了石灰浆液雾滴的带电机理和极化机理。提出了浆液雾滴和SO_2分子的偶极矩估算公式,建立了感应荷电雾滴荷质比的数学模型,计算结果与试验数据基本吻合。假定浆液雾滴吸收SO_2的过程符合双膜理论模型,得出了伴有化学反应的雾滴吸收SO_2的传质速率公式。
2.设计制造了双流体荷电喷雾装置,进行了双流体荷电喷雾雾滴荷电特性试验,研究表明环形电极高度、液气比、石灰浆液浓度等对雾滴荷电量有较大的影响。雾滴荷质比随着荷电电压升高而增大,随着雾化效果的改善而增加。
3.根据实际烟气脱硫塔系统设计了荷电喷雾烟气脱硫实验系统,进行了石灰浆液荷电喷雾烟气脱硫试验研究。试验结果表明:荷电喷雾烟气脱硫效率较普通喷雾提高5-12%,脱硫效率的提高与带电雾滴运动特性和表面吸收特性有关。同时,在电压作用下雾滴粒径的减小和在空间的均匀分布程度的改善也是脱硫效率提高的关键因素。对Ca/S比、温度、旋流进气、SO_2浓度等对脱硫效率的影响进行了试验。研究表明:Ca/S比的增大可以改善脱硫效率;温度在一定范围可以改善脱硫效率;旋流进气降低了烟气流速,增加了雾滴与烟气接触时间,有利于传质的进行;SO_2浓度越大,脱硫效率降低。
4.采用PIV对石灰浆液双流体荷电喷雾流场进行了测试,得到了喷雾图像、流场矢量图和速度云图等。通过对喷雾流动的测量,发现双流体荷电喷雾存在复杂的漩涡结构;通过对喷雾流动结构的分析,得出具体结构形式包括主射流区、上卷吸区、下卷吸区及影响区等四个区域;雾滴荷电后在库伦力、极化力作用下,其横向速度增大,有利于浆液雾滴与周围烟气的接触,提高了气液传质速率,提高了烟气脱硫效率。
5.采用PDA对石灰浆液荷电喷雾特性进行了测试,得到了不同电压和液气比下的雾滴粒径、雾滴运动速度、湍流脉动强度等信息。雾滴粒径随荷电电压的升高而变小,雾滴尺寸分布均匀程度随电压升高明显提高,雾滴速度随着电压的升高先增大再减小,并对石灰浆液雾滴静电破碎机理进行了理论分析。对荷电气液两相流动的测量表明:荷电雾滴具有良好的跟随性,雾滴的脉动强度与雾滴的速度有关,且本身存在较强的脉动。
6.在分析带电雾滴与SO_2分子微观作用的基础上,考虑雾滴带电和极化过程对雾滴吸收SO_2传质的影响,认为带电和极化是荷电喷雾脱硫区别于常规雾化脱硫的关键。荷电雾滴由于带有过剩电荷和非过剩电荷感应极化等原因在库伦力和极化力作用下与SO_2产生附加作用力,从而提高了雾滴吸收SO_2的传质速率。在此基础上结合喷雾塔反应器烟气脱硫过程,考虑了高压静电强电场区、雾滴诱导电场区和塔壁反应膜区三个过程,建立了荷电喷雾烟气脱硫的传质模型。
7.根据荷电喷雾脱硫流动的特点,采用颗粒拟流体假设建立了荷电多相流动的方程组。根据雷诺时均法则,建立了荷电气体—颗粒两相湍流雷诺时均方程组的κ-ε-κ_p模型,并考虑了气体与颗粒之间化学反应产生的传热传质。对石灰浆液荷电喷雾脱硫塔内部流场进行了数值计算,计算值与实验值基本吻合。
Based on series fundamental experiments and theoretical analyses, the charged spray theory, flue gas absorption mechanism, the two-fluid electrostatic spray characteristics of the limewater, flue gas desulfurization by the electrostatic spray, charged multiphase turbulent flow are studied systematically and comprehensively in this paper, which established a research foundation for flue gas desulfurization by the electrostatic spray. Based on the WFGD systems, the desulfurization efficiency is improved by improving the limewater droplets movement characteristics, charging characteristics and surface absorption characteristics through making uses of the charged spray. The research work involves the limewater droplets charging characteristics, the two-fluid electrostatic spray structure of the limewater and the droplets space distributing, the model and experiment of flue gas desulfurization by the electrostatic spray, charged multiphase turbulent flow theory and numerical simulation in the tower. This research work is supported by the University Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province.
1. The medium conductance and polarization mechanisms are analyzed in theory, the limewater droplets electrification and non-excess charge polarization mechanisms are discussed. The annular electrode and droplets troop inducement voltage distributing are gained. Dipole moments of limewater droplets and SO_2 are analyzed in theory. The model of charge to mass ratio of limewater droplets is established, the calculation results is in accord with the experimental data.
2. The experimental equipments have been designed and produced. The limewater droplets charging characteristics are tested. The experimental data indicate the pole distance, liquid to gas ratio and the slurry consistence are the important factors for the droplets electrification effect.
3. Flue gas desulfurization of electrostatic charged spray system have been designed and produced. The experimental data show the efficiency by limewater electrostatic spray could improve 5-12% than the traditional spray. The improvement of efficiency is relation to the electrification droplets movement characteristics and surface absorption characteristics. And the minishing of the droplets and space distributing uniformity are important factors to improve the efficiency. The effects of Ca/S ratio, temperature, revolving flow, inlet SO_2 consistence to efficiency are test and discussed. The efficiency is proved when the Ca/S mol ratio increase. The temperature could improve the efficiency under the some range. Revolving flow could improve the time of the droplets and flue gas, and revolving flow enhances the gas turbulent fluctuation, and could conduce to the contact gas and droplets. Inlet SO_2 consistence is big, and the efficiency is small.
4. The two-fluid electrostatic spray of the limewater is tested by the PIV. The spray flow images, velocity vector graphs and nephograms are gained. There are the distinctness convolution structures in the two-fluid electrostatic spray. The idiographic flow structures are analyzed. The two-fluid electrostatic spray flow structures involve main jet flow section, up convolution section, down convolution section and influence section.
5. The two-fluid electrostatic spray of the limewater is tested by the PDA. The droplets diameter, droplets velocity and droplets turbulent fluctuation intensity are obtained under the different voltages and liquid to gas ratios. The limewater droplets diameter minish, the dimension distributing uniformity improve and the droplets velocity increase at first and decrease later while the high voltage increasing. The possibility of atomization of droplets is analyzed on base of the Rayleigh Limitation. The experimental data on the charged two-fluid flow show that the charged droplets are provided with follows. The droplets turbulent fluctuation intensity is concerned with the droplets velocity and the droplets themselves are provided with strong turbulent fluctuation.
6. Based on the microcosmic function between electrification droplets and SO_2 molecules, the electrification and non-excess charge polarization for SO_2 absorption mass transfer process are important factors and are know from the conventional spray. The electrostatic force and polarization force between droplets and SO_2 molecules for the electrification and non-excess charge polarization. The mass transfer velocity increases. Combined with the spray reactor FGD process, the high electrostatic field reaction section, droplets inducement electric field reaction section and tower wall film reaction section are taken into account. The model of flue gas desulfurization by the electrostatic spray reactor is inextenso established.
7. Based on the electrostatic spray, adopting assumption that the droplets are regarded as fluid, the charged multiphase flow is established. Applied the Reynolds time-average method, a k-ε-k_p model of Reynolds time-average equations for gas and chargeddroplets are set up. The heat and mass transfer of gas and droplets are advised. The simulation of limewater electrostatic spray flow is carried through in the tower. The simulations indicate the charged droplets distribute uniformity and the droplets inlet velocity is different under the different voltage.
引文
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