滚筒反力式汽车制动试验台检测系统的研究
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摘要
汽车制动性能的检测是机动车安全技术检验的重要内容之一，制动性能的优良与否直接关系到汽车的安全性。同时汽车制动性能的检测研究也为制动性能的科研和检测提供了技术支持和指导。所以，研制高精度、高自动化程度的汽车制动性能检测系统具有重要意义。
由汽车制动检测原理以及制动性能检测的技术指标可知，检测数据准确性、控制可靠性、实时性和抗干扰能力是系统设计的关键。本文在掌握汽车制动性能检测系统结构和工作原理的基础上，根据国家有关标准和汽车制动性能检测系统的控制逻辑提出了滚筒反力式汽车制动试验台检测系统的总体设计方案，设计了基于AT89C52单片机的制动试验台检测系统的硬件电路，并根据检测项目和所要实现的功能要求编制下位机和上位机(PC)软件，下位机采用汇编语言进行编程，上位机用高级语言编写，两级控制系统的软件配合即可实现对汽车制动性能的检测。在检测系统中的加入自动诊断系统，实现车辆在检测系统中对检测出的故障进行自动化诊断。此外，由于检测现场存在各种干扰，本文对系统进行软件的抗干扰设计来提高系统的稳定性和可靠性。
最后经过现场调试和实验，证明本文的滚筒反力式汽车制动试验台检测系统实现了设计的要求，检测性能指标符合国家有关规定和实际使用要求。
The test of automobile braking performance is one of the importantparts in automobile safety test. Whether the choiceness of brakingcapacities or not is related to securities of automobile directly.Automobile braking capacity is one of automotive main capacity，whichmeans braking ability under steam of man-made reducing speed to parkbasing on demand. Automobile braking performance not only depends onthe performance of the braking system，but also relates to theperformance of automobile driving, tyres mechanical characteristics,road conditions clinged to the ground and the characteristics of thehuman body engineering related to braking operation closely. Therefore,the researches on the test system of automotive braking performanceprovide technical support and guidance for the science research and testof the test system. So it is of great significance to research onautomobile braking test system with high precision and high automaticdegree.
Test technology is one of the important parts of the modernmanufacture technology. With the development of electronic technologyand mechanical processing industries, it is gradually becoming modernautomobile diagnostic and test technology on the basis of thetraditional test methods. Automobile test usually means to inspectautomobile's conditions by modern test techniques and equipments withthe help of the computer and automation and other high-tech. It is aintegrative technology based on engineering mathematics, fault physics,reliability theory, electronics, electron technic and informationcontrolling theory and so forth. There are essential meanings toguarantee traffic safety，protect the environment, enhance carryingcapacity and decrease production cost. There is practical meaning tochoose automobile performance test as a researching task.
The content of this thesis is research on the test system of rolleropposite forces type automobile braking tester. First of all, the thesisnarrates domestic and foreign actuality and the future direction ofdevelopment on the automobile braking tester. Based on main technicqualification of automobile braking system which has been broughtforward in GB7258-2004, thethesis analyzes and evaluates the test items and related standards. Theyhave been analysed and narrated that the overall structure and workingprinciple of the automobile braking test. To anlalyze the forces whichautomobile braking tester has been taken，and then analyze the impactfactors on braking performance. The methods to choose roller dimension,rotational speed and surface materials of automobile braking testerhave been given. It has also been given to choose the basis andparameters about the motor and retarder.
According to the automobile braking tester, it has been designedthat the hardware circuit of the test system based on AT89C52single-chip microcomputer, including A/D circuits for sensorinterfaces, circuits for indicating and display device, driving orswitch circuits to control motors, the communication interface circuitsbetween the single-chip microcomputer and PC, etc. The signals ofsensors must be rectified firstly before they are collected by datacollecting equipments accurately and reliably. This beginningprocessing is called signal adjustment which includes universalfunction such as signals magnifying，filtering，insulating and so on.The thesis designs adjusting circuits of signals according to differentsignals of sensors output. There are many kinds of interfering signalssuch as high voltage or big current interfering. Therefore, V/I circuitis designed, which converts signals from voltage to current. At the endof controlling machine, signal of current must be converted to voltageand magnified. In order to measure the performance of the automobilebraking accurately and protect the electromotor，we must measure both braking force and wheel speed. The process of test system is consistedof real time data collection and real time control. The real time ismainly incarnated in the speed of data collecting and measurement forthe wheel speed signal. Speed measurement is used to control turningon and off the electromotor in the tester. To realize this, test systemmust both collect braking forces data and measure speed signalsimultaneously. In order not to loss braking forces data and guaranteereal time signal of the speed measure, there is a F/V circuit in thisthesis to convert frequency signal to voltage signal, and then it isconverted to digital signal by A/D convertor. According to therequirements of measure precision, high-performance A/D converter chipAD1674 is adopted as the core data collection.
According to the requirements of test items and the functions,software has been designed in the test system. The programs are compiledby senior language. The functions of the programs are test system entry,data test, data inquiry and print and so on. The communication protocolbetween the single-chip computer and the PC has been set up. The paperincreases the system of data processing in the automotive braking testsystem to constitute an automatic diagnosis system which can realizeautomatic diagnosis to automotive malfunctions. Because of infectionof strong electromagnetism in industry locale and sensors andprocessing circuits, there are kinds of multi-frequenciesinterferential noise signals in the sensors’signals which aretransmitted to test system across circuitries. In the serious situation,these kinds of noise signals will cover the input signals that are readyto be extracted, and the system can’t get the measured signals. In orderto eliminate and restrain the interferential signals in the test system,the software to resist interference is designed for the system. Thedesign of the software to resist interference is mainly self-diagnosisand error-correcting program, it enhances self-defense capability ofthe computer system, and it can obviously enhance stability and reliability of system, and may also farthest reduce the hardware costof the test system to realize the anti-jamming requirement.
This task depends mainly on the theory. But it is completed withthe help of practical debugging and test. This automobile braking testsystem is good at high precision, good reliability and its real time.Furthermore it works well in practical condition. It has banausic valuein inspecting automobile braking performance and the development of theinspecting instrument.
由汽车制动检测原理以及制动性能检测的技术指标可知，检测数据准确性、控制可靠性、实时性和抗干扰能力是系统设计的关键。本文在掌握汽车制动性能检测系统结构和工作原理的基础上，根据国家有关标准和汽车制动性能检测系统的控制逻辑提出了滚筒反力式汽车制动试验台检测系统的总体设计方案，设计了基于AT89C52单片机的制动试验台检测系统的硬件电路，并根据检测项目和所要实现的功能要求编制下位机和上位机(PC)软件，下位机采用汇编语言进行编程，上位机用高级语言编写，两级控制系统的软件配合即可实现对汽车制动性能的检测。在检测系统中的加入自动诊断系统，实现车辆在检测系统中对检测出的故障进行自动化诊断。此外，由于检测现场存在各种干扰，本文对系统进行软件的抗干扰设计来提高系统的稳定性和可靠性。
最后经过现场调试和实验，证明本文的滚筒反力式汽车制动试验台检测系统实现了设计的要求，检测性能指标符合国家有关规定和实际使用要求。
The test of automobile braking performance is one of the importantparts in automobile safety test. Whether the choiceness of brakingcapacities or not is related to securities of automobile directly.Automobile braking capacity is one of automotive main capacity，whichmeans braking ability under steam of man-made reducing speed to parkbasing on demand. Automobile braking performance not only depends onthe performance of the braking system，but also relates to theperformance of automobile driving, tyres mechanical characteristics,road conditions clinged to the ground and the characteristics of thehuman body engineering related to braking operation closely. Therefore,the researches on the test system of automotive braking performanceprovide technical support and guidance for the science research and testof the test system. So it is of great significance to research onautomobile braking test system with high precision and high automaticdegree.
Test technology is one of the important parts of the modernmanufacture technology. With the development of electronic technologyand mechanical processing industries, it is gradually becoming modernautomobile diagnostic and test technology on the basis of thetraditional test methods. Automobile test usually means to inspectautomobile's conditions by modern test techniques and equipments withthe help of the computer and automation and other high-tech. It is aintegrative technology based on engineering mathematics, fault physics,reliability theory, electronics, electron technic and informationcontrolling theory and so forth. There are essential meanings toguarantee traffic safety，protect the environment, enhance carryingcapacity and decrease production cost. There is practical meaning tochoose automobile performance test as a researching task.
The content of this thesis is research on the test system of rolleropposite forces type automobile braking tester. First of all, the thesisnarrates domestic and foreign actuality and the future direction ofdevelopment on the automobile braking tester. Based on main technicqualification of automobile braking system which has been broughtforward in GB7258-2004
According to the automobile braking tester, it has been designedthat the hardware circuit of the test system based on AT89C52single-chip microcomputer, including A/D circuits for sensorinterfaces, circuits for indicating and display device, driving orswitch circuits to control motors, the communication interface circuitsbetween the single-chip microcomputer and PC, etc. The signals ofsensors must be rectified firstly before they are collected by datacollecting equipments accurately and reliably. This beginningprocessing is called signal adjustment which includes universalfunction such as signals magnifying，filtering，insulating and so on.The thesis designs adjusting circuits of signals according to differentsignals of sensors output. There are many kinds of interfering signalssuch as high voltage or big current interfering. Therefore, V/I circuitis designed, which converts signals from voltage to current. At the endof controlling machine, signal of current must be converted to voltageand magnified. In order to measure the performance of the automobilebraking accurately and protect the electromotor，we must measure both braking force and wheel speed. The process of test system is consistedof real time data collection and real time control. The real time ismainly incarnated in the speed of data collecting and measurement forthe wheel speed signal. Speed measurement is used to control turningon and off the electromotor in the tester. To realize this, test systemmust both collect braking forces data and measure speed signalsimultaneously. In order not to loss braking forces data and guaranteereal time signal of the speed measure, there is a F/V circuit in thisthesis to convert frequency signal to voltage signal, and then it isconverted to digital signal by A/D convertor. According to therequirements of measure precision, high-performance A/D converter chipAD1674 is adopted as the core data collection.
According to the requirements of test items and the functions,software has been designed in the test system. The programs are compiledby senior language. The functions of the programs are test system entry,data test, data inquiry and print and so on. The communication protocolbetween the single-chip computer and the PC has been set up. The paperincreases the system of data processing in the automotive braking testsystem to constitute an automatic diagnosis system which can realizeautomatic diagnosis to automotive malfunctions. Because of infectionof strong electromagnetism in industry locale and sensors andprocessing circuits, there are kinds of multi-frequenciesinterferential noise signals in the sensors’signals which aretransmitted to test system across circuitries. In the serious situation,these kinds of noise signals will cover the input signals that are readyto be extracted, and the system can’t get the measured signals. In orderto eliminate and restrain the interferential signals in the test system,the software to resist interference is designed for the system. Thedesign of the software to resist interference is mainly self-diagnosisand error-correcting program, it enhances self-defense capability ofthe computer system, and it can obviously enhance stability and reliability of system, and may also farthest reduce the hardware costof the test system to realize the anti-jamming requirement.
This task depends mainly on the theory. But it is completed withthe help of practical debugging and test. This automobile braking testsystem is good at high precision, good reliability and its real time.Furthermore it works well in practical condition. It has banausic valuein inspecting automobile braking performance and the development of theinspecting instrument.
引文
[1] 肖永清.国内外汽车检测技术发展状况.中国机电工业，2003.2
[2] 曹家品.现代汽车检测诊断技术.清华大学出版社，2003
[3] 崔靖，周忠川.汽车综合性能检测.上海科学技术文献出版社，1999.5
[4] 杨绍林，金力群.简明汽车检测设备使用手册.机械工业出版社，1996.11
[5] S J Shaffer.Judging the stopping capability of commercial vehiclesusing the results of Performance-Based brake testing braking forcesmeasurement 1998(3)：39P
[6] Jean-Marc Perronne.On-line measurement of braking forces，SAE Paper971038
[7] Shadle Scott G，Emery Lloutd H，Brewer Howell K.Vehicle brakingstability and control.SAE 8030562
[8] Katsushi Matsuda,Hiroyuki Shinjyo，Masaharu Harada，Kouji Ohata，KunioSakata.A study on heavy duty truck stability control bybraking force control，SAE Review 1999.20
[9] 国家质量监督检验检疫总局.中华人民共和国国家标准GB7258-2004－机动车运行安全技术条件，2004.7
[10]濮森华.汽车制动检验台的现状及发展趋势.客车技术与研究，2006.3
[11]于凤山.测力式汽车制动试验合的应用.汽车技术，1998 (9)：28-30
[12]夏均忠，王太勇，李树珉.汽车制动试验台测试性能分析与应用.农业机械学报，2005.12
[13]白旭明，宗国焘，杜新民.反力式滚筒制动试验台检测制动力的分析.建筑机械，1998(1):23-27
[14]蔡健.关于反力式滚筒制动试验台检测制动力的探讨.交通标准化，2004
[15]Y.Chamailard, G.L.Gissinger, J.M.Perronne and M.Renner.An originalbraking controller with torque sensor.Proceedings of the Third IEEEConference on Control Applications，1994:882-88P
[16]Atmel Company.8-bit Microcontroller with 8K Byter Flash AT89C52
[17]Per Olsson，Nico Kelling，Pascal Chaumette.EU-project BRAKE，development of a distributed brake by wire system.10Internationaler Kongress ， Elektronik im Kraftfahrzeug ，2001(9):27-28P
[18]Richad W Radlinske.Enhancing the roller brake tester.SAE Paper2004(2):44P
[19]刘曙光，郑自修.两线制变送器芯片AD693 及其应用.仪器仪表与装置，2001.3
[20]丁富民.信号变送器AD693 的应用.国外电子元器件，1996.10
[21]俞朴.在线自动检测系统干扰信号的排除与抑制.计量技术，2000.1：17-20
[22]王明时.现代传感器技术.电子工业出版社，1995
[23]张有凤，王钦若.基于ADuC845 带电气隔离的汽车制动力检测装置.广东有色金属学报，2006.9
[24]钱灿荣，聂东.12位A/D转换器AD1674的单片机接口技术.咸宁学院学报，2006.6
[25]曹建荣，姚庆梅，张玫.基于AD1674 模数转换芯片的接口电路设计.青岛大学学报，2002.9
[26]周明安.AD1674 与51 系列机的两种典型接口设计.电测与仪表，1995.3
[27]余志生.汽车理论.机械工业出版社，1995.2
[28]苏铁力等.传感器及其接口技术.中国石化出版社，2000
[29]赵继印.在线测控技术中维纳滤波器递推算法及线材在线自动称重仪.吉林工业大学博士论文，1993
[30]金彤，相东等.汽车检测线光电开关工作原理和故障排除.黑龙江交通科技，2007.2
[31]李朝青.PC 机与单片机&DSP 数据通信技术选编.北京北京航空航天大学出版社，2003
[32]夏莉英，陈雁.AT89C51 单片机与PC 机的通信接口及编程.电子工程师，2006.9
[33]冯博琴主编.微型计算机原理与接口技术.清华大学出版社，2002.7
[34]张毅刚，彭喜源，谭晓昀编著.MCS-51 单片机应用设计.哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1997：158－159
[35]孟祥瑞主编.Visual Basic 6.0 程序设计.华东理工大学出版社，2005：1-4
[36]Joseph J Bambara. SQL Server Development Guide．ElectronicalIndustry Press，2000.8
[37]孙巍译.MCSE 制胜宝典—Microsoft SQL Server 2000 数据库设计与实现.清华大学出版社，2001.10
[38]杨正洪.中文SQL Server 2000关系数据库系统管理和开发指南.机械工业出版社，2001.9
[39]M.Cardon.Development of brake inspection criteria and equipmentBendix Research Laboratories. Southfield. Michigan
[40]闫慧兰，顾亮，侯朝桢，管继富.AT89C52 单片机与VB 串行通信的实现.微计算机信息，2003.12
[41]杨文新，杨劲松，韩迎辉.基于VB 实现PC 机与单片机的串行通讯.微计算机信息，2004.1
[42]臧日祥，肖佃军.基于VB 的串行通信程序设计.聊城师院学报，2000.12
[43]关耀奇，颜运昌，谭季秋等.汽车制动检测系统中主控机与AT89C51 单片机的串行通信.湖南工程学院学报，2003.12
[44]包旭，马从兵.基于数据库的汽车故障诊断专家系统的设计.公路与汽运，2007.5
[45]胡琳.汽车故障诊断专家系统诊断模型的研究.机电工程，1997.4
[46]瞿曌.测试系统中干扰及其形成机理.自动化仪，2003(6)：20-23
[47]孙久军，梁桂华，房孝涛.机械电子设备中的电气干扰及抗干扰措施.试验技术与试验机，2006.3
[48]王立莹，晋小莉.微型计算机系统抗干扰技术.现代电子技术，2006.5
[49]邓居祈，孟晓芳.测控仪器中的抗干扰技术.企业技术开发，2006.2
[50]徐凯.微控制器抗干扰的软件对策.电测与仪表，2002.5
[51]杨健，张晓琦，王建康.单片机系统常用软硬件抗干扰措施.后勤工程学院学报，2004.1
[52]权小箐.汽车制动试验台制动力示值误差的不确定度.上海计量测试，2002
[2] 曹家品.现代汽车检测诊断技术.清华大学出版社，2003
[3] 崔靖，周忠川.汽车综合性能检测.上海科学技术文献出版社，1999.5
[4] 杨绍林，金力群.简明汽车检测设备使用手册.机械工业出版社，1996.11
[5] S J Shaffer.Judging the stopping capability of commercial vehiclesusing the results of Performance-Based brake testing braking forcesmeasurement 1998(3)：39P
[6] Jean-Marc Perronne.On-line measurement of braking forces，SAE Paper971038
[7] Shadle Scott G，Emery Lloutd H，Brewer Howell K.Vehicle brakingstability and control.SAE 8030562
[8] Katsushi Matsuda,Hiroyuki Shinjyo，Masaharu Harada，Kouji Ohata，KunioSakata.A study on heavy duty truck stability control bybraking force control，SAE Review 1999.20
[9] 国家质量监督检验检疫总局.中华人民共和国国家标准GB7258-2004－机动车运行安全技术条件，2004.7
[10]濮森华.汽车制动检验台的现状及发展趋势.客车技术与研究，2006.3
[11]于凤山.测力式汽车制动试验合的应用.汽车技术，1998 (9)：28-30
[12]夏均忠，王太勇，李树珉.汽车制动试验台测试性能分析与应用.农业机械学报，2005.12
[13]白旭明，宗国焘，杜新民.反力式滚筒制动试验台检测制动力的分析.建筑机械，1998(1):23-27
[14]蔡健.关于反力式滚筒制动试验台检测制动力的探讨.交通标准化，2004
[15]Y.Chamailard, G.L.Gissinger, J.M.Perronne and M.Renner.An originalbraking controller with torque sensor.Proceedings of the Third IEEEConference on Control Applications，1994:882-88P
[16]Atmel Company.8-bit Microcontroller with 8K Byter Flash AT89C52
[17]Per Olsson，Nico Kelling，Pascal Chaumette.EU-project BRAKE，development of a distributed brake by wire system.10Internationaler Kongress ， Elektronik im Kraftfahrzeug ，2001(9):27-28P
[18]Richad W Radlinske.Enhancing the roller brake tester.SAE Paper2004(2):44P
[19]刘曙光，郑自修.两线制变送器芯片AD693 及其应用.仪器仪表与装置，2001.3
[20]丁富民.信号变送器AD693 的应用.国外电子元器件，1996.10
[21]俞朴.在线自动检测系统干扰信号的排除与抑制.计量技术，2000.1：17-20
[22]王明时.现代传感器技术.电子工业出版社，1995
[23]张有凤，王钦若.基于ADuC845 带电气隔离的汽车制动力检测装置.广东有色金属学报，2006.9
[24]钱灿荣，聂东.12位A/D转换器AD1674的单片机接口技术.咸宁学院学报，2006.6
[25]曹建荣，姚庆梅，张玫.基于AD1674 模数转换芯片的接口电路设计.青岛大学学报，2002.9
[26]周明安.AD1674 与51 系列机的两种典型接口设计.电测与仪表，1995.3
[27]余志生.汽车理论.机械工业出版社，1995.2
[28]苏铁力等.传感器及其接口技术.中国石化出版社，2000
[29]赵继印.在线测控技术中维纳滤波器递推算法及线材在线自动称重仪.吉林工业大学博士论文，1993
[30]金彤，相东等.汽车检测线光电开关工作原理和故障排除.黑龙江交通科技，2007.2
[31]李朝青.PC 机与单片机&DSP 数据通信技术选编.北京北京航空航天大学出版社，2003
[32]夏莉英，陈雁.AT89C51 单片机与PC 机的通信接口及编程.电子工程师，2006.9
[33]冯博琴主编.微型计算机原理与接口技术.清华大学出版社，2002.7
[34]张毅刚，彭喜源，谭晓昀编著.MCS-51 单片机应用设计.哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1997：158－159
[35]孟祥瑞主编.Visual Basic 6.0 程序设计.华东理工大学出版社，2005：1-4
[36]Joseph J Bambara. SQL Server Development Guide．ElectronicalIndustry Press，2000.8
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