室内空气微生物污染调查及采用数值模拟法控制的研究
|
摘要
室内空气污染在近年来已经引起了广泛关注，特别是2003年SARS发生之后，微生物污染作为室内环境污染的一个重要组成部分，现今已经成为世界各国研究的热点问题。本文分别对学生公寓宿舍(新一栋)，某医院手术室以及超市这三个场所的室内空气微生物进行了研究，并在此此基础上采用数值模拟的方法以医院手术室为例对怎样控制室内微生物污染进行了研究。研究结果表明：
室内微生物污染最严重的属于超市，整个室内空气微生物浓度一般在春季的到高峰，真菌表现的特别明显。对于室内微生物日变化来说自然通风的学生宿舍在8点和23点为污染的高峰期，对于装有空调的超市来说室内微生物的浓度在21点得到高峰，医院手术室的微生物浓度一直保持在稳定状态。空调房中室内空气微生物浓度在空调刚开启30分钟后得到最大值，室内微生物污染的影响除了受室外的影响还要受诸如通风状况，室内温度，相对湿度和空气流动速度。空气细菌、空气真菌和空气放线菌的粒度分布特征各不相同，并且不随着时间和空间的变化而变化。空气细菌呈偏态分布，大于2.0μm的粒子约占总数的80.0％，小于1.0μm的粒子最少，约占9.0％。空气真菌呈对数正态分布，1.0-6.0m的粒子约占70.0％。小于1.0μm的粒子最少，约占5.0％。空气放线菌粒度分布与正态分布恰好相反，大于8.2μm和小于1.0μm的粒子约占60.0％；3.0-6.0μm的粒子最少，约占10.0％。此外不同功能区优势真菌粒度分布规律基本一致。枝孢属，青霉属和曲霉属粒度主要分布在F3，F4和F5(1.0-6.0μm)中，约占总数的85.0％，呈对数正态分布。而交链孢属和无孢菌主要分布在前4级(＞2.0μm)，分别约占总数的90.0％和75.0％，呈偏态分布。
医院手术室可采用方形风口上送下回式、条形风口上送下回式、条形风
Indoor air pollution and its resulting health risk is one of the major concerns of the general publics in recent years, particularly after the occurrence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003. Airborne microbe, as a important indoor pollution factor, has become a new research problem in many country. In this paper, the microbe pollution in a bedroom, a market and a hospital operation room were investigation and then CFD was used to simulation the pollution in the operation room. The results showed that:
The highest bacteria and fungi counts were found in the market and the maximum counts of airborne microbe were gotten in the spring, especially for the fiingi. The peak value of microbe concentration in a day was 8:00 and 23:00 in bedroom and for the market was 21:00. The counts in the operation room were very stable. The airborne microbial concentration was highest after air conditioning started about 30 minutes in the market. In addition to the effect of outdoor, some factors such as temperature, relative humidity and air movement might affect the levels of airborne microbe in the rooms. The distribution characteristics which are not changed with the different functional regions and periods are very different among airborne bacteria , fungi and actinomycete. Airborne bacteria appear skew distribution, the particles larger than 2.0 μ m account for 80.0% of the total while smaller than 1.0 μ m contribute 9.0 % approximately. Airborne fungi are recorded with normal logarithm distribution, the particles between 1.0 μ m and 6.0 μ m account for 70.0% while smaller than 1.0pm contribute 5.0% approximately. The distribution of airborne actinomycete are completely opposite to fungi, the particles larger than 8.2 μ m
室内微生物污染最严重的属于超市，整个室内空气微生物浓度一般在春季的到高峰，真菌表现的特别明显。对于室内微生物日变化来说自然通风的学生宿舍在8点和23点为污染的高峰期，对于装有空调的超市来说室内微生物的浓度在21点得到高峰，医院手术室的微生物浓度一直保持在稳定状态。空调房中室内空气微生物浓度在空调刚开启30分钟后得到最大值，室内微生物污染的影响除了受室外的影响还要受诸如通风状况，室内温度，相对湿度和空气流动速度。空气细菌、空气真菌和空气放线菌的粒度分布特征各不相同，并且不随着时间和空间的变化而变化。空气细菌呈偏态分布，大于2.0μm的粒子约占总数的80.0％，小于1.0μm的粒子最少，约占9.0％。空气真菌呈对数正态分布，1.0-6.0m的粒子约占70.0％。小于1.0μm的粒子最少，约占5.0％。空气放线菌粒度分布与正态分布恰好相反，大于8.2μm和小于1.0μm的粒子约占60.0％；3.0-6.0μm的粒子最少，约占10.0％。此外不同功能区优势真菌粒度分布规律基本一致。枝孢属，青霉属和曲霉属粒度主要分布在F3，F4和F5(1.0-6.0μm)中，约占总数的85.0％，呈对数正态分布。而交链孢属和无孢菌主要分布在前4级(＞2.0μm)，分别约占总数的90.0％和75.0％，呈偏态分布。
医院手术室可采用方形风口上送下回式、条形风口上送下回式、条形风
Indoor air pollution and its resulting health risk is one of the major concerns of the general publics in recent years, particularly after the occurrence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003. Airborne microbe, as a important indoor pollution factor, has become a new research problem in many country. In this paper, the microbe pollution in a bedroom, a market and a hospital operation room were investigation and then CFD was used to simulation the pollution in the operation room. The results showed that:
The highest bacteria and fungi counts were found in the market and the maximum counts of airborne microbe were gotten in the spring, especially for the fiingi. The peak value of microbe concentration in a day was 8:00 and 23:00 in bedroom and for the market was 21:00. The counts in the operation room were very stable. The airborne microbial concentration was highest after air conditioning started about 30 minutes in the market. In addition to the effect of outdoor, some factors such as temperature, relative humidity and air movement might affect the levels of airborne microbe in the rooms. The distribution characteristics which are not changed with the different functional regions and periods are very different among airborne bacteria , fungi and actinomycete. Airborne bacteria appear skew distribution, the particles larger than 2.0 μ m account for 80.0% of the total while smaller than 1.0 μ m contribute 9.0 % approximately. Airborne fungi are recorded with normal logarithm distribution, the particles between 1.0 μ m and 6.0 μ m account for 70.0% while smaller than 1.0pm contribute 5.0% approximately. The distribution of airborne actinomycete are completely opposite to fungi, the particles larger than 8.2 μ m
引文
1．姜安玺．空气污染控制工程．化学工业出版社
2．李鸿林．空调系统中微生物污染状况调查．上海预防医学杂志2004年第16卷第3期
3．沈晋明．室内空气品质评价．暖通空调，1997，27(4)：22-25
4．周群英．环境工程微生物学．高等教育出版社
5．李明远．微生物学与免疫学．人民卫生出版社
6．曹安明．室内空气污染防治．污染防治技术，2002，vol(15)．No．4
7．李鸿林 空调系统中微生物污染状况调查．上海预防医学杂志2004年的16卷弟3期
8. Nyuk Hien Wong. Comparative study of the indoor air quality of naturally ventilated and air-conditioned bedrooms of residential buildings in Singapore. Building and Environment 39 (2004) 1115-1123
9. H. Guo. Indoor air quality investigation at air-conditioned and non-airconditioned markets in Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment 323 (2004) 87-98
10. Tin-Tai Chow. Performance of ventilation system in a non-standard operating room. Building and Environment 38 (2003) 1401-1411
11. T. Meklin. Size distributions of airborne microbes in moisture-damaged and reference school buildings of two construction types. Atmospheric Environment 36(2002) 6031-6039
12．沈晋明．空调系统的二次污染与细菌控制．暖通空调HVAC 2002年弟32卷弟5期
13. Anthony K.Y. Law. Characteristics of bioaerosol profile in office buildings in Hong Kong. Building and Environment 36(2001) 527-541
14. P.C. Kemp. Survival and growth of micro-organisms on air filtration media during initial loading. Atmospheric Environment 35(2001) 4739-4749
15. T. Meklin. Size distributions of airborne microbes in moisture-damaged and reference school buildings of two construction types. Atmospheric Environment??36(2002) 6031-6039
16. Chnug-min liao. Temporal/seasonal variations of size-dependent airbore fungi indoor/outdoor relationships for a wind-induced naturally ventilated airspace. Atmosphere Environment(2004)4415-4419
17. Atin Adhikari. Volumetric assessment of airborne fungi in two sections of a rural indoor dairy cattle shed. Environment International 29 (2004) 1071-1078
18．张进．室内空气微生物污染与卫生标准建议值．环境与健康杂志2001年7月第18卷弟四期
19. Rafal L. G!omy. Source strength of fungal spore aerosolization from moldy building material. Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 4853-4862
20. Pei-Chih Wu. A Comparison of Sampling Media for Environmental Viable Fungi Collected in a Hospital Environment. Environmental Research Section A 82, 253-257 (2000)
21. Antonio Meriggi Aerobiological monitoring for fungal spores in rehabilitation hospital in Northern Italy Aerobiologia 12(1996)233-237
22. A. korpi. Microbial growth and metabolism in house dust. International Biodeterioration11 (1997) 585-589
23. Sylvie Parat. Contribution of particle counting in assessment of exposure to airborne microorganisms. Atmospheric Environment 33(1999)951-959
24. Multivariate analysis comparing microbial air content of an air-conditioned building and a naturally ventilated building over one year. Atmospheric Environment Vol. 31. No.3. pp.441-449, 1997
25. Nobuo Hamada. Effect of air-conditioner on fungal contamination. Atmospheric Environment 36 (2002) 5443-5448
26. John C.S. Chang. Assement of fungal growth on three HVAC duct materials. Environment Interational
27. R.R. Beumer. Kitchen hygiene in daily life. Intemational Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 51(2003) 299-302
28. Dick Menzies Effect of ultraviolet germicidal lights installed in office ventilation systems on workers' health and wellbeing: double-blind multiple??crossover trial. THE LANCET · Vol 362 · November 29, 2003
29. Dario Camuio. Environmental monitoring in four European museums. Atmospheric Environment 35 Supplement No. 1 (2001) S127}S140
30. Hans Schleibinger. Air "hers from HVAC systems as possible source of volatile organic compounds (VOC) } laboratory. Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999) 4571)4577
31.Pastuszka J, Paw U and Lis D, et al Bacteria and fungal aerosol in indoor environment in Upper Silesia, Poland[J] Atmosphefic Environment 2000. 34: 3833-3842.
32. Megan Hargreaves . A pilot investigation into associations between indoor airborne fungal and non-biological particle concentrations in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia. The Science of the Total Environment 312 (2003) 89-101
33. Shaffer B, Lighthart B. Survey of culturable airborne bacteria at four diverse locations in Oregon: urban, rural, forest, and coastal[J]. Microbial Ecology, 1997, 34: 167 177.
34. Yanli Feng. Indoor and outdoor carbonyl compounds in the hotel ballrooms in Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment 38(2004)103-112
35. Rosas J, Calderon C, Martiner L, et al. Indoor and outdoor airborne fungal propagule concentrations in Mexico City[J]. Aerobiogia, 1997, 13: 23-30.
36. SheRon B, Kirkland K , Flanders W , et al. Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2002, 68(4): 1743-1753.
37．唐杰等．微生物学试验.哈尔滨工业大学出版社．
38. GarrettM , RaymentM , HoperM , et al. Indo r airborne fungal spores, house dampen~ and associations with environmental factors and respiratory health in children[J]. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 1998, 28: 459—467. 1997, 14(79): 35-37.
39. Digiorgio C, Krempff A, Guiraud H , et al. Atmospheric Pollution by Airborne Microorganisms in the City of Marseilies[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996,??30(1): 155-160.
40. Pasanen A, PasanenP, JantunenM, etal. Significance of air humidity and air velocity for fungal spores release into the air[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1991, 25A: 459 462.
41. Grzywacz, CM., Tennent, N.H., 1994. Pollution monitoring in storage and display cabinets: carbonyl pollutant levels in relation to artifact deterioration. In: Roy, A., Smith, P.(Eds.), Preventive Conservation: Practice, Theory and Research. International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London, pp. 164-170.
42. Gysels, K., Deutsch, F., Van Grieken, R., 2002. Characterisation of particulate matter in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, Belgium. Atmospheric Environment 36,4103-4113.
43. Berlin.Horie, C.V., 1987. Materials for Conservation: Organic Consolidants, Adhesives and Coatings. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
44. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH),1989. Guidelines for the assessment of bioaerosols in the indoor environment. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH.
45. Andersen, A.A., 1958. New sampler for the collection, sizing, and enumeration of viable airborne particles. J. Bacteriol. 6,471-484.
46. Atlas, R.M., Bartha, R., 1981. Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Sydney.
47. Beaumont, F., 1988. Clinical manifestations of pulmonary Aspergillus infections. Mycoses 31,15-20.
48. Burge, H.A., Solomon, W.R., Muilenberg, M.L., 1982. Evaluation of indoor plantings as allergen exposure sources. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 70,101-108.
49. Buttner, M.P., Stetzenbach, L.D., 1993. Monitoring airborne fungal spores in an experimental indoor environment to evaluate sampling methods and the effects of human activity on air sampling. Appl. Environ. Micrbiol. 59, 219-226.
50. Dales, R.E., Zwanenburg, H., Burnett, R., Franklin, C.A., 1991. Respiratory health effects of home dampness and molds among children. Am. J. Epidemiol.??134, 196-203.
51. DeKoster, J.A., Thome, P.S., 1995. Bioaerosol concentrations in noncompliant, complaint and intervention homes in the Midwest. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 56, 576-580.
52. Gomy, R.L., Dutkiewicz, J., 2002. Bacterial and fungal aerosols in indoor environment in Central and Eastern European countries. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 9, 17-23.
53. Gravesen, S., Larsen, L., Gyntelberg, F., Skov, P., 1986. Demonstration of microorganisms and dust in schools and offices. Allergy 41, 520-525.
54. Gruber, S., Matthias-Maser, S., Brinkmann, J., Jaenicke, R., 1998. Vertical distribution of biological aerosol particles above the North Sea. J. Aerosol Sci. Suppl. 1, S771-S772.
55. Hargreaves, M., Parappukkaran, S., Morawska, L., Hitchins, J., He, C., Gilbert, D., 2003. A pilot investigation into associations between indoor airborne fungal and non-biological particle concentrations in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia. Sci. Total Environ. 312, 89-101.
56. McLafferty, F.W., Turecek, F., I993. Interpretation of Mass Spectra. University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA.
57. Miles, C.E., 1986. Wood coatings for display and storage cases Studies in Conservation 31, 114-124.
58．于玺华．现代空气微生物学[M]．北京：人民军医出版社，2002．1-52．
59. Mills, J.S., White, R., 1994. The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
60. Montaser, A., Golightly, D.W., 1992. Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry.
61．汤广发，王汉青．室内气流数值计算及模型试验．长沙：湖南大学出版社，1989
62. Hirst, J.M., Stedman, O.J., Hogg, W.H., 1967. Long distance spore transport: methods of measurement, vertical spore profiles and the detection of immigrant spores. J. Gen. Microbiol. 48, 329-355.63. Hong, J.B., Chung, Y.H., Chang, Y.H., 2003. Distribution of hospital airborne microorganisms in Seoul, Korea. Korean J. Environ. Health 29, 1-7.
64. Jones, A.M., Harrison, R.M., 2004. The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations. Sci. Total Environ. 326,151-180.
65. Jones, B.L., Cookson, I.T., 1983. Natural atmospheric microbial conditions in a typical suburban area. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45,919-934.
66. Jones, W., Morring, K., Morey, P., Sorenson, W., 1985. Evaluation of the Anderson viable impactor for single stage sampling. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 46, 294-298.
67. Kuo, Y.M., Li, C.S., 1994. Seasonal fungus prevalence inside and outside of domestic environments in the subtropical climate. Atmos. Environ. 28, 3125-3130.
68. Lee, CM., Kim, Y.S., Lee, T.H., Park, W.S., Hong, S.C., 2004. Characterization of airborne bioaerosol concentration in public facilities. J. Environ. Sci. 13, 215-222.
69. Lehtonen, M., Reponen, T., Nevalainen, A., 1993. Everyday activities and variation of fungal spore concentrations in indoor air. J. Biodeteriora. Biodegrada. 31,25-39.
70. Nevalainen, A., Pastuszka, J., Liebhaber, F., Willeke, K., 1992. Performance of bioaerosol samplers: collection characteristics and sampler design considerations. Atmos. Environ. 26A, 531-540.
71. Li, D.W., Kendrick, B., 1995. Indoor aeromycota in relation to residential characteristics and allergic symptoms. Mycopathology 131, 149-157.
72. Li, S.H., Hsu, L.Y., 1997. Airborne fungus allergen in association with residential characteristics in atopic and control children in a subtropical region. Arch. Environ. Health 52,72-79.
73．李海山等．试验解剖学．昆明,云南科技出版社,2002
74. Pastuszka, J.S., kyaw Tha Paw, U., Lis, D.O., Wlaz"o, A., Ulfig, K., 2000. Bacterial and fungal aerosol in indoor environment in Upper Silesia, Poland. Atmos. Environ. 34,3833-3842.
2．李鸿林．空调系统中微生物污染状况调查．上海预防医学杂志2004年第16卷第3期
3．沈晋明．室内空气品质评价．暖通空调，1997，27(4)：22-25
4．周群英．环境工程微生物学．高等教育出版社
5．李明远．微生物学与免疫学．人民卫生出版社
6．曹安明．室内空气污染防治．污染防治技术，2002，vol(15)．No．4
7．李鸿林 空调系统中微生物污染状况调查．上海预防医学杂志2004年的16卷弟3期
8. Nyuk Hien Wong. Comparative study of the indoor air quality of naturally ventilated and air-conditioned bedrooms of residential buildings in Singapore. Building and Environment 39 (2004) 1115-1123
9. H. Guo. Indoor air quality investigation at air-conditioned and non-airconditioned markets in Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment 323 (2004) 87-98
10. Tin-Tai Chow. Performance of ventilation system in a non-standard operating room. Building and Environment 38 (2003) 1401-1411
11. T. Meklin. Size distributions of airborne microbes in moisture-damaged and reference school buildings of two construction types. Atmospheric Environment 36(2002) 6031-6039
12．沈晋明．空调系统的二次污染与细菌控制．暖通空调HVAC 2002年弟32卷弟5期
13. Anthony K.Y. Law. Characteristics of bioaerosol profile in office buildings in Hong Kong. Building and Environment 36(2001) 527-541
14. P.C. Kemp. Survival and growth of micro-organisms on air filtration media during initial loading. Atmospheric Environment 35(2001) 4739-4749
15. T. Meklin. Size distributions of airborne microbes in moisture-damaged and reference school buildings of two construction types. Atmospheric Environment??36(2002) 6031-6039
16. Chnug-min liao. Temporal/seasonal variations of size-dependent airbore fungi indoor/outdoor relationships for a wind-induced naturally ventilated airspace. Atmosphere Environment(2004)4415-4419
17. Atin Adhikari. Volumetric assessment of airborne fungi in two sections of a rural indoor dairy cattle shed. Environment International 29 (2004) 1071-1078
18．张进．室内空气微生物污染与卫生标准建议值．环境与健康杂志2001年7月第18卷弟四期
19. Rafal L. G!omy. Source strength of fungal spore aerosolization from moldy building material. Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 4853-4862
20. Pei-Chih Wu. A Comparison of Sampling Media for Environmental Viable Fungi Collected in a Hospital Environment. Environmental Research Section A 82, 253-257 (2000)
21. Antonio Meriggi Aerobiological monitoring for fungal spores in rehabilitation hospital in Northern Italy Aerobiologia 12(1996)233-237
22. A. korpi. Microbial growth and metabolism in house dust. International Biodeterioration11 (1997) 585-589
23. Sylvie Parat. Contribution of particle counting in assessment of exposure to airborne microorganisms. Atmospheric Environment 33(1999)951-959
24. Multivariate analysis comparing microbial air content of an air-conditioned building and a naturally ventilated building over one year. Atmospheric Environment Vol. 31. No.3. pp.441-449, 1997
25. Nobuo Hamada. Effect of air-conditioner on fungal contamination. Atmospheric Environment 36 (2002) 5443-5448
26. John C.S. Chang. Assement of fungal growth on three HVAC duct materials. Environment Interational
27. R.R. Beumer. Kitchen hygiene in daily life. Intemational Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 51(2003) 299-302
28. Dick Menzies Effect of ultraviolet germicidal lights installed in office ventilation systems on workers' health and wellbeing: double-blind multiple??crossover trial. THE LANCET · Vol 362 · November 29, 2003
29. Dario Camuio. Environmental monitoring in four European museums. Atmospheric Environment 35 Supplement No. 1 (2001) S127}S140
30. Hans Schleibinger. Air "hers from HVAC systems as possible source of volatile organic compounds (VOC) } laboratory. Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999) 4571)4577
31.Pastuszka J, Paw U and Lis D, et al Bacteria and fungal aerosol in indoor environment in Upper Silesia, Poland[J] Atmosphefic Environment 2000. 34: 3833-3842.
32. Megan Hargreaves . A pilot investigation into associations between indoor airborne fungal and non-biological particle concentrations in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia. The Science of the Total Environment 312 (2003) 89-101
33. Shaffer B, Lighthart B. Survey of culturable airborne bacteria at four diverse locations in Oregon: urban, rural, forest, and coastal[J]. Microbial Ecology, 1997, 34: 167 177.
34. Yanli Feng. Indoor and outdoor carbonyl compounds in the hotel ballrooms in Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment 38(2004)103-112
35. Rosas J, Calderon C, Martiner L, et al. Indoor and outdoor airborne fungal propagule concentrations in Mexico City[J]. Aerobiogia, 1997, 13: 23-30.
36. SheRon B, Kirkland K , Flanders W , et al. Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2002, 68(4): 1743-1753.
37．唐杰等．微生物学试验.哈尔滨工业大学出版社．
38. GarrettM , RaymentM , HoperM , et al. Indo r airborne fungal spores, house dampen~ and associations with environmental factors and respiratory health in children[J]. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 1998, 28: 459—467. 1997, 14(79): 35-37.
39. Digiorgio C, Krempff A, Guiraud H , et al. Atmospheric Pollution by Airborne Microorganisms in the City of Marseilies[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996,??30(1): 155-160.
40. Pasanen A, PasanenP, JantunenM, etal. Significance of air humidity and air velocity for fungal spores release into the air[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1991, 25A: 459 462.
41. Grzywacz, CM., Tennent, N.H., 1994. Pollution monitoring in storage and display cabinets: carbonyl pollutant levels in relation to artifact deterioration. In: Roy, A., Smith, P.(Eds.), Preventive Conservation: Practice, Theory and Research. International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London, pp. 164-170.
42. Gysels, K., Deutsch, F., Van Grieken, R., 2002. Characterisation of particulate matter in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, Belgium. Atmospheric Environment 36,4103-4113.
43. Berlin.Horie, C.V., 1987. Materials for Conservation: Organic Consolidants, Adhesives and Coatings. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
44. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH),1989. Guidelines for the assessment of bioaerosols in the indoor environment. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH.
45. Andersen, A.A., 1958. New sampler for the collection, sizing, and enumeration of viable airborne particles. J. Bacteriol. 6,471-484.
46. Atlas, R.M., Bartha, R., 1981. Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Sydney.
47. Beaumont, F., 1988. Clinical manifestations of pulmonary Aspergillus infections. Mycoses 31,15-20.
48. Burge, H.A., Solomon, W.R., Muilenberg, M.L., 1982. Evaluation of indoor plantings as allergen exposure sources. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 70,101-108.
49. Buttner, M.P., Stetzenbach, L.D., 1993. Monitoring airborne fungal spores in an experimental indoor environment to evaluate sampling methods and the effects of human activity on air sampling. Appl. Environ. Micrbiol. 59, 219-226.
50. Dales, R.E., Zwanenburg, H., Burnett, R., Franklin, C.A., 1991. Respiratory health effects of home dampness and molds among children. Am. J. Epidemiol.??134, 196-203.
51. DeKoster, J.A., Thome, P.S., 1995. Bioaerosol concentrations in noncompliant, complaint and intervention homes in the Midwest. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 56, 576-580.
52. Gomy, R.L., Dutkiewicz, J., 2002. Bacterial and fungal aerosols in indoor environment in Central and Eastern European countries. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 9, 17-23.
53. Gravesen, S., Larsen, L., Gyntelberg, F., Skov, P., 1986. Demonstration of microorganisms and dust in schools and offices. Allergy 41, 520-525.
54. Gruber, S., Matthias-Maser, S., Brinkmann, J., Jaenicke, R., 1998. Vertical distribution of biological aerosol particles above the North Sea. J. Aerosol Sci. Suppl. 1, S771-S772.
55. Hargreaves, M., Parappukkaran, S., Morawska, L., Hitchins, J., He, C., Gilbert, D., 2003. A pilot investigation into associations between indoor airborne fungal and non-biological particle concentrations in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia. Sci. Total Environ. 312, 89-101.
56. McLafferty, F.W., Turecek, F., I993. Interpretation of Mass Spectra. University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA.
57. Miles, C.E., 1986. Wood coatings for display and storage cases Studies in Conservation 31, 114-124.
58．于玺华．现代空气微生物学[M]．北京：人民军医出版社，2002．1-52．
59. Mills, J.S., White, R., 1994. The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
60. Montaser, A., Golightly, D.W., 1992. Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry.
61．汤广发，王汉青．室内气流数值计算及模型试验．长沙：湖南大学出版社，1989
62. Hirst, J.M., Stedman, O.J., Hogg, W.H., 1967. Long distance spore transport: methods of measurement, vertical spore profiles and the detection of immigrant spores. J. Gen. Microbiol. 48, 329-355.63. Hong, J.B., Chung, Y.H., Chang, Y.H., 2003. Distribution of hospital airborne microorganisms in Seoul, Korea. Korean J. Environ. Health 29, 1-7.
64. Jones, A.M., Harrison, R.M., 2004. The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations. Sci. Total Environ. 326,151-180.
65. Jones, B.L., Cookson, I.T., 1983. Natural atmospheric microbial conditions in a typical suburban area. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45,919-934.
66. Jones, W., Morring, K., Morey, P., Sorenson, W., 1985. Evaluation of the Anderson viable impactor for single stage sampling. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 46, 294-298.
67. Kuo, Y.M., Li, C.S., 1994. Seasonal fungus prevalence inside and outside of domestic environments in the subtropical climate. Atmos. Environ. 28, 3125-3130.
68. Lee, CM., Kim, Y.S., Lee, T.H., Park, W.S., Hong, S.C., 2004. Characterization of airborne bioaerosol concentration in public facilities. J. Environ. Sci. 13, 215-222.
69. Lehtonen, M., Reponen, T., Nevalainen, A., 1993. Everyday activities and variation of fungal spore concentrations in indoor air. J. Biodeteriora. Biodegrada. 31,25-39.
70. Nevalainen, A., Pastuszka, J., Liebhaber, F., Willeke, K., 1992. Performance of bioaerosol samplers: collection characteristics and sampler design considerations. Atmos. Environ. 26A, 531-540.
71. Li, D.W., Kendrick, B., 1995. Indoor aeromycota in relation to residential characteristics and allergic symptoms. Mycopathology 131, 149-157.
72. Li, S.H., Hsu, L.Y., 1997. Airborne fungus allergen in association with residential characteristics in atopic and control children in a subtropical region. Arch. Environ. Health 52,72-79.
73．李海山等．试验解剖学．昆明,云南科技出版社,2002
74. Pastuszka, J.S., kyaw Tha Paw, U., Lis, D.O., Wlaz"o, A., Ulfig, K., 2000. Bacterial and fungal aerosol in indoor environment in Upper Silesia, Poland. Atmos. Environ. 34,3833-3842.