二氧化氯和超细氧化铁在废水处理中的组合应用技术研究
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摘要
恐怖袭击从20世纪九十年代以来，有在全球范围内迅速蔓延的严峻趋势，以制造恐怖为手段，达到实现政治、社会、个人动机的目的。恐怖活动是指以制造社会恐慌、危害公共安全或者胁迫国家机关、国际组织为目的，采取暴力、破坏、恐吓等手段，造成或者意图造成人员伤亡、重大财产损失、公共设施损坏、社会秩序混乱等严重社会危害的行为，以及煽动、资助或者以其他方式协助实施上述活动的行为。目前世界各国基本上都已形成了对于包括抢劫、刺杀、临时爆炸装置、自杀性炸弹和绑架等恐怖袭击发生的危险级别的规定及其相应的预警系统。但是反恐事业具有多元性，相比于其他恐怖袭击来说，尤以生物和化学恐怖袭击因其具有不确定性、隐蔽性以及不可控性，其应对措施显得尤为重要。生物恐怖袭击在形式上主要是一些致病微生物，而化学恐怖袭击则主要包括重金属等在内的有毒化学物质，在使用上主要是通过食品、水体等为载体。因此，研究针对生物和化学恐怖袭击的易于大面积防控的技术和方法意义重大。
基于这样的现实背景，在微生物的杀菌控制方面，由于二氧化氯（ClO_2）具有强氧化性，是一种具有高效广谱杀菌性能和较低的有毒付产物的环保型绿色杀菌消毒剂，且被世界卫生组织(WHO)列为Al级安全灭菌消毒剂，因此本文研究讨论了ClO_2对微生物的杀菌效果。在重金属污染防控方面，由于超细磁性氧化铁（Fe_2O_3）粒径小、易分散，具有铁的磁性以及良好的耐候性、耐光性，对紫外线具有良好的吸收和屏蔽效应等优点。因此，本文以军用印制板的重金属废水废液为目标物进行处理研究，主要研究内容如下：
⑴采用盐酸和亚氯酸钠反应制备了ClO_2，并采用分光光度法测定ClO_2浓度。
⑵研究制备了一种新型3D花状超细Fe_2O_3微粒，并对其进行相关的表征。表征结果表明，该微粒具有多孔、渗透性结构，可有效的去除水体中的重金属离子，达到净化水质的目的。
⑶研究了ClO_2的杀菌消毒试验。一方面，以葡萄为微生物载体，研究了气体ClO_2对葡萄表面接种的腐败致病菌——灰葡萄霉菌、青霉菌和交链孢霉菌的杀菌效果。结果表明，气体ClO_2可有效地杀灭葡萄表面的微生物，从而达到食用安全的目的。另一方面，利用液体ClO_2对污水进行处理，并比较各影响因素在杀菌消毒中的影响大小，并得出结论：杀菌消毒中各影响因素的大小依次为接触时间>反应温度> ClO_2投加量>搅拌速度，pH值的影响不大。
⑷研究了ClO_2对水体中有机物的去除效果，结果表明ClO_2投加量、反应时间、pH值以及水样中COD浓度对有机物去除效果有直接影响。研究了超细Fe_2O_3对水体中Cu~(2+)的去除效果以及影响因素。以印制板综合废水为例，研究了“ClO_2+超细Fe_2O_3”组合工艺处理，处理后废水出水水质达到了国家一级排放标准。
Since 1990s, terrorist attacks have rapid and serious prevalence tendency in the globalscope, which are with making terror as the means to achieve political, social and personalmotivation purpose. The purposes of terrorist activities are making social panic, endangeringpublic security or threatening state organs, international organization, which resort to severesocial harm behaviors, such as violence, destruction, threats, and other means to cause orintend to cause casualties, significant property damage, public facilities damage, socialdisorder and so on, and incitation, subsidization or other ways to assist the implementation ofthe above activities. At present, countries all over the world have basically developedprovisions of dangerous levels and corresponding warning system for robbery, kill,improvised explosive devices, the suicide bomb and kidnappings. However, anti-terrorismcareer has diversity. When compared to other terrorist attacks, especially chemical andbiological terrorist attacks, because of its uncertainty, imperceptibility and uncontrollability,corresponding measures are particularly important. The forms of biological terrorist attacksmainly are some pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, chemical terrorist attacks are toxicchemicals including heavy metals, etc. In application respect, they take food, water and so onas carriers.
Therefore, the research should aim at biological and chemical terrorist attack and thetechnology that can be suitable to control of large areas easily. Based on the realisticbackground, in the aspect of controlling microbial sterilization, because chlorine dioxide hasstrong oxidizing, it is a kind of environment-friendly sterilization disinfectant that hasefficient broad-spectrum sterilization performance and low toxic byproducts and is listed asA1 level security sterilization disinfectant by the world health organization (WHO). So, thispaper discusses bactericidal effect of chlorine dioxide on microorganisms. In the aspect ofprevention and control of heavy metal pollution, Ultra-fine magnetic iron oxide has small size, magnetism of iron, easily dispersed, good weather resistance, light resistance, UV absorption,shielding effect and so on. Therefore, this article takes heavy metal waste water of the militaryprinted circuit board as study purpose and the main research contents are as follows:⑴Using the reaction of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid and sodium chlorite toprepare ClO_2and applying spectrophotometry to determine ClO_2concentration.⑵Preparing 3D flower-like Ultra-fine Fe_2O_3particles and carrying out its relatedcharacterization. Characterization results show that the particles have a porous, permeablestructure and can effectively remove heavy metals in water to purify water.⑶Studying the bactericidal effect of ClO_2. On the one hand, taking grapes as microbialcarriers, we study the bactericidal effect of ClO_2on corruption pathogen inoculated on thesurface of the grape -Botrytis mold, Penicillium and Alternaria mold. The results show thatClO_2gas can effectively kill microorganisms on the surface of grape to guarantee foodsecurity. On the other hand, we take liquid ClO_2to deal with sewage , compare the effect offactors on the bactericidal effect, and conclude that the effect of factors can be sorted asfollows: reaction time>temperature> ClO_2dosage>whipping speed. However, pH value haslittle change.⑷We study removal effect of the ClO_2on organic matter in water. The results showthat ClO_2dosage, reaction time, pH and the concentration of COD in water have directimpacts on removal efficiency of organic matter. We also study removal effect of Ultra-fineFe_2O_3on Cu~(2+)in water and influencing factors. Taking PCB wastewater for instance, westudy the combined " ClO_2+ Ultra-fine Fe_2O_3" process. Treated wastewater effluent achievesthe national emission standards.
基于这样的现实背景，在微生物的杀菌控制方面，由于二氧化氯（ClO_2）具有强氧化性，是一种具有高效广谱杀菌性能和较低的有毒付产物的环保型绿色杀菌消毒剂，且被世界卫生组织(WHO)列为Al级安全灭菌消毒剂，因此本文研究讨论了ClO_2对微生物的杀菌效果。在重金属污染防控方面，由于超细磁性氧化铁（Fe_2O_3）粒径小、易分散，具有铁的磁性以及良好的耐候性、耐光性，对紫外线具有良好的吸收和屏蔽效应等优点。因此，本文以军用印制板的重金属废水废液为目标物进行处理研究，主要研究内容如下：
⑴采用盐酸和亚氯酸钠反应制备了ClO_2，并采用分光光度法测定ClO_2浓度。
⑵研究制备了一种新型3D花状超细Fe_2O_3微粒，并对其进行相关的表征。表征结果表明，该微粒具有多孔、渗透性结构，可有效的去除水体中的重金属离子，达到净化水质的目的。
⑶研究了ClO_2的杀菌消毒试验。一方面，以葡萄为微生物载体，研究了气体ClO_2对葡萄表面接种的腐败致病菌——灰葡萄霉菌、青霉菌和交链孢霉菌的杀菌效果。结果表明，气体ClO_2可有效地杀灭葡萄表面的微生物，从而达到食用安全的目的。另一方面，利用液体ClO_2对污水进行处理，并比较各影响因素在杀菌消毒中的影响大小，并得出结论：杀菌消毒中各影响因素的大小依次为接触时间>反应温度> ClO_2投加量>搅拌速度，pH值的影响不大。
⑷研究了ClO_2对水体中有机物的去除效果，结果表明ClO_2投加量、反应时间、pH值以及水样中COD浓度对有机物去除效果有直接影响。研究了超细Fe_2O_3对水体中Cu~(2+)的去除效果以及影响因素。以印制板综合废水为例，研究了“ClO_2+超细Fe_2O_3”组合工艺处理，处理后废水出水水质达到了国家一级排放标准。
Since 1990s, terrorist attacks have rapid and serious prevalence tendency in the globalscope, which are with making terror as the means to achieve political, social and personalmotivation purpose. The purposes of terrorist activities are making social panic, endangeringpublic security or threatening state organs, international organization, which resort to severesocial harm behaviors, such as violence, destruction, threats, and other means to cause orintend to cause casualties, significant property damage, public facilities damage, socialdisorder and so on, and incitation, subsidization or other ways to assist the implementation ofthe above activities. At present, countries all over the world have basically developedprovisions of dangerous levels and corresponding warning system for robbery, kill,improvised explosive devices, the suicide bomb and kidnappings. However, anti-terrorismcareer has diversity. When compared to other terrorist attacks, especially chemical andbiological terrorist attacks, because of its uncertainty, imperceptibility and uncontrollability,corresponding measures are particularly important. The forms of biological terrorist attacksmainly are some pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, chemical terrorist attacks are toxicchemicals including heavy metals, etc. In application respect, they take food, water and so onas carriers.
Therefore, the research should aim at biological and chemical terrorist attack and thetechnology that can be suitable to control of large areas easily. Based on the realisticbackground, in the aspect of controlling microbial sterilization, because chlorine dioxide hasstrong oxidizing, it is a kind of environment-friendly sterilization disinfectant that hasefficient broad-spectrum sterilization performance and low toxic byproducts and is listed asA1 level security sterilization disinfectant by the world health organization (WHO). So, thispaper discusses bactericidal effect of chlorine dioxide on microorganisms. In the aspect ofprevention and control of heavy metal pollution, Ultra-fine magnetic iron oxide has small size, magnetism of iron, easily dispersed, good weather resistance, light resistance, UV absorption,shielding effect and so on. Therefore, this article takes heavy metal waste water of the militaryprinted circuit board as study purpose and the main research contents are as follows:⑴Using the reaction of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid and sodium chlorite toprepare ClO_2and applying spectrophotometry to determine ClO_2concentration.⑵Preparing 3D flower-like Ultra-fine Fe_2O_3particles and carrying out its relatedcharacterization. Characterization results show that the particles have a porous, permeablestructure and can effectively remove heavy metals in water to purify water.⑶Studying the bactericidal effect of ClO_2. On the one hand, taking grapes as microbialcarriers, we study the bactericidal effect of ClO_2on corruption pathogen inoculated on thesurface of the grape -Botrytis mold, Penicillium and Alternaria mold. The results show thatClO_2gas can effectively kill microorganisms on the surface of grape to guarantee foodsecurity. On the other hand, we take liquid ClO_2to deal with sewage , compare the effect offactors on the bactericidal effect, and conclude that the effect of factors can be sorted asfollows: reaction time>temperature> ClO_2dosage>whipping speed. However, pH value haslittle change.⑷We study removal effect of the ClO_2on organic matter in water. The results showthat ClO_2dosage, reaction time, pH and the concentration of COD in water have directimpacts on removal efficiency of organic matter. We also study removal effect of Ultra-fineFe_2O_3on Cu~(2+)in water and influencing factors. Taking PCB wastewater for instance, westudy the combined " ClO_2+ Ultra-fine Fe_2O_3" process. Treated wastewater effluent achievesthe national emission standards.
引文
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