混合动力电动公交车动力系统的研制
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摘要
能源和环境的压力使得电动汽车迎来了发展的高潮。随着电子技术的成熟，已有多种电动汽车产品投放市场。纯电动汽车由于各种原因难以保证续驶里程，因而混合动力车辆成为目前发展的重点。
使用自主开发的电动汽车数据采集及分析系统对武汉市城市公交客车的实际线路营运工况进行了大量的数据采集。通过这些数据的处理分析，表明城市公交客车低速行驶、频繁起步以及滑行和驻车的发动机怠速普遍存在着燃油经济性差和排放恶劣的状况。根据这一情况并结合混合动力电动汽车的特点提出了适用于城市公交客车的串联式混合动力电动公交客车，提出了“一线一车”个性化公交概念。
论文基于混合动力系统对其动力部件进行了科学的效率分析。通过分析指出了混合动力系统相对于传统车辆的优势和劣势所在，最后指出了整车效率最优化方法。
合理有效的控制策略是实现整个混合动力系统效率最优的关键。相比传统的控制模式，论文提出了车辆行驶区间功率平衡的功率实时自适应调节控制策略。该策略很好的解决了车辆行驶时辅助动力系统与蓄电池组之间的功率分配，并且驱动电动机采用功率控制模式以及多级动力输出切换策略，有效的控制了蓄电池的充放电电流，从而提高了整车效率。控制策略建立了混合动力系统优化选型的基础。
辅助动力单元(APU)控制系统、矢量控制交流调速驱动电动机的制动能量回收系统以及多级动力输出管理系统和电池管理系统组成了整个混合动力系统。基于功率自适应调节控制模式的混合动力多能源管理系统将这些子系统有机联系调配。
自行研制开发的电动汽车运行数据采集及分析系统采集频率达到1Hz，有海量存储和很好的抗干扰性，具有良好的通用性和数据传输能力，适应各种电动车辆的运行数据采集，为其性能指标的评价以及后续研究工作提供真实准确的数据基础。
Electric vehicle (EV) is facing a development apex under the pressure of resource and environmental crisis. More and more EV products have been put into market with the development of electric technologies. Pure EV is difficult to meet sufficient distance, so hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has been paid more attention recently.
Vast operating data of the city bus have been acquired with the aid of data-acquisition system of the EV developed by writer. The data show the fact that the working conditions of the city bus exist lower speed driving, frequent acceleration and long-range engine idle operation which lead to bad fuel economy and emission. The series hybrid electric bus (SHEB) is referred according to the characters both of the city bus and HEV, and the concept of characteristic bus is concerned which can be described as "one route one bus".
Based on the hybrid system, this thesis analyzes its components with detail. The advantages and disadvantages of the hybrid system have been researched compared to the classic vehicle, and the conclusion of efficiency optimization has been acquired.
It's the key to realize the optimal efficiency of the hybrid system that set up an effective control strategy. Compared with the other control model, this thesis proposes a novel strategy that the power of the APU is adaptively regulated based on the power balance of the driving cycle. This strategy effectively solves the power distribution between the APU and batteries during the drive of the HEB. The power control model and multi-torque switching strategy of the driving motors control the charging-recharging current of the batteries within a wide range, which contribute to the improvement of the efficiency. The foundation of type selection and optimal matching for the hybrid system is established.
APU system, AC induction motors driving system, multi-torque output system, regenerative braking system and battery management system make of the hybrid system. All the subsystems are integrated systematically by the
multi-energy resource management system.
Operating-data-acquisition system for EV developed by writer has the characters as follow: high sampling frequency, vast storage, anti-jamming, general-purpose interface bus, data transmission ability and etc. The system can well adapt to the EV operating data acquisition, which provides true and correct data for the valuation of the EV performance and following research work.
使用自主开发的电动汽车数据采集及分析系统对武汉市城市公交客车的实际线路营运工况进行了大量的数据采集。通过这些数据的处理分析，表明城市公交客车低速行驶、频繁起步以及滑行和驻车的发动机怠速普遍存在着燃油经济性差和排放恶劣的状况。根据这一情况并结合混合动力电动汽车的特点提出了适用于城市公交客车的串联式混合动力电动公交客车，提出了“一线一车”个性化公交概念。
论文基于混合动力系统对其动力部件进行了科学的效率分析。通过分析指出了混合动力系统相对于传统车辆的优势和劣势所在，最后指出了整车效率最优化方法。
合理有效的控制策略是实现整个混合动力系统效率最优的关键。相比传统的控制模式，论文提出了车辆行驶区间功率平衡的功率实时自适应调节控制策略。该策略很好的解决了车辆行驶时辅助动力系统与蓄电池组之间的功率分配，并且驱动电动机采用功率控制模式以及多级动力输出切换策略，有效的控制了蓄电池的充放电电流，从而提高了整车效率。控制策略建立了混合动力系统优化选型的基础。
辅助动力单元(APU)控制系统、矢量控制交流调速驱动电动机的制动能量回收系统以及多级动力输出管理系统和电池管理系统组成了整个混合动力系统。基于功率自适应调节控制模式的混合动力多能源管理系统将这些子系统有机联系调配。
自行研制开发的电动汽车运行数据采集及分析系统采集频率达到1Hz，有海量存储和很好的抗干扰性，具有良好的通用性和数据传输能力，适应各种电动车辆的运行数据采集，为其性能指标的评价以及后续研究工作提供真实准确的数据基础。
Electric vehicle (EV) is facing a development apex under the pressure of resource and environmental crisis. More and more EV products have been put into market with the development of electric technologies. Pure EV is difficult to meet sufficient distance, so hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has been paid more attention recently.
Vast operating data of the city bus have been acquired with the aid of data-acquisition system of the EV developed by writer. The data show the fact that the working conditions of the city bus exist lower speed driving, frequent acceleration and long-range engine idle operation which lead to bad fuel economy and emission. The series hybrid electric bus (SHEB) is referred according to the characters both of the city bus and HEV, and the concept of characteristic bus is concerned which can be described as "one route one bus".
Based on the hybrid system, this thesis analyzes its components with detail. The advantages and disadvantages of the hybrid system have been researched compared to the classic vehicle, and the conclusion of efficiency optimization has been acquired.
It's the key to realize the optimal efficiency of the hybrid system that set up an effective control strategy. Compared with the other control model, this thesis proposes a novel strategy that the power of the APU is adaptively regulated based on the power balance of the driving cycle. This strategy effectively solves the power distribution between the APU and batteries during the drive of the HEB. The power control model and multi-torque switching strategy of the driving motors control the charging-recharging current of the batteries within a wide range, which contribute to the improvement of the efficiency. The foundation of type selection and optimal matching for the hybrid system is established.
APU system, AC induction motors driving system, multi-torque output system, regenerative braking system and battery management system make of the hybrid system. All the subsystems are integrated systematically by the
multi-energy resource management system.
Operating-data-acquisition system for EV developed by writer has the characters as follow: high sampling frequency, vast storage, anti-jamming, general-purpose interface bus, data transmission ability and etc. The system can well adapt to the EV operating data acquisition, which provides true and correct data for the valuation of the EV performance and following research work.
引文
[1] 陈清泉，孙逢春．混合电动车辆基础．北京理工大学出版社，2001．11
[2] 陈清泉，孙逢春，祝嘉光．现代电动汽车技术．北京理工大学出版社，2002．11
[3] 胡骅，宋慧．电动汽车．人民交通出版社，2003．1
[4] 汤蕴璎，史乃．电机学．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．3
[5] 陈伯时．电力拖动自动控制系统．北京：机械工业出版社，2000，6
[6] 蒋德明．内燃机原理．北京：机械工业出版社，1988
[7] 中国环境科学研究院．中国城市汽车行驶工况和污染物排放系数测定研究．国家环保总局科技发展计划项目研究报告 96309，1999_3．1
[8] 胡寿松．自动控制原理．北京：国防工业出版社，1994．1
[9] 李东军，李理光．中国典型城市车辆行驶状况的测试统计[J]．汽车技术，1998(3)：13．16
[10] 汪新云．串联式混合动力电动客车动力系统建模与仿真．研究生学位论文，2002，3
[11] 田光宇等．混合动力电动汽车关键技术．汽车技术，2002，1
[12] 段岩波，张武高，黄震．混合动力电动汽车技术分析．柴油机，2002，6
[13] 孙逢春，何洪文．混合动力车辆的归类方法研究．北京理工大学学报，2002，2
[14] 孙冬野，秦大同．并联式混合动力车辆动力转换控制策略研究．农业机械学报，2003，1
[15] 张欣等．并联式混合动力汽车多能源动力总成控制单元的研究与开发．高技术通讯，2003，2
[16] 刘建国，殷德双，陈汉汛，吉孔武．混合动力电动车能源管理系统的研制开发．武汉理工大学学报，2003，4
[17] 吴森，曹正策．串联式混合动力多能源管理系统的研制．武汉理工大学学报，2003，12
[18] 林枫，吴森等．混合动力电动城市公交客车控制策略．武汉理工大学学报，2003，12
[19] 杨宏亮，陈全世．混联式混合动力汽车控制策略研究综述．公路交通科技，2002，2
[20] 白凤良，杨建国．混合动力电动汽车实时控制策略．现代车用动力，2003，8
[21] 李伯岳．客车燃油经济性计算软件的开发与运用[J]．汽车技术，2001．1：7-91
[22] 舒红，秦大同，杨为．混合动力汽车动力传动系参数设计．农业机械学报，2002，1
[23] 王庆年，何洪文，李幼德，初亮．并联混和动力汽车传动系参数匹配．吉林工业大学自然科学学报，2000，1
[24] 童毅，张俊智，欧阳明高．混合动力汽车扭矩管理策略．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2003，8
[25] 游琳娟，吴汉光，雷德森．电动车电机及其控制技术的发展．中小型电机，2001，28(1)
[26] 宋凌锋，崔淑梅，丁洛，程树康．电动车工况下最大效率控制的感应电动机损耗研究．微特电机，2001，2
[27] 莫红苹，钟彦儒．基于铜损等于铁损的异步电动机最佳效率控制．西安理工大学学报，2002，4
[28] 刘陵顺，刘卫华，田锦昌．考虑铁损时异步电动机的最佳效率控制．微电机，2001，4
[29] 王丽敏．磁场定向的异步电动机最佳效率控制．电气传动，1999，5
[30] 谭惊涛，范衡，程善美．交流电机变频装置效率优化的策略．电气传动，1999，4
[31] 杨秀媛．异步发电机降压运行及其效率分析．中小型电机，1998，6
[32] 陈胜洋，武立军，李红．电动车用铅酸电池的现状与前景．电池，2003，3
[33] 陈全世，林拥军，张东民．电动汽车用铅酸电池放电特性的研究．汽车技术，1996，8
[34] 毕大成，周希德．电动汽车铅酸电池快速充电方法的研究．电源技术，2000，6
[35] 麻友良，陈全世．铅酸电池的不一致性与均衡充电的研究．武汉科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，3
[36] Cohen, J. et. al. (1993).Methods for driving cycle development and validation. Systerms Applications international, California
[37] Dennis J. Simanaitis. Emission Test Cycles Around the Word, Automotive Engineer, Vol. 85, August 1978
[38] R. Pusca, Y. Ait, Amirat, A. Berthon, J.M. Kauffmann. Advanced Control Applied to Hybrid Electrical Vehicle, EVS19 Busan 2002
[39] Tian Guangyu, Zhao Li-an, Han Xiaodong, Chert Quanshi. Hybridization of Fuel Cell Power Train for City Bus. EVS19 Busan 2002
[40] Yusuke Horii, Jitsutaka Takeo, Yuta Susuki, Yoichiro gono, Swen Ruppert, Eugen Holl. A Hybrid Electric Drive System for Low-Floor City Bus. EVS19
Busan 2002
[41] Yuan Zhu, Yaobin Chen, and Quanshi Chen. Analysis and Design of an Optimal Energy Management and Control System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. EVS19 Busan 2002
[42] Dennis Doerffel, Suleiman Abu-Sharkh. Performance Evaluation of a Low Cost Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle. EVS19 Busan 2002
[43] Atsushi Shibutani Shuuji Kato Toshiaki Kaku. Development of Motor Assist System for Hybrid Four-door Sedan. EVS19 Busan 2002
[44] Juergen Schulte, Paul B. Scott, and Kevin Stone. Hybrid-electric fuel cell bus test and demonstration. EVS19 Busan 2002
[45] Juan W. Dixon, Micah Ortúzar and Felipe Rios. Traction Drive System for Electric Vehicles, Using Multilevel Converters. EVS19 Busan 2002
[46] 21CT. (December 2000). "Technology Roadmap for the 21st Century Truck Program: A Government-Industry Research Partnership." Report No. 21CT-001. Available on-line: http://www. osti. gov/bridge
[2] 陈清泉，孙逢春，祝嘉光．现代电动汽车技术．北京理工大学出版社，2002．11
[3] 胡骅，宋慧．电动汽车．人民交通出版社，2003．1
[4] 汤蕴璎，史乃．电机学．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．3
[5] 陈伯时．电力拖动自动控制系统．北京：机械工业出版社，2000，6
[6] 蒋德明．内燃机原理．北京：机械工业出版社，1988
[7] 中国环境科学研究院．中国城市汽车行驶工况和污染物排放系数测定研究．国家环保总局科技发展计划项目研究报告 96309，1999_3．1
[8] 胡寿松．自动控制原理．北京：国防工业出版社，1994．1
[9] 李东军，李理光．中国典型城市车辆行驶状况的测试统计[J]．汽车技术，1998(3)：13．16
[10] 汪新云．串联式混合动力电动客车动力系统建模与仿真．研究生学位论文，2002，3
[11] 田光宇等．混合动力电动汽车关键技术．汽车技术，2002，1
[12] 段岩波，张武高，黄震．混合动力电动汽车技术分析．柴油机，2002，6
[13] 孙逢春，何洪文．混合动力车辆的归类方法研究．北京理工大学学报，2002，2
[14] 孙冬野，秦大同．并联式混合动力车辆动力转换控制策略研究．农业机械学报，2003，1
[15] 张欣等．并联式混合动力汽车多能源动力总成控制单元的研究与开发．高技术通讯，2003，2
[16] 刘建国，殷德双，陈汉汛，吉孔武．混合动力电动车能源管理系统的研制开发．武汉理工大学学报，2003，4
[17] 吴森，曹正策．串联式混合动力多能源管理系统的研制．武汉理工大学学报，2003，12
[18] 林枫，吴森等．混合动力电动城市公交客车控制策略．武汉理工大学学报，2003，12
[19] 杨宏亮，陈全世．混联式混合动力汽车控制策略研究综述．公路交通科技，2002，2
[20] 白凤良，杨建国．混合动力电动汽车实时控制策略．现代车用动力，2003，8
[21] 李伯岳．客车燃油经济性计算软件的开发与运用[J]．汽车技术，2001．1：7-91
[22] 舒红，秦大同，杨为．混合动力汽车动力传动系参数设计．农业机械学报，2002，1
[23] 王庆年，何洪文，李幼德，初亮．并联混和动力汽车传动系参数匹配．吉林工业大学自然科学学报，2000，1
[24] 童毅，张俊智，欧阳明高．混合动力汽车扭矩管理策略．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，2003，8
[25] 游琳娟，吴汉光，雷德森．电动车电机及其控制技术的发展．中小型电机，2001，28(1)
[26] 宋凌锋，崔淑梅，丁洛，程树康．电动车工况下最大效率控制的感应电动机损耗研究．微特电机，2001，2
[27] 莫红苹，钟彦儒．基于铜损等于铁损的异步电动机最佳效率控制．西安理工大学学报，2002，4
[28] 刘陵顺，刘卫华，田锦昌．考虑铁损时异步电动机的最佳效率控制．微电机，2001，4
[29] 王丽敏．磁场定向的异步电动机最佳效率控制．电气传动，1999，5
[30] 谭惊涛，范衡，程善美．交流电机变频装置效率优化的策略．电气传动，1999，4
[31] 杨秀媛．异步发电机降压运行及其效率分析．中小型电机，1998，6
[32] 陈胜洋，武立军，李红．电动车用铅酸电池的现状与前景．电池，2003，3
[33] 陈全世，林拥军，张东民．电动汽车用铅酸电池放电特性的研究．汽车技术，1996，8
[34] 毕大成，周希德．电动汽车铅酸电池快速充电方法的研究．电源技术，2000，6
[35] 麻友良，陈全世．铅酸电池的不一致性与均衡充电的研究．武汉科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，3
[36] Cohen, J. et. al. (1993).Methods for driving cycle development and validation. Systerms Applications international, California
[37] Dennis J. Simanaitis. Emission Test Cycles Around the Word, Automotive Engineer, Vol. 85, August 1978
[38] R. Pusca, Y. Ait, Amirat, A. Berthon, J.M. Kauffmann. Advanced Control Applied to Hybrid Electrical Vehicle, EVS19 Busan 2002
[39] Tian Guangyu, Zhao Li-an, Han Xiaodong, Chert Quanshi. Hybridization of Fuel Cell Power Train for City Bus. EVS19 Busan 2002
[40] Yusuke Horii, Jitsutaka Takeo, Yuta Susuki, Yoichiro gono, Swen Ruppert, Eugen Holl. A Hybrid Electric Drive System for Low-Floor City Bus. EVS19
Busan 2002
[41] Yuan Zhu, Yaobin Chen, and Quanshi Chen. Analysis and Design of an Optimal Energy Management and Control System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. EVS19 Busan 2002
[42] Dennis Doerffel, Suleiman Abu-Sharkh. Performance Evaluation of a Low Cost Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle. EVS19 Busan 2002
[43] Atsushi Shibutani Shuuji Kato Toshiaki Kaku. Development of Motor Assist System for Hybrid Four-door Sedan. EVS19 Busan 2002
[44] Juergen Schulte, Paul B. Scott, and Kevin Stone. Hybrid-electric fuel cell bus test and demonstration. EVS19 Busan 2002
[45] Juan W. Dixon, Micah Ortúzar and Felipe Rios. Traction Drive System for Electric Vehicles, Using Multilevel Converters. EVS19 Busan 2002
[46] 21CT. (December 2000). "Technology Roadmap for the 21st Century Truck Program: A Government-Industry Research Partnership." Report No. 21CT-001. Available on-line: http://www. osti. gov/bridge