法治实践的公民意识教育价值研究
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摘要
当代中国,历经30余年市场化改革与建设法治国家的努力,基于社会主义法治实践的公民意识教育事实上开展的异常活跃。与互联网等新传媒引发的信息革命相适应,充分利用法治实践进行公民意识教育日益成为现实和可能。然而,实证调查发现,虽然纯粹的臣民早已退出历史舞台,但臣民意识并未彻底消除,公民意识虽得到一定发展但内涵很不丰富,一定程度上仍呈现出知、情、意三者间的背离;在公民意识教育方面,一直以来相对重视“课堂式”理论教育,而轻包括法治实践在内的真正的实践教育。因此,法治实践的公民意识教育价值研究,既是我国新时期新阶段法治价值研究的一个新问题,也是依法治国背景下公民意识教育的一个新领域。
     本研究以辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义为指导,从社会存在决定社会意识的基本观点出发研究法治实践与公民意识教育的关系。研究认为,法治实践作为人们践行法治的活动与过程,既是践行作为社会意识产物的制定法、实然法即法律的过程,也是按照法治精神践行作为社会存在的自然法、应然法即法的过程。公民意识教育作为培养社会成员公民意识的活动,是实现人沿着臣民意识——以主体为主要内涵的公民意识——以平等为主要内涵的公民意识——以民主为主要内涵的公民意识逐步转变的一个不可逾越的过程。在二者的关系上,公民的法律属性,构成了认识法治实践与公民意识教育关系的基础,公民权利与国家权力的博弈、社会权力与国家权力的博弈以及国家权力间的相互博弈,提供了认识法治实践与公民意识教育关系的内在逻辑。当代中国,随着依法治国方略的逐步推进,与现代传媒紧密结合的法治实践,正逐步成为公民意识教育的有效途径,而公民意识教育,不但深深蕴涵于民主与法治、秩序与自由、平等与身份、公平与正义等法的诸价值之中,而且作为法的人的全面发展价值的重要组成部分,正日益成为法治实践的附加价值和终极目标。这一观点不但符合从实践到认识的基本规律,而且已经和正在为世界范围内法治发达国家以及我国30余年的法治实践所证明。
     法治实践的公民意识教育价值的实现,需要在不断发展的法治实践过程中,有意识地建构“公权引导、公民参与和媒体传导联动”的实现模式,并进一步很好地运用于我国的法制定、法实施和法治宣传之中。当前,中国特色社会主义法律体系已经形成,进一步充实人权立法、推进民主立法、拓展公开立法,应当成为立法实践践行公民意识教育的重要工作;进一步推进执政党带头守法尤其是依法执政、国家机关及其公务员模范守法以及公民自觉守法尤其是自觉用法,应当成为守法实践践行公民意识教育的重要工作;全面推进依法行政、切实贯彻教育与执法相结合原则,应当成为执法实践践行公民意识教育的重要工作;进一步推进公正司法、全面拓展司法公开,应当成为司法实践践行公民意识教育的重要工作;以国家监督为基础,大力推进社会监督尤其是公民法治监督,应当成为法治监督践行公民意识教育的重要工作;全面强化权力机关的公民意识教育组织领导体制,高度重视公共法治事件在公民意识教育方面的独特作用,逐步构建“法治宣传与法制定、法实施有效联动”的公民意识教育机制,实现法制宣传教育从守法教育到公民意识教育的转变,应当成为法治宣传践行公民意识教育的中心工作。
In contemporary china, after more than thirty years of market reform and theconstruction of a country rule of law, the education of citizen consciousness based on thesocialist rule of law practice becomes very active in fact. With the development of internetand other new media caused by information revolution, it becomes realistic and possible tomake full use of legal practice to implement the education of citizen consciousness. However,after investigation we find that although pure subjects has withdraw from the stage of history,the subject consciousness has not been completely eliminated, and the citizen consciousnesshas got a certain development but the connotation is not very rich, and at a certain extent itstill exists the deviation of knowledge, love and meaning. In civic education, we have paidmore attention to“classroom”theory education, and despised the truly practice educationincluding the rule of law practice. So to research the value of the education of citizenconsciousness based on the practice of rule of law is not only a new issue that appeared in thestudy of the value of rule of law in new stage of our country, but also a new field in theeducation of citizen consciousness under the background of the rule of law.
     With the dialectical materialism and the historical materialism as the guide, and beginingfrom the basic viewpoint that social existence determines social consciousness, this paperstudied the relationship between the practice of the rule of law and the education of citizenconsciousness. In this study, we think that the practice of the rule of law as people toimplement the rule of law activities and processes is not only the process of theimplementation of the enacted law or the real law, but also the process of the implementationof natural law or positive law guided by the spirit of rule of law. The education of the citizenconsciousness as the activities of the cultivation of the citizen consciousness of the socialmembers is a gradually change and an impassable process in which people changed from thesubject consciousness to citizen consciousness which has subject, equality and democracy asthe main content. In the two relations, the citizen's legal attribute constitutes the basis of thecognition of the relations between the practice of rule of law and citizen consciousness, andthe game among civil rights and state power, social power and state power, and the statepowers themselves provides the intrinsic logic of understanding the relationship between thepractice of rule of law and the education of citizen consciousness. In contemporary China,with the further development of strategy of rule of law, the practice of rule of law connectionwith the modern media is gradually becoming a effective way for the education of citizenconsciousness, and the education of citizen consciousness not only has deep implication of thevalue of law, such as democracy and rule of law, order and liberty, equality and identity,fairness and justice, but also increasingly becomes the value and the ultimate objective of thepractice of rule of law, which is the major component of the value of the all-rounddevelopment of human being. This view not only accord with the basic law of from practiceto understanding, but also has been proved by judicial practice within the scope of worlddeveloped countries of rule of law, as well as the more than thirty years of practice of rule of law in our country.
     The realization of the value of education of citizen consciousness in the practice of therule of law needs us to consciously construct the mode of "the linkage of the public guide,citizen participation and media transmission" in the growing practice rule of law, and furtherbe used in making laws, law enforcement and legal publicity in our country. At present, thesocialist law system with Chinese characteristics has been formed, so it should be animportant work in the in the practice of the education of citizen consciousness to furtherenrich the human rights legislation, promote democracy and legislation, expand publiclegislation when we are making laws. To further promote the ruling party to abide by laws,especially to require the ruling party govern according to law, and the state organs and theircivil servants be the law-abiding model and citizen be law-abiding and conscious usage oflaws should be an important work in the practice of the education of citizen consciousness. Tocomprehensively promote administration according to law, cogent to carry out thecombination of education and law enforcement principle should be an important work in thepractice of the education of citizen consciousness in the law enforcement. To guarantee thejudicial justice as the goal, to fully develop the judicial transparency should become animportant work in the practice of the education of citizen consciousness in judicial practice.To making the state supervision as the basis and promote social supervision should become animportant work in the practice of the education of citizen consciousness in legal supervision.To comprehensively strengthen the citizen consciousness education organization andleadership system of the authority, pay attention to the unique role of public legal events incivic education, gradually build the mechanism of the education of citizenconsciousness of " linkage rule of law publicity and law making, law implement effective ",realize the transition of law education to the citizen consciousness education during the oflegal publicity and education should be central work in the practice of the education of citizenconsciousness in the rule of law publicity.
引文
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