电梯导轨垂直度测量方法的研究
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摘要
本文对电梯导轨垂直度测量方法进行了研究，并研制了测量仪。该
测量仪以激光自动安平垂准仪发出的激光为基准，紧贴导轨运行的接收
装置上的光斑经CCD相机和图像采集卡采集到计算机后，通过计算机图
像处理识别出光斑中心的位移量来确定电梯导轨在测量位置的垂直度偏
差，同时自动记录测量所在位置。
对阈值分割后的光斑图像进行自动识别，若为圆形光斑，利用质心
公式求其中心；若为圆环光斑，边缘检测后，利用霍夫变换求其中心。
对于圆的霍夫变换，通过对圆方程求导可把三维参数空间降低为二维处
理，大大降低了运算量。
该测量仪较以往测量方法有了很大改进，它使测量更加准确，快速
而简单，软件用Visual C++6.0编写。
The measuring way of verticality of elevator guide way is studied in this paper and a measuring apparatus is made too. The apparatus regards the laser beam, emanating from the laser device, which can emit the perpendicular laser to the earth, as the measuring norm. The facula on the autodyne, which clings to the guide way during the measuring, is sampled to computer with a CCD camera and an image acquisition card. By computer image proce~sing, the measuring apparatus can identify the displacement of the facula center .By this way it determines the verticality error of the guide way at the measuring position, which can be recorded automatically at the same time.
For the facula after threshold segmentation, the apparatus can recognize it automatically. If it is circular, its center can be worked out by centroidal equation; if it is cirque, after edge detecting, its center can be figured out with Hough transform. For the Hough transform of circle, the dimension of its parameter space can be brought down from 3 to 2 with the derivative of the cire equation and thus its calculating quantity can be reduced greatly.
The measuring way provided by the apparatus has improved more greatly and is more accurate, faster and simpler than ever before. The software is programmed with Visual C+-4-6.O.
测量仪以激光自动安平垂准仪发出的激光为基准，紧贴导轨运行的接收
装置上的光斑经CCD相机和图像采集卡采集到计算机后，通过计算机图
像处理识别出光斑中心的位移量来确定电梯导轨在测量位置的垂直度偏
差，同时自动记录测量所在位置。
对阈值分割后的光斑图像进行自动识别，若为圆形光斑，利用质心
公式求其中心；若为圆环光斑，边缘检测后，利用霍夫变换求其中心。
对于圆的霍夫变换，通过对圆方程求导可把三维参数空间降低为二维处
理，大大降低了运算量。
该测量仪较以往测量方法有了很大改进，它使测量更加准确，快速
而简单，软件用Visual C++6.0编写。
The measuring way of verticality of elevator guide way is studied in this paper and a measuring apparatus is made too. The apparatus regards the laser beam, emanating from the laser device, which can emit the perpendicular laser to the earth, as the measuring norm. The facula on the autodyne, which clings to the guide way during the measuring, is sampled to computer with a CCD camera and an image acquisition card. By computer image proce~sing, the measuring apparatus can identify the displacement of the facula center .By this way it determines the verticality error of the guide way at the measuring position, which can be recorded automatically at the same time.
For the facula after threshold segmentation, the apparatus can recognize it automatically. If it is circular, its center can be worked out by centroidal equation; if it is cirque, after edge detecting, its center can be figured out with Hough transform. For the Hough transform of circle, the dimension of its parameter space can be brought down from 3 to 2 with the derivative of the cire equation and thus its calculating quantity can be reduced greatly.
The measuring way provided by the apparatus has improved more greatly and is more accurate, faster and simpler than ever before. The software is programmed with Visual C+-4-6.O.
引文
1刘文萍，吴立德．图像分割中阈值选取方法比较研究．模式识别与人工智 能．1997． (10) ：271-277
2 Otsu N． A Threshold Selection Method from Gray Level Histograms．IEEE Trans on Systems．Man and Cybernet ics，1979． 9(1) ：62-66
3 Kitter J，Illingworth J．On Threshold Selection Using Clustering Criteria． IEEE Trans on Systems．man and Cybernetics，1985，15(5) ,652-655
4 Reddi S．S．Keshavan H．R．An Optimal Multiple Threshold Scheme for Image Segmentation．IEEE Trans on System．Man and Cybernetics．1984，14(4) ：661-665
5 Han Lee．Rae-hong Park．Comments on“An Optimal Multiple Threshold Scheme for Image Segmentation”．IEEE Trans on Systems．Man and Cybernetics．1990． 20(3) ：741-742
6 Sahoo P K，Soltani S．Wong A．Chen Y C．A Survey of Thresholding Techniques． Computer Vision Graphics Image Process．1988． 41(2) ：233-260
7 Weszka J S．A Survey of Threshold Selection Techniques．Computer Vision Graphics Image Process，1976,7(2) ：259-265
8 Fu S K． Md J K． A survey of Image Segmentations．Pattern Recognition．1981． 13(1) ：3-16
9 Kapur J N．Sahoo P K，Wong A．A New Method for Gray-Level Picture Thresholding Using the Entropy of the Histogram．Computer Vision Graphics Image Process,1985． 29(3) ：273-285
10 Pun T．Entropic Threshold Selection Techniques,Computer Vision Graphics Image Process．1978,7(2) ：259-265
11严学强，叶秀清等．基于量化图像直方图的最大熵阈值处理算法．模式识别与人工智 能．1998． 11(3) ：352-358
12王俊杰，黄心汉．一种对图像进行快速二值化处理的方法．电子技术应用．1998． (10) ：16-17
13李月景．图像识别技术及其应用．北京：机械工业出版社．1985：156-177
14刑仁杰，叶秀清等．计算机图像处理．杭州：浙江大学出版社．1990． 第五、六章
15 Kenneth R．Castleman．DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESS．北京：清华大学出版社及 Prentice-Hall International，Inc，1998．
16郑南宁．计算机视觉与模式识别．北京：国防工业出版社，1998：80-159．
17马颂德，张正友．计算机视觉．北京：科学出版社，1998．
18罗希平，田捷，诸葛婴等．图像分割方法综述．模式识别与人工智能．1997， 1O(3) ：259-263
19宋欧克．黄凤岗，兰晓亨．二值图像目标质心快速跟踪算法．模式识别与人工智 能．1998，11(3) ，352-358
20 Pao D C W，Li H F，Kumar R J．Shapes Recognition Using the Straight Line Hough Transform：Theory and Generalization．IEEE Trans on PAMI，1992． 14(1) ：1076-1089
21胡占义．杨长江，马颂德．Hough变换的新定义．计算机学报．1997，20(8) ：744-750
22徐公文,徐文，朱维庆．基于Hough变换的水声目标形状分析研究．模式识别与人工智 能．1995，8(4) ：351-356
23顾嗣扬，施鹏飞，李介谷．一种基于直线Hough变换的识别曲线及参数估计方法．模式 识别与人工智能．1994,7(1) ：16-20
24 Li H．Lavin M A．Fast Hough Transform Based on Bintree Data Structure．Conf． Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition，1986：640-642
25徐建华．图像处理与分析．北京：科学出版社，1990，187-205
26张福学．传感器应用及其电路精选(上)．北京：电子工业出版社，1991：74，509
27王庆有．CCD应用技术．天津：天津大学出版社，1993
28杨惠光．CCD摄录-体机．北京：兵器工业出版社，1990
29 David J．Kruglinski．Scut Wingo，George Shepherd．Visual C++6． 0技术内幕(第 五版)．北京：北京希望电子出版社，1999：80-350
30鸿志创作组．Visual C++5． 0编程指南．北京：科学出版社．1998
31王华，叶爱亮等．Visual C++6． 0编程实例与技巧．北京：机械工业出版社．1999
2 Otsu N． A Threshold Selection Method from Gray Level Histograms．IEEE Trans on Systems．Man and Cybernet ics，1979． 9(1) ：62-66
3 Kitter J，Illingworth J．On Threshold Selection Using Clustering Criteria． IEEE Trans on Systems．man and Cybernetics，1985，15(5) ,652-655
4 Reddi S．S．Keshavan H．R．An Optimal Multiple Threshold Scheme for Image Segmentation．IEEE Trans on System．Man and Cybernetics．1984，14(4) ：661-665
5 Han Lee．Rae-hong Park．Comments on“An Optimal Multiple Threshold Scheme for Image Segmentation”．IEEE Trans on Systems．Man and Cybernetics．1990． 20(3) ：741-742
6 Sahoo P K，Soltani S．Wong A．Chen Y C．A Survey of Thresholding Techniques． Computer Vision Graphics Image Process．1988． 41(2) ：233-260
7 Weszka J S．A Survey of Threshold Selection Techniques．Computer Vision Graphics Image Process，1976,7(2) ：259-265
8 Fu S K． Md J K． A survey of Image Segmentations．Pattern Recognition．1981． 13(1) ：3-16
9 Kapur J N．Sahoo P K，Wong A．A New Method for Gray-Level Picture Thresholding Using the Entropy of the Histogram．Computer Vision Graphics Image Process,1985． 29(3) ：273-285
10 Pun T．Entropic Threshold Selection Techniques,Computer Vision Graphics Image Process．1978,7(2) ：259-265
11严学强，叶秀清等．基于量化图像直方图的最大熵阈值处理算法．模式识别与人工智 能．1998． 11(3) ：352-358
12王俊杰，黄心汉．一种对图像进行快速二值化处理的方法．电子技术应用．1998． (10) ：16-17
13李月景．图像识别技术及其应用．北京：机械工业出版社．1985：156-177
14刑仁杰，叶秀清等．计算机图像处理．杭州：浙江大学出版社．1990． 第五、六章
15 Kenneth R．Castleman．DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESS．北京：清华大学出版社及 Prentice-Hall International，Inc，1998．
16郑南宁．计算机视觉与模式识别．北京：国防工业出版社，1998：80-159．
17马颂德，张正友．计算机视觉．北京：科学出版社，1998．
18罗希平，田捷，诸葛婴等．图像分割方法综述．模式识别与人工智能．1997， 1O(3) ：259-263
19宋欧克．黄凤岗，兰晓亨．二值图像目标质心快速跟踪算法．模式识别与人工智 能．1998，11(3) ，352-358
20 Pao D C W，Li H F，Kumar R J．Shapes Recognition Using the Straight Line Hough Transform：Theory and Generalization．IEEE Trans on PAMI，1992． 14(1) ：1076-1089
21胡占义．杨长江，马颂德．Hough变换的新定义．计算机学报．1997，20(8) ：744-750
22徐公文,徐文，朱维庆．基于Hough变换的水声目标形状分析研究．模式识别与人工智 能．1995，8(4) ：351-356
23顾嗣扬，施鹏飞，李介谷．一种基于直线Hough变换的识别曲线及参数估计方法．模式 识别与人工智能．1994,7(1) ：16-20
24 Li H．Lavin M A．Fast Hough Transform Based on Bintree Data Structure．Conf． Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition，1986：640-642
25徐建华．图像处理与分析．北京：科学出版社，1990，187-205
26张福学．传感器应用及其电路精选(上)．北京：电子工业出版社，1991：74，509
27王庆有．CCD应用技术．天津：天津大学出版社，1993
28杨惠光．CCD摄录-体机．北京：兵器工业出版社，1990
29 David J．Kruglinski．Scut Wingo，George Shepherd．Visual C++6． 0技术内幕(第 五版)．北京：北京希望电子出版社，1999：80-350
30鸿志创作组．Visual C++5． 0编程指南．北京：科学出版社．1998
31王华，叶爱亮等．Visual C++6． 0编程实例与技巧．北京：机械工业出版社．1999