白水地区套袋技术对苹果园中节肢动物群落影响的研究
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摘要
苹果是世界上栽培面积广、消费量大、经济效益较好的水果之一。由于使用大量化学农药进行防病治虫,致使环境污染严重、果品农药残留高、品质下降,严重威胁着人类健康,无公害栽培已成为必然方向。苹果园节肢动物群落变化规律是对苹果有害生物进行无公害生态控制和管理的基础,因此,本研究对渭北高原地区白水县无公害栽培套袋苹果园和无套袋苹果园的节肢动物群落变化状况进行了研究,结果如下:
1白水地区苹果园内节肢动物群落物种丰富,优势种类突出
该区果园节肢动物分属于两纲即昆虫纲和蛛形纲。其中无套袋果园共有节肢动物63种,分属2纲10目39科。其中植食性节肢动物共计7目30科,53种,37616头,优势种群为同翅目和蜱螨目,其相对丰盛度达0.7780055和0.1909153。天敌共计6目9科,10种,448头,优势种群为鞘翅目和膜翅目,其相对丰盛度达0.0067255和0.0037043;套袋果园共有节肢动物53种,分属2纲9目29科。其中植食性节肢动物共计6目24科,46种,33573头,优势种群为同翅目和蜱螨目,其相对丰盛度达0.553471和0.418846。天敌共计4目5科,7种,492头,优势种群为膜翅目和鞘翅目,其相对丰盛度达0.008337和0.005754。
2套袋技术并没有改变节肢动物群落结构的主体
套袋果园与无套袋果园对比研究表明:天敌亚群落的相对丰盛度远低于植食性节肢动物亚群落,由于植食性节肢动物亚群落在果园生态系统中是初级消费者,比天敌亚群落更低一层,在数量上构成了节肢动物群落的主体,其数量变动将会对整个节肢动物群落产生较大的影响,套袋果园并没有改变节肢动物群落结构的主体。综合分析套袋果园植食性节肢动物群落中,蚜虫、介壳虫、螨类在群落中占据优势地位,是群落结构变动的中心,对总群落整体和天敌亚群落都产生极大的影响;在天敌亚群落中瓢虫类、小蜂类等是较为优势的种群,其变化趋势仍然构成了天敌亚群落变化趋势的主体。
3套袋果园植食性节肢动物群落生物多样性指数和均匀度均显著高于无套袋果园
从套袋果园与无套袋果园节肢动物群落时空动态来看,在苹果的生长关键时期,前者的生物多样性指数和均匀度指数均显著高于后者,这说明套袋技术的使用增加了果园的生物多样性和均匀度,从而增加了果园节肢动物群落的稳定性。
4从理论上证明了套袋技术可作为害虫综合治理的一项有效措施
套袋技术是以阻隔害虫直接加害、减少化学农药使用、增加果园生物多样性和均匀度从而达到群落稳定而取得效益,该实验通过对比套袋果园和无套袋果园节肢动物群落构成和时空动态,为以上观点提供了理论依据。
Apple is one of the worldwide planting fruits with high consumption and economic benefit. The quality of apple products decreased because pesticides were widely used to control pests. Considering the health of ourselves, non-pollution cultivation has become inevitable. The changing law of insect community is the foundation of ecological control and management on apple pests without pollution.
Continuous surveys had been taken on changing of insect community in non-pollution bagged apple orchard in Baishui county of Weibei plateau in 2007. The results are showed as follows:
1. The arthropods community is abundant in species and the dominant species is prominent in Baishui area. The arthropods belong to insecta and arachnida in this area. In unbagged orchard,
there are 63 species belonging to 39 families, 10 orders, 2 classes, in which there are 37616 arthropods belonging to 53 species, 30 families, 7 orders, of which the dominant population belong to Homoptera and acarina and the relative abundance respectively reach 0.7780055 and 0.1909153. The natural enemies’subcommunity includes 448 natural enemies belonging to 10 species, 9 families, 6 orders, of which the dominant population belong to Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and the relative abundance respectively reach 0.0067255 and 0.0037043.
In bagged orchard, There are 53 species of arthropods belonging to 29 families, 9 orders, 2 orders, in which there are 33573 phytophagous arthropods belonging to 46 species, 24 families, 6 orders, of which the dominant population belong to Homoptera and acarina and the relative abundance respectively reach 0.553471 and 0.418846. There are 492 natural enemies belonging to 7 species, 5 families, of which the dominant population belong to Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and the relative abundance respectively reach 0.008337 and 0.005754.
2. The main structure of apple orchard hasn’t changed after been bagged. The contraction between unbagged and bagged orchard, the relative abundance of natural enemies’subcommunity is much lower than that of phytophagous arthropods’subcommunity. Because the phytophagous arthropods’subcommunity is primary consumer in orchard ecosystem and lower one rank than natural enemies’subcommunity, the amount of which constitute the main body of arthropod community, the change of that will affect greatly on the whole arthropods community.
In phytophagous arthropods’community of bagged apple orchard, aphides, scale insects and mites are the dominant arthropods, and also the center of the community structure and will have great influence on the whole community and natural enemies’subcommunity while changing. In natural enemies’subcommunity, ladybirds and chalcids are the dominant arthropods, the changing trend of which is the main part of that of natural enemies’subcommunity.
3. The biodiversity and evenness of phytophagous arthropods’community in bagged apple orchard are obviously higher than that of unbagged one.
In view of spatial and temporal dynamic of arthropods community, the biodiversity and evenness in bagged apple orchard were much higher than that of unbagged one, which indicate that the biodiversity and evenness were increased by using of bagging technique, consequently, the arthropods community become more stable.
4. It is theoretically prove that bagging technique can be a useful measure for integrated pest management.
By building a barrier to prevent the damage of pests, decreasing the use of pesticides and increasing the biodiversity and evenness of creature, the bagging technique can contribute the stability of community and than a lot of benefit can be made from it.
1白水地区苹果园内节肢动物群落物种丰富,优势种类突出
该区果园节肢动物分属于两纲即昆虫纲和蛛形纲。其中无套袋果园共有节肢动物63种,分属2纲10目39科。其中植食性节肢动物共计7目30科,53种,37616头,优势种群为同翅目和蜱螨目,其相对丰盛度达0.7780055和0.1909153。天敌共计6目9科,10种,448头,优势种群为鞘翅目和膜翅目,其相对丰盛度达0.0067255和0.0037043;套袋果园共有节肢动物53种,分属2纲9目29科。其中植食性节肢动物共计6目24科,46种,33573头,优势种群为同翅目和蜱螨目,其相对丰盛度达0.553471和0.418846。天敌共计4目5科,7种,492头,优势种群为膜翅目和鞘翅目,其相对丰盛度达0.008337和0.005754。
2套袋技术并没有改变节肢动物群落结构的主体
套袋果园与无套袋果园对比研究表明:天敌亚群落的相对丰盛度远低于植食性节肢动物亚群落,由于植食性节肢动物亚群落在果园生态系统中是初级消费者,比天敌亚群落更低一层,在数量上构成了节肢动物群落的主体,其数量变动将会对整个节肢动物群落产生较大的影响,套袋果园并没有改变节肢动物群落结构的主体。综合分析套袋果园植食性节肢动物群落中,蚜虫、介壳虫、螨类在群落中占据优势地位,是群落结构变动的中心,对总群落整体和天敌亚群落都产生极大的影响;在天敌亚群落中瓢虫类、小蜂类等是较为优势的种群,其变化趋势仍然构成了天敌亚群落变化趋势的主体。
3套袋果园植食性节肢动物群落生物多样性指数和均匀度均显著高于无套袋果园
从套袋果园与无套袋果园节肢动物群落时空动态来看,在苹果的生长关键时期,前者的生物多样性指数和均匀度指数均显著高于后者,这说明套袋技术的使用增加了果园的生物多样性和均匀度,从而增加了果园节肢动物群落的稳定性。
4从理论上证明了套袋技术可作为害虫综合治理的一项有效措施
套袋技术是以阻隔害虫直接加害、减少化学农药使用、增加果园生物多样性和均匀度从而达到群落稳定而取得效益,该实验通过对比套袋果园和无套袋果园节肢动物群落构成和时空动态,为以上观点提供了理论依据。
Apple is one of the worldwide planting fruits with high consumption and economic benefit. The quality of apple products decreased because pesticides were widely used to control pests. Considering the health of ourselves, non-pollution cultivation has become inevitable. The changing law of insect community is the foundation of ecological control and management on apple pests without pollution.
Continuous surveys had been taken on changing of insect community in non-pollution bagged apple orchard in Baishui county of Weibei plateau in 2007. The results are showed as follows:
1. The arthropods community is abundant in species and the dominant species is prominent in Baishui area. The arthropods belong to insecta and arachnida in this area. In unbagged orchard,
there are 63 species belonging to 39 families, 10 orders, 2 classes, in which there are 37616 arthropods belonging to 53 species, 30 families, 7 orders, of which the dominant population belong to Homoptera and acarina and the relative abundance respectively reach 0.7780055 and 0.1909153. The natural enemies’subcommunity includes 448 natural enemies belonging to 10 species, 9 families, 6 orders, of which the dominant population belong to Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and the relative abundance respectively reach 0.0067255 and 0.0037043.
In bagged orchard, There are 53 species of arthropods belonging to 29 families, 9 orders, 2 orders, in which there are 33573 phytophagous arthropods belonging to 46 species, 24 families, 6 orders, of which the dominant population belong to Homoptera and acarina and the relative abundance respectively reach 0.553471 and 0.418846. There are 492 natural enemies belonging to 7 species, 5 families, of which the dominant population belong to Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and the relative abundance respectively reach 0.008337 and 0.005754.
2. The main structure of apple orchard hasn’t changed after been bagged. The contraction between unbagged and bagged orchard, the relative abundance of natural enemies’subcommunity is much lower than that of phytophagous arthropods’subcommunity. Because the phytophagous arthropods’subcommunity is primary consumer in orchard ecosystem and lower one rank than natural enemies’subcommunity, the amount of which constitute the main body of arthropod community, the change of that will affect greatly on the whole arthropods community.
In phytophagous arthropods’community of bagged apple orchard, aphides, scale insects and mites are the dominant arthropods, and also the center of the community structure and will have great influence on the whole community and natural enemies’subcommunity while changing. In natural enemies’subcommunity, ladybirds and chalcids are the dominant arthropods, the changing trend of which is the main part of that of natural enemies’subcommunity.
3. The biodiversity and evenness of phytophagous arthropods’community in bagged apple orchard are obviously higher than that of unbagged one.
In view of spatial and temporal dynamic of arthropods community, the biodiversity and evenness in bagged apple orchard were much higher than that of unbagged one, which indicate that the biodiversity and evenness were increased by using of bagging technique, consequently, the arthropods community become more stable.
4. It is theoretically prove that bagging technique can be a useful measure for integrated pest management.
By building a barrier to prevent the damage of pests, decreasing the use of pesticides and increasing the biodiversity and evenness of creature, the bagging technique can contribute the stability of community and than a lot of benefit can be made from it.
引文
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