移动Ad Hoc网络QoS关键技术的研究
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摘要
移动Ad Hoc网络作为一种无中心、自构建、自组织和自管理的新型无线网络,因其组网灵活、展开迅速、自主运行等诸多优点,广泛应用于军事通信、应急救援等无法或不便敷设网络基础设施并需快速组网的场合。近年来,随着急剧增长的无线网络需求,移动Ad Hoc网络在个人通信等民用领域也展现出美好的应用前景,因此成为下一代通信网络研究的热点之一。多媒体业务的普及和商业应用的进展导致服务质量(QoS)保证的的需求日趋强烈,而移动Ad Hoc网络所具有的多跳通信、资源受限、分布式控制以及动态拓扑等特点,对移动Ad Hoc网络其中的QoS保证提出了严峻挑战。
围绕不同应用的QoS需求,针对网络自身特点,本文对移动Ad Hoc网络QoS关键技术进行研究,并取得了如下创新性成果：
(1)提出了自适应跨层QoS模型。在传统TCP/IP协议栈基础上,增加跨层信息交互模块和自适应决策模块,通过跨层信息交互模块,打破原有分层结构的制约,实现各层信息共享。自适应决策模块,以层间信息交互共享为基础,深入挖掘各协议栈的相关性,赋予网络观察、学习和优化自己的能力。从全局视角,根据业务的QoS需求和网络所能提供的保障条件进行综合优化。在协议栈各个层面上根据网络状态调整参数,通过自适应地选择路由协议,改变发送功率、数据传输速率、分组长度、编码和调制技术以及上述方法的组合来适应网络状况的变化,并且可以通过区分分组优先级来满足不同业务的QoS要求,实现对网络资源的有效分配,提高系统综合性能。
(2)提出自适应QoS路由策略,依据应用需求和网络状态信息,准确、及时地反映网络变化,并以此为依据,在先验式或反应式,单径或多径路由,单一QOS指标或多QoS指标联合优化,是否进行负载均衡和带宽预留等策略间自适应选择,实现自适应、自配置、自管理的高效分布式QoS路由机制。具体设计实现了以下路由算法：QoS-Aware多目标优化路由协议(QMOR),该协议利用节点可用带宽进行接入控制,选择满足QoS带宽要求的路径,在目的节点利用多目标优化算法选路,算法的优化参数包括路径延迟、缓冲区中已存包的长度和重传数目；基于免疫算法的QoS路由协议,选择资源消耗函数作为目标函数,用资源消耗函数的倒数表示亲和力,将带宽和时延作为约束条件,在保证带宽的基础上综合考虑跳数和时延,并利用免疫算法求最优解,得到满足QoS要求的路由；QoS-Aware多径路由协议(QAMR),研究节点拥塞、分组碰撞等本地信息对QoS路由的影响,引入节点利用因子和路径利用因子表征节点和路径处理能力,选择满足QoS要求的多条路由,实现通信过程负载均衡,提高路由容错性能；基于模糊算法的QoS多径路由协议,通过考察网络节点的层可用信息,以本次路由要求的带宽作为接入限制,以时延、跳数、路径可用度和吞吐率为参数建立数学模型并利用模糊算法进行求解,对源-目的节点之间的路径进行分析决策；为高QoS要求的特殊业务设计带宽预留机制。仿真表明,自适应路由策略能够适应网络状况和业务需求,实现了良好的QoS性能。
(3)提出了基于IEEE802.11协议的自适应QoS MAC协议。该协议针对网络的特殊性和所支持的业务类型,进行优先级划分；引入传输许可证概念,规定只有持有许可证的节点才可以传输数据,根据网络负载情况自适应调整许可证数量,控制参与信道竞争的节点数目,持有许可证的节点采用竞争方式共享信道；为不同的优先级业务设置不同的信道竞争参数,从概率上保证高优先级业务在信道竞争中处于优势：采用资源预留方式,为特殊业务提供端到端的绝对QoS保证,在有限的信道上最大限度地同时满足协议的高效性、针对性和空间复用性等指标。仿真表明,自适应QoS MAC协议与IEEE802.11相比,保证了网络中高优先级业务的QoS要求,在有限的信道上最大限度地同时满足协议的高效性、针对性和空间复用性等指标。
上述工作针对移动Ad Hoc网络的QoS需求,重点对QoS模型、路由和介质访问控制技术进行初步探索,所取得的研究成果对提高网络的QOS性能具有重要意义。
Mobile Ad Hoc networks are provided with many merits, such as flexible networking, rapid expandability and distribution control. It is a new centerless, self-constructing, self-organizing and self-managing network, and is applied in military, individual communications, emergencies and other circumstances where networks can not be easily established but require rapid networking. In recently years, wireless network grows rapidly. At the same time, as its application foreground in individual communication is getting wider and wider, mobile Ad Hoc network is becoming one of the hotspots of next generation communication network. The popularization of multimedia operation and evolution of business application leads to high demand of QoS assurance. The characteristics of multi-hops communications, unreliable radio medium, limited bandwidth, distributed control and node mobility presents a challenge to provide QoS in mobile Ad Hoc networks.
To cater for different conditions of QoS application, this thesis researches on the key technologies for QoS in mobile Ad Hoc networks according to the network characteristics. The followings are specific contributions of this thesis:
(1) This thesis proposes adaptive cross-layer QoS model. Based on the traditional TCP/IP protocol stack, the cross-layer information exchange module and the adaptive decision-making module are added. The cross-layer information exchange module breaks the restriction of the original layer structure, which realizes information sharing among the layers. The adaptive decision-making module, grounded on the information exchanging and sharing among layers, excavates the correspondence among protocol stack and endows the network with observing, learning, and self-improving ability. From a comprehensive view point, the proposed model optimizes according to services QoS requirement and the conditions provided by the network. The model regulates parameters on different layers of the protocol stack according to network conditions, and adapts to the changes of the network automatically by selecting routing protocol, changing transmitting power, data transfer rate, packet length, coding and modulating technology. And it can provide different QoS by differentiating packet priority, realizing effective distribution of network resources and improving the integrated performance of the system.
(2) This thesis proposes adaptive QoS routing strategy. The strategy correctly reflects the changes of the network in good time, which provides the basis to make adaptive choices between strategies of proactive or reactive mode, single path route or multi path routes, single QoS index or multiple QoS indexes joint optimization, load balance or not, bandwidth reservation or not, etc. And thus the adaptive, self-constructed, self-managed highly efficient distributed QoS routing mechanism can be realized. The specific design realizes the following routing algorithm:QoS-aware Multiple Objective Optimization Routing protocol (QMOR), which can realize access control by node bandwidth, select the route that meets the QoS bandwidth demand by multiple objective optimization algorithm that includes path delay, the length of existing packets in buffer, retry number; QoS routing protocol based on immunity algorithm, which chooses the resource consumption function as objective function; the appetency is expressed by the reciprocal of the resource consumption function; the restriction conditions are bandwidth and delay; and finding the optimal solution using the immune algorithm by synthetically considering both of hopping number and delay based on bandwidth guaranteed; QoS-Aware multipath protocol (QAMR), which considers the node congestion, packet collision and other influences of local information for the QoS routing, reflects node and path performance by introducing node utilization factor and path utilization factor, selects multipath that meet the QoS requirement, realizing load balance in the procedure of communicating and improving routing fault-tolerant capability; QoS routing protocol based on fuzzy algorithm, which takes the present required bandwidth as access control restriction, sets Mathematical model based on the parameters of delay, hops, Path Usable Degree(PUD), and throughput ratio and solve the model by fuzzy algorithm, analyzes and makes decisions on the routes between the source and destination nodes; design bandwidth reservation mechanism for special sevices of high QoS requirement. Simulation shows that the adaptive router strategy can accommodate network conditions and services requirement and realize good QoS performance.
(3) This thesis proposes the adaptive QoS MAC protocol based on IEEE802.11protocol. The proposed protocol assign different priority classes for different traffic according to special characteristics and performance types of the different networks. It introduces the concept of transmission license, and only the node which holds transmission license can participate in the channel contention, changing the number of licenses according to the load of the network adaptively, controlling the number of the nodes that participate in the channel contention, and ensuring the nodes with licenses share the channels through contention. It sets different contention parameters for the different priorities services, and guaranteeing these services performances to have advantages in the channel contention. It provides special performances with absolutely end-to-end QoS guarantee, satisfying simultaneously the high efficiency, pertinence, spatial-reuse, etc. to the largest extent. Simulation shows that compared to IEEE802.11protocol, adaptive QoS MAC protocol meets the QoS requirement with low and high priorities in the networks, satisfies the high efficiency, pertinence, spatial-reuse, etc. to the largest extent at the same time in limited channels.
The above-mentioned works carry out some elementary researches on QoS model, routing and medium access control technology, which aim to meet the QoS requirement of mobile Ad Hoc networks. The results obtained in this thesis have great significance on improving QoS performance in the networks.
围绕不同应用的QoS需求,针对网络自身特点,本文对移动Ad Hoc网络QoS关键技术进行研究,并取得了如下创新性成果：
(1)提出了自适应跨层QoS模型。在传统TCP/IP协议栈基础上,增加跨层信息交互模块和自适应决策模块,通过跨层信息交互模块,打破原有分层结构的制约,实现各层信息共享。自适应决策模块,以层间信息交互共享为基础,深入挖掘各协议栈的相关性,赋予网络观察、学习和优化自己的能力。从全局视角,根据业务的QoS需求和网络所能提供的保障条件进行综合优化。在协议栈各个层面上根据网络状态调整参数,通过自适应地选择路由协议,改变发送功率、数据传输速率、分组长度、编码和调制技术以及上述方法的组合来适应网络状况的变化,并且可以通过区分分组优先级来满足不同业务的QoS要求,实现对网络资源的有效分配,提高系统综合性能。
(2)提出自适应QoS路由策略,依据应用需求和网络状态信息,准确、及时地反映网络变化,并以此为依据,在先验式或反应式,单径或多径路由,单一QOS指标或多QoS指标联合优化,是否进行负载均衡和带宽预留等策略间自适应选择,实现自适应、自配置、自管理的高效分布式QoS路由机制。具体设计实现了以下路由算法：QoS-Aware多目标优化路由协议(QMOR),该协议利用节点可用带宽进行接入控制,选择满足QoS带宽要求的路径,在目的节点利用多目标优化算法选路,算法的优化参数包括路径延迟、缓冲区中已存包的长度和重传数目；基于免疫算法的QoS路由协议,选择资源消耗函数作为目标函数,用资源消耗函数的倒数表示亲和力,将带宽和时延作为约束条件,在保证带宽的基础上综合考虑跳数和时延,并利用免疫算法求最优解,得到满足QoS要求的路由；QoS-Aware多径路由协议(QAMR),研究节点拥塞、分组碰撞等本地信息对QoS路由的影响,引入节点利用因子和路径利用因子表征节点和路径处理能力,选择满足QoS要求的多条路由,实现通信过程负载均衡,提高路由容错性能；基于模糊算法的QoS多径路由协议,通过考察网络节点的层可用信息,以本次路由要求的带宽作为接入限制,以时延、跳数、路径可用度和吞吐率为参数建立数学模型并利用模糊算法进行求解,对源-目的节点之间的路径进行分析决策；为高QoS要求的特殊业务设计带宽预留机制。仿真表明,自适应路由策略能够适应网络状况和业务需求,实现了良好的QoS性能。
(3)提出了基于IEEE802.11协议的自适应QoS MAC协议。该协议针对网络的特殊性和所支持的业务类型,进行优先级划分；引入传输许可证概念,规定只有持有许可证的节点才可以传输数据,根据网络负载情况自适应调整许可证数量,控制参与信道竞争的节点数目,持有许可证的节点采用竞争方式共享信道；为不同的优先级业务设置不同的信道竞争参数,从概率上保证高优先级业务在信道竞争中处于优势：采用资源预留方式,为特殊业务提供端到端的绝对QoS保证,在有限的信道上最大限度地同时满足协议的高效性、针对性和空间复用性等指标。仿真表明,自适应QoS MAC协议与IEEE802.11相比,保证了网络中高优先级业务的QoS要求,在有限的信道上最大限度地同时满足协议的高效性、针对性和空间复用性等指标。
上述工作针对移动Ad Hoc网络的QoS需求,重点对QoS模型、路由和介质访问控制技术进行初步探索,所取得的研究成果对提高网络的QOS性能具有重要意义。
Mobile Ad Hoc networks are provided with many merits, such as flexible networking, rapid expandability and distribution control. It is a new centerless, self-constructing, self-organizing and self-managing network, and is applied in military, individual communications, emergencies and other circumstances where networks can not be easily established but require rapid networking. In recently years, wireless network grows rapidly. At the same time, as its application foreground in individual communication is getting wider and wider, mobile Ad Hoc network is becoming one of the hotspots of next generation communication network. The popularization of multimedia operation and evolution of business application leads to high demand of QoS assurance. The characteristics of multi-hops communications, unreliable radio medium, limited bandwidth, distributed control and node mobility presents a challenge to provide QoS in mobile Ad Hoc networks.
To cater for different conditions of QoS application, this thesis researches on the key technologies for QoS in mobile Ad Hoc networks according to the network characteristics. The followings are specific contributions of this thesis:
(1) This thesis proposes adaptive cross-layer QoS model. Based on the traditional TCP/IP protocol stack, the cross-layer information exchange module and the adaptive decision-making module are added. The cross-layer information exchange module breaks the restriction of the original layer structure, which realizes information sharing among the layers. The adaptive decision-making module, grounded on the information exchanging and sharing among layers, excavates the correspondence among protocol stack and endows the network with observing, learning, and self-improving ability. From a comprehensive view point, the proposed model optimizes according to services QoS requirement and the conditions provided by the network. The model regulates parameters on different layers of the protocol stack according to network conditions, and adapts to the changes of the network automatically by selecting routing protocol, changing transmitting power, data transfer rate, packet length, coding and modulating technology. And it can provide different QoS by differentiating packet priority, realizing effective distribution of network resources and improving the integrated performance of the system.
(2) This thesis proposes adaptive QoS routing strategy. The strategy correctly reflects the changes of the network in good time, which provides the basis to make adaptive choices between strategies of proactive or reactive mode, single path route or multi path routes, single QoS index or multiple QoS indexes joint optimization, load balance or not, bandwidth reservation or not, etc. And thus the adaptive, self-constructed, self-managed highly efficient distributed QoS routing mechanism can be realized. The specific design realizes the following routing algorithm:QoS-aware Multiple Objective Optimization Routing protocol (QMOR), which can realize access control by node bandwidth, select the route that meets the QoS bandwidth demand by multiple objective optimization algorithm that includes path delay, the length of existing packets in buffer, retry number; QoS routing protocol based on immunity algorithm, which chooses the resource consumption function as objective function; the appetency is expressed by the reciprocal of the resource consumption function; the restriction conditions are bandwidth and delay; and finding the optimal solution using the immune algorithm by synthetically considering both of hopping number and delay based on bandwidth guaranteed; QoS-Aware multipath protocol (QAMR), which considers the node congestion, packet collision and other influences of local information for the QoS routing, reflects node and path performance by introducing node utilization factor and path utilization factor, selects multipath that meet the QoS requirement, realizing load balance in the procedure of communicating and improving routing fault-tolerant capability; QoS routing protocol based on fuzzy algorithm, which takes the present required bandwidth as access control restriction, sets Mathematical model based on the parameters of delay, hops, Path Usable Degree(PUD), and throughput ratio and solve the model by fuzzy algorithm, analyzes and makes decisions on the routes between the source and destination nodes; design bandwidth reservation mechanism for special sevices of high QoS requirement. Simulation shows that the adaptive router strategy can accommodate network conditions and services requirement and realize good QoS performance.
(3) This thesis proposes the adaptive QoS MAC protocol based on IEEE802.11protocol. The proposed protocol assign different priority classes for different traffic according to special characteristics and performance types of the different networks. It introduces the concept of transmission license, and only the node which holds transmission license can participate in the channel contention, changing the number of licenses according to the load of the network adaptively, controlling the number of the nodes that participate in the channel contention, and ensuring the nodes with licenses share the channels through contention. It sets different contention parameters for the different priorities services, and guaranteeing these services performances to have advantages in the channel contention. It provides special performances with absolutely end-to-end QoS guarantee, satisfying simultaneously the high efficiency, pertinence, spatial-reuse, etc. to the largest extent. Simulation shows that compared to IEEE802.11protocol, adaptive QoS MAC protocol meets the QoS requirement with low and high priorities in the networks, satisfies the high efficiency, pertinence, spatial-reuse, etc. to the largest extent at the same time in limited channels.
The above-mentioned works carry out some elementary researches on QoS model, routing and medium access control technology, which aim to meet the QoS requirement of mobile Ad Hoc networks. The results obtained in this thesis have great significance on improving QoS performance in the networks.
引文
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