食物中的羽毛对北极狐肠道微生物种（类）和丰度的影响
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摘要
食肉动物在进食过程中会不可避免的食入毛发或羽毛,在长期的进化中肠道微生态系统已经适应了肠道中有毛发的存在。毛发或羽毛通常不能被消化,那么毛发对于微生态系统具有哪些作用,一直未被研究。我们以人工驯养的北极狐(Alopex lagopus)作为实验动物,在其正常日粮中添加无菌粉碎的羽毛,通过T-RFLP技术检测粪便细菌的种类和丰富度变化规律。结果显示,饲喂羽毛之前,用Rsa I和Bfa I组合酶切累计检测到176种(类)不同的细菌,用Bsl I酶切累计检测到205种(类)不同的细菌。饲喂羽毛之后,用Rsa I和Bfa I组合酶切以及用Bsl I酶切累计检测到的细菌种(类)分别是366种(类)和406种(类)。而且,在Rsa I和Bfa I组合酶切后共有65种(类)细菌T-RFs仅出现在饲喂羽毛之前,148种(类)细菌T-RFs仅出现在饲喂羽毛之后,237种(类)细菌T-RFs在饲喂羽毛前后均可检出。Bsl I酶切后共有85种(类)细菌T-RFs仅出现在饲喂羽毛之前,135种(类)细菌T-RFs仅出现在饲喂羽毛之后,250种(类)细菌T-RFs在饲喂羽毛前后均可检出。定量分析表明,粪便细菌的总量在饲喂羽毛前后没有显著变化。此外,细菌种类的变化规律有着明显的个体特异性,没有整体上的规律性。上述结果表明,饲喂羽毛前后肠道内细菌总量均达到容纳量,但是羽毛存在的条件下,不同种类细菌的丰度出现均衡化倾向,原来丰度很低的种类通过PCR检测不到,在饲喂羽毛后丰度得到提高,可以被检测出来。这种均衡化倾向预示着肠道微生态系统能流途径增多,复杂度和稳定性均得到提高,对维持和提升动物体生理功能具有潜在意义。此外,由于每只个体肠道内起始细菌种类和相对丰度的不同,导致这一变化过程有着明显的个体特异性,这预示着不同个体的微生态系统对相同的环境有着不同的适合度。
Carnivores intake hair and feather of their prey species and the gut microbiota should have become adapted to the existence of hair and feather during their long evolution process. Hair and feather are constituted of keratins that are almost not digestible in the gut. This raises a question how hair and feather impact on the gut microbiota. This question has not yet been investigated up to now though it is critical to understand the adaptation and evolution of carnivores. We used farmed Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) as experimental animal to compare the species diversity and abundance of gut microbiota before and after sterilized feather was added to their ration by using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) technique. The results indicated that, before the addition of feather,176 and 205 kinds of bacteria were detected by using enzymatic digestion of 16S rRNA gene respectively with combination of Rsa I and Bfa I and singly Bsl I. After the addition of feather, the number of bacterial kinds/species detected in the two enzymatic digestions became 366 and 406 respecitively. Moreover, when digested with Rsa I and Bfa I,65 kinds/speceis of bacteria were only detected before addition of feather, and 148 kinds/speceis were only detected after addition of feather,237 kinds/speceis were common to both before and after feather addition. When digested with Bsl I,85 kinds/speceis were only detected only before addition of feather, 135kinds/speceis were only detected after addition of feather, and 250 kinds/speceis were common to both before and after feather addition. Quantitative analysis showed that total abundance of gut bacteria had no substantial changes throughout the whole research. The change of bacterial species had significant individual specificity but no significant general trends. These results suggested the richness of gut microbiota reached its maximum capacity despite of influence of feather. However, the addition of feather resulted in equilibrium of relative abundance among all species of bacteria. i.e. bacteria with undetectable initial abundance became detectable due to the increment of abundance after feather addition. This implied that energetic flow paths of gut microbiota could be manifolded and altered, and such manifold and alteration could potentially improve the complexity and stability of the microecosystem, which has improved outcomes and sustainability of physiological functions. We further proposed that the individual specificity of such changes resulted from the influence of feather could be due to the variation of initial species and their abundance among individual foxes. This suggested different individual fox should have different process and outcomes (fitness) in adaptations in gut microbiota to a same environmental changes.
Carnivores intake hair and feather of their prey species and the gut microbiota should have become adapted to the existence of hair and feather during their long evolution process. Hair and feather are constituted of keratins that are almost not digestible in the gut. This raises a question how hair and feather impact on the gut microbiota. This question has not yet been investigated up to now though it is critical to understand the adaptation and evolution of carnivores. We used farmed Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) as experimental animal to compare the species diversity and abundance of gut microbiota before and after sterilized feather was added to their ration by using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) technique. The results indicated that, before the addition of feather,176 and 205 kinds of bacteria were detected by using enzymatic digestion of 16S rRNA gene respectively with combination of Rsa I and Bfa I and singly Bsl I. After the addition of feather, the number of bacterial kinds/species detected in the two enzymatic digestions became 366 and 406 respecitively. Moreover, when digested with Rsa I and Bfa I,65 kinds/speceis of bacteria were only detected before addition of feather, and 148 kinds/speceis were only detected after addition of feather,237 kinds/speceis were common to both before and after feather addition. When digested with Bsl I,85 kinds/speceis were only detected only before addition of feather, 135kinds/speceis were only detected after addition of feather, and 250 kinds/speceis were common to both before and after feather addition. Quantitative analysis showed that total abundance of gut bacteria had no substantial changes throughout the whole research. The change of bacterial species had significant individual specificity but no significant general trends. These results suggested the richness of gut microbiota reached its maximum capacity despite of influence of feather. However, the addition of feather resulted in equilibrium of relative abundance among all species of bacteria. i.e. bacteria with undetectable initial abundance became detectable due to the increment of abundance after feather addition. This implied that energetic flow paths of gut microbiota could be manifolded and altered, and such manifold and alteration could potentially improve the complexity and stability of the microecosystem, which has improved outcomes and sustainability of physiological functions. We further proposed that the individual specificity of such changes resulted from the influence of feather could be due to the variation of initial species and their abundance among individual foxes. This suggested different individual fox should have different process and outcomes (fitness) in adaptations in gut microbiota to a same environmental changes.
引文
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[3]Angerbjorn A, Tannerfeldt M, Erlinge S. Predator-prey relations:Arctic foxes and lemmings. J Anim Ecol,1999,68:34-49
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[6]张锦程,马文军,杨春和,张夕省.饲料营养成分与毛皮动物代谢病.河北畜牧兽医,2005,21：9
[7]郑星道,梁洪国,郑红华.银狐自咬症的诊断和防治.中国兽医杂志,2007,43：6
[8]Allwood A C, Walter M R, Kamber B S. Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean era of Australia. Nature,2006,441:714-718
[9]Woese C R. On the evolution of cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2002,99:8742-8747
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[11]Aas J A, Paster B J, Stokes L N. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol,2005,43:5721-5732
[12]Pei Z, Bini E J, Yang L. Bacterial biota in the human distal esophagus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2004,101:4250-4255
[13]Bik E M, Eckburg P B, Gill S R. Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2006,103:732-737
[14]Gorbach S L, Plaut A G, Nahas L. Studies of intestinal microflora. Ⅱ. Microorganisms of the small intestine and their relations to oral and fecal flora. Gastroenterology,1967, 53:856-867
[15]Zaidel O, Lin H C. Uninvited Guests:the impact of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth on nutritional status. Pract Gastroenterol,2003,7:27-34
[16]Backhed F, Ley R E, Sonnenburg J L. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science,2005,307:1915-1920
[17]Ley R E, Turnbaugh P J, Klein S. Microbial ecology:human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature,2006,444:1022-1023
[18]Marteau P, Pochart P, DoreJ. Comparative study of bacterial groups within the human cecal and fecal microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol,2001,67:4939-4942
[19]Savage D C. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annu Rev Microbiol,1977, 31:107-133
[20]Furuse M, Okumura J. Nutritional and physiological characteristics in germ-free chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol,1994,109:547-556
[21]Wostmann B S. Germfree, Gnotobiotic. Animal models:background and applications. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press,1996
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[23]Matsumiya Y, Kato N, Watanabe K. Molecular epidemiological study of vertical transmission of vaginal Lactobacillus species from mothers to newborn infants in Japanese, by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Chemother,2002, 8:43-49
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[25]Mai V, McCrary Q M, Sinha R. Associations between dietary habits and body mass index with gut microbiota composition and fecal water genotoxicity:an observational study in African American and Caucasian American volunteers. Nature J,2009,8:49
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[28]Davis M E. Studies on the microbial flora of the large intestine of horse by continuous culture in an artificial colon. Vet Sci Com,1979,3:39-44
[29]Deblauwe I, Dupain J, Nguenang G M. Insectivory by gorilla gorilla gorilla in southeast Cameroon. Int J Primatol,2003,24(3):493-502
[30]Prates H M, Bicca-Marques J C. Coprophagy in captive brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Neotropi Primates,2005,13(3):18-21
[31]Metges C C, El-Khoury A E, Henneman L. Availability of intestinal microbial lysine for whole body lysine homeostasis in human subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 1999,277:597-607
[32]Shirkey T W, Siggers R H, Goldade B G. Effects of commensal bacteria on intestinal morphology and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the gnotobiotic pig. Exp Biol Med,2006,231:1333-1345
[33]Castillo M, Martin-Orue S M, Nofrarias M. Changes in caecal microbiota and mucosal morphology of weaned pigs. Vet Microbiol,2007,124:239-247
[34]Johansen F E, Pekna M, Norderhaug I N. Absence of epithelial immunoglobulin A transport, with increased mucosal leakiness, in polymeric immunoglobulin receptor/secretary component deficient mice. Exp Med,1999,190:915-922
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