水声功率放大器与宽带匹配技术研究
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摘要
水声信号发射机是主动声纳设备的重要组成部分，包括信号源、功率放大器、匹配网络和换能器四部分。随着现代电子技术的发展，一些使用电池供电的水声设备如水声浮标、便携式水声通信设备、便携式水下探测设备等对发射机高效率、宽频带的要求越来越高。为满足这些需求，本文从基本理论出发，对发射机电路原理进行了分析并对电路结构进行了改进；研究了拓宽发射机系统带宽、增大发射功率和提高系统效率的方法；在设计和调试的几台功率放大器上验证了所提出的方法。
这些方法有：一，在功率放大部分减小高频反馈量，以拓展功率放大器的上限频率，同时，为了防止电路自激，减小了主回路的放大倍数；二，使用了数字均衡器+D类功放的结构，使用超低功耗的DSP器件和工作在开关状态的高速MOSFET；三，优化匹配网络，减小负载电流和电压的相角，以减少负载反射功率；四，在制作变压器和电感器时，使用低电阻率的铜线和高导磁率的铁芯，减少损耗，提高转换效率。
本论文分析了功率放大器的几个常用的功能单元电路的原理和结构，在分析如何提高功率放大器的效率时，本文提出了使用高转换效率的D类放大器，同时利用数字滤波器进行频率均衡，提高输出电压在通带内的平坦程度。然后从双端口网络的散射矩阵和功率传输增益函数入手，对常用的单、双谐振点匹配技术和原始实频法进行了论述，给出了原始实频法的计算机实现过程以及设计中的注意事项。最后从实际应用出发，为几套声纳设备设计并制作了几台发射机，并完成了测试和外场试验。这几台功率放大器包括超高频高功率脉冲信号发射机、宽带连续信号功率放大器和高温工作环境功率放大器，以及其他一些常规的功率放大器。它们都已经装备在各个声纳系统上。
Underwater acoustic transmitter is very important component for an active sonar equipment. It consists of four parts, which are the signal generator, the power amplifier the matching network section and the transverter. As the development of modern electronic technology, the high efficiency and broad band acoustic transmitter for the battery using equipments, such as acoustic buoyage, portable underwater acoustic communication equipment and small scale underwater detector is demanded. In order to meet the need, the principle of the transmitter circuit is analyzed and the structure of circuit was improved; the methods of extending the bandwidth, increasing the output power, and improving the efficiency of the transmitter system were provided. The effectiveness of these methods were proved on the designed power amplifiers.
These methods are: i. Reducing the high-frequency signal feedback in the amplification part of the power transistor to extend the superior frequency of the power amplifier, meanwhile reducing the amplification in the mail loop to prevent the self-excitation of the circuit, ii. A structure of digital equalizer plus class-D power amplifier is used. The low power DSP and the high speed MOSFET working as a switch were utilized in the structure, iii. Optimizing the matching net and reducing the phase angle between the output voltage and current to reduce the reflection power of the loads, iv. Using the coil with low resistance and magnetic-core with high magnetic conductivity in the transformer and inductor to reduce the power loss and increase the efficiency.
The elements and structures of some functional unit of power amplifier are analyzed. In order to increase the efficiency of the power amplifier, class D power amplifier is used. Digital equalizer in the system makes the output voltage even in the passed band. Then from the double port network scattering matrix and the transducer power gain function, the commonly used single or double resonance point matching and real frequency solution were discussed, and the computer computation and design problems of the real frequency were proposed.
Some transmitters are designed and debugged for several types of sonar equipments and have passed the test and the field trials in the lake and sea. These transmitters include ultrahigh frequency high power pulse amplifiers, broadband
这些方法有：一，在功率放大部分减小高频反馈量，以拓展功率放大器的上限频率，同时，为了防止电路自激，减小了主回路的放大倍数；二，使用了数字均衡器+D类功放的结构，使用超低功耗的DSP器件和工作在开关状态的高速MOSFET；三，优化匹配网络，减小负载电流和电压的相角，以减少负载反射功率；四，在制作变压器和电感器时，使用低电阻率的铜线和高导磁率的铁芯，减少损耗，提高转换效率。
本论文分析了功率放大器的几个常用的功能单元电路的原理和结构，在分析如何提高功率放大器的效率时，本文提出了使用高转换效率的D类放大器，同时利用数字滤波器进行频率均衡，提高输出电压在通带内的平坦程度。然后从双端口网络的散射矩阵和功率传输增益函数入手，对常用的单、双谐振点匹配技术和原始实频法进行了论述，给出了原始实频法的计算机实现过程以及设计中的注意事项。最后从实际应用出发，为几套声纳设备设计并制作了几台发射机，并完成了测试和外场试验。这几台功率放大器包括超高频高功率脉冲信号发射机、宽带连续信号功率放大器和高温工作环境功率放大器，以及其他一些常规的功率放大器。它们都已经装备在各个声纳系统上。
Underwater acoustic transmitter is very important component for an active sonar equipment. It consists of four parts, which are the signal generator, the power amplifier the matching network section and the transverter. As the development of modern electronic technology, the high efficiency and broad band acoustic transmitter for the battery using equipments, such as acoustic buoyage, portable underwater acoustic communication equipment and small scale underwater detector is demanded. In order to meet the need, the principle of the transmitter circuit is analyzed and the structure of circuit was improved; the methods of extending the bandwidth, increasing the output power, and improving the efficiency of the transmitter system were provided. The effectiveness of these methods were proved on the designed power amplifiers.
These methods are: i. Reducing the high-frequency signal feedback in the amplification part of the power transistor to extend the superior frequency of the power amplifier, meanwhile reducing the amplification in the mail loop to prevent the self-excitation of the circuit, ii. A structure of digital equalizer plus class-D power amplifier is used. The low power DSP and the high speed MOSFET working as a switch were utilized in the structure, iii. Optimizing the matching net and reducing the phase angle between the output voltage and current to reduce the reflection power of the loads, iv. Using the coil with low resistance and magnetic-core with high magnetic conductivity in the transformer and inductor to reduce the power loss and increase the efficiency.
The elements and structures of some functional unit of power amplifier are analyzed. In order to increase the efficiency of the power amplifier, class D power amplifier is used. Digital equalizer in the system makes the output voltage even in the passed band. Then from the double port network scattering matrix and the transducer power gain function, the commonly used single or double resonance point matching and real frequency solution were discussed, and the computer computation and design problems of the real frequency were proposed.
Some transmitters are designed and debugged for several types of sonar equipments and have passed the test and the field trials in the lake and sea. These transmitters include ultrahigh frequency high power pulse amplifiers, broadband
引文
[1] 刘伯胜，雷加煜编著．水声学原理．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1993
[2] 田坦，刘国枝，孙大军编著．声纳技术．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，2000
[3] R．J．尤立克．著．洪中．译．水声原理．哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社，1990
[4] 陈惠开．宽带匹配网络的理论与设计．人民邮电出版社，1982 Wai-Kal Chen “Theory and Design of Broadband Matching Networks”，1978
[5] 宋丽川等．网络综合与宽带匹配．国防工业出版社．1981
[6] 黄香馥等．宽带匹配网络．西北电讯工程学院出版社．1985
[7] 陈惠开．有源网络与反馈放大器理论．科学出版社．1987
[8] ON APPROXIMATING REAL FREQUENCY DATA BY REALIZABLE NETWORK FUNCTIONS. Kotiveeriah, P.; Carlin, H. J. Source: Chartered Surveyor, Land Hydrographic and Minerals Quarterly, 1974, p254-258
[9] NEW METHOD FOR APPROXIMATING PASSIVE NETWORK FUNCTIONS. Carlin, H. J.; Kotiveeriah, P. Source: International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, v 2, n 4, Dec, 1974, p 353-366
[10] A SIMPLIFIED REAL FREQUENCY COMPUTATION METHOD FOR BROADBAND MATCHING. H. Dedieu; J. Neirynck Source: uartorly, 1974, p254-258
[11] 丁士圻．模拟滤波器．哈尔滨工程大学水声工程学院．2002
[12] 林书玉．超声换能器的原理及设计．科学出版社．2004
[13] 程书田．宽带匹配网络及应用研究．西安电子科技大学博士论文．1998
[14] 何瑶、郭滨洪、刘毅军．宽带匹配网络中的改进实频法．微波学报第21卷第3期．2005(6)
[15] 陈轶鸿、孙琰．宽带匹配新算法—SC法．通信学报第18卷第9期，1997(9)[16] 陈轶鸿等．宽带匹配网络的现代设计方法．电波科学学报第11卷第2期，1996(6)
[17] 陈轶鸿等．宽带匹配网络设计中的实频法．电子学报，1997(3)
[18] 鲍善惠．压电换能器与匹配电感的耦合振荡．陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版)第26卷第3期，1998(9)
[19] 鲍善惠．压电换能器的动态匹配．应用声学，1998
[20] 俞宏沛、元崇尧．换能器与发射机的阻抗匹配．声学技术，1991
[21] 吴运发．水声宽带换能器匹配技术研究．声学技术，2000(2)
[22] 付临泰．一种确定换能器等效参数的方法．电学与电子工程第15期，1989(3)
[23] 阿瑟·B威廉斯著．喻春轩等译．电子滤波器设计手册．电子工业出版社，1986
[24] 刘孟庵．水声工程．科学技术出版社，2002
[25] 邹天汉．控制器和经典功放设计与制作．人民邮电出版社，2004
[26] 李水飞．AV功放原理与维修．北京科学技术出版社，2005
[27] 科林，张贞一．AV功放机使用单元电路．电子工业出版社，2004
[28] 陈国呈．PWM变频调速技术机械工业出版社，1999
[29] 陈国呈．新型电力电子变换技术．中国电力出版社，2004
[30] 林书玉．超生换能器的原理及设计．科学出版社，2004
[31] 李征帆，毛军发．微波与高速电路理论．上海交通大学出版社，2001
[32] [日]谷蔌隆嗣．数字滤波器与信号处理．科学出版社，2003
[33] J．Michael．Jacob．功率电子学原理与应用．清华大学出版社，2005
[34] 王辅春．电子电路CAD与OrCAD教程．机械工业出版社，2005
[35] 同济大学数学教研室．线性代数(第三版)．高等教育出版社，1999
[36] 同济大学数学教研室．高等数学(第四版)上册、下册．高等教育出版社，1996
[37] 姜钧仁，李礼勋．电路基础．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1996
[38] 刁秋庭．网络分析导论．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1997
[39] 童诗白．模拟电子技术基础．高等教育出版社，2001
[40] 钱志远．各类功放，各自称雄．家电大视野．2003(3)
[2] 田坦，刘国枝，孙大军编著．声纳技术．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，2000
[3] R．J．尤立克．著．洪中．译．水声原理．哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社，1990
[4] 陈惠开．宽带匹配网络的理论与设计．人民邮电出版社，1982 Wai-Kal Chen “Theory and Design of Broadband Matching Networks”，1978
[5] 宋丽川等．网络综合与宽带匹配．国防工业出版社．1981
[6] 黄香馥等．宽带匹配网络．西北电讯工程学院出版社．1985
[7] 陈惠开．有源网络与反馈放大器理论．科学出版社．1987
[8] ON APPROXIMATING REAL FREQUENCY DATA BY REALIZABLE NETWORK FUNCTIONS. Kotiveeriah, P.; Carlin, H. J. Source: Chartered Surveyor, Land Hydrographic and Minerals Quarterly, 1974, p254-258
[9] NEW METHOD FOR APPROXIMATING PASSIVE NETWORK FUNCTIONS. Carlin, H. J.; Kotiveeriah, P. Source: International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, v 2, n 4, Dec, 1974, p 353-366
[10] A SIMPLIFIED REAL FREQUENCY COMPUTATION METHOD FOR BROADBAND MATCHING. H. Dedieu; J. Neirynck Source: uartorly, 1974, p254-258
[11] 丁士圻．模拟滤波器．哈尔滨工程大学水声工程学院．2002
[12] 林书玉．超声换能器的原理及设计．科学出版社．2004
[13] 程书田．宽带匹配网络及应用研究．西安电子科技大学博士论文．1998
[14] 何瑶、郭滨洪、刘毅军．宽带匹配网络中的改进实频法．微波学报第21卷第3期．2005(6)
[15] 陈轶鸿、孙琰．宽带匹配新算法—SC法．通信学报第18卷第9期，1997(9)[16] 陈轶鸿等．宽带匹配网络的现代设计方法．电波科学学报第11卷第2期，1996(6)
[17] 陈轶鸿等．宽带匹配网络设计中的实频法．电子学报，1997(3)
[18] 鲍善惠．压电换能器与匹配电感的耦合振荡．陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版)第26卷第3期，1998(9)
[19] 鲍善惠．压电换能器的动态匹配．应用声学，1998
[20] 俞宏沛、元崇尧．换能器与发射机的阻抗匹配．声学技术，1991
[21] 吴运发．水声宽带换能器匹配技术研究．声学技术，2000(2)
[22] 付临泰．一种确定换能器等效参数的方法．电学与电子工程第15期，1989(3)
[23] 阿瑟·B威廉斯著．喻春轩等译．电子滤波器设计手册．电子工业出版社，1986
[24] 刘孟庵．水声工程．科学技术出版社，2002
[25] 邹天汉．控制器和经典功放设计与制作．人民邮电出版社，2004
[26] 李水飞．AV功放原理与维修．北京科学技术出版社，2005
[27] 科林，张贞一．AV功放机使用单元电路．电子工业出版社，2004
[28] 陈国呈．PWM变频调速技术机械工业出版社，1999
[29] 陈国呈．新型电力电子变换技术．中国电力出版社，2004
[30] 林书玉．超生换能器的原理及设计．科学出版社，2004
[31] 李征帆，毛军发．微波与高速电路理论．上海交通大学出版社，2001
[32] [日]谷蔌隆嗣．数字滤波器与信号处理．科学出版社，2003
[33] J．Michael．Jacob．功率电子学原理与应用．清华大学出版社，2005
[34] 王辅春．电子电路CAD与OrCAD教程．机械工业出版社，2005
[35] 同济大学数学教研室．线性代数(第三版)．高等教育出版社，1999
[36] 同济大学数学教研室．高等数学(第四版)上册、下册．高等教育出版社，1996
[37] 姜钧仁，李礼勋．电路基础．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1996
[38] 刁秋庭．网络分析导论．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1997
[39] 童诗白．模拟电子技术基础．高等教育出版社，2001
[40] 钱志远．各类功放，各自称雄．家电大视野．2003(3)