电力机车的有源滤波的研究
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摘要
我国的电力机车大部分是整流型电力机车,电力机车通过机车变压器和硅整流器组获得所需直流电,供给牵引电动机使用。用于整流的电力电子器件会产生谐波,造成接触网电流畸变。此外,机车制动时,不再从电网吸收能量而是进行再生制动。如果能充分的利用这部分再生电能,则可获得很好的节能效益。于是,本文探讨一套既能消除接触网上的谐波,又能将电力机车再生制动时产生的再生电能回馈利用的装置。这套装置安装在电力机车内部,与电力机车的硅整流器组反并联。
有源电力滤波器是本文研究的重点。谐波检测技术是有源电力滤波器的关键技术之一。文中介绍一种将自适应噪声对消技术与自适应线性神经网络理论相结合研究了自适应神经网络谐波电流检测方法。详细介绍自适应线性神经网络理论及其核心算法——LMS算法。在理论分析的基础上,同样进行大量仿真研究。该方法在负载电流发生变化和电网电压改变时,可以很好的自适应跟踪检测。但高检测精度和快响应速度很难一致,这主要与该方法的学习速率有关。于是本文构建一个变学习速率的谐波电流仿真模型,仿真结果表明这种变学习速率的检测方法不仅具有很高的检测精度,而且具有很快的动态响应速度。
有源电力滤波器的另一关键技术是PWM控制方式。本文的控制方式采用三角载波PWM方法,分析了单极性PWM法的工作过程。并对有源电力滤波器进行仿真研究,给出仿真结果。仿真结果证实单相有源电力滤波器能够消除谐波,净化电网。
Most domestic electric locomotives are of rectifier. The electric locomotive gets DC supply to drive traction electromotor through a locomotive’s transformer and a set of silicon rectifiers. But rectifier may produce harmonic current and distort the current of contact-grid. Moreover, when the locomotive operates in the regenerative brake mode, it doesn’t draw but produce regenerative braking current. If the regenerative energy is utilized well, much of energy is saved. So a device anti–parallel connected with locomotive’s silicon rectifier is discussed, which can eliminate harmonic current and inject regenerative energy to the AC grid.
Active power filter is the main issue in this paper. Harmonic detection is one of key technologies of active power filter. An adaptive neural network harmonic current detecting method, based on the adaptive noise eliminiting technology and the adaptive linear neural network theory, is discussed. The adaptive linear neural network theory and its core algorithm——LMS algorithm are introduced in detail. On the base of theoretical analysis, a number of simulations are developed. When load currents and the grid voltage change, the detecting method is well adapted. But high detecting precision and rapid dynamic response hardly achieve at the same time, because of the influence of learning speed. So a harmonic current simulation mode is set up. Its learning speed is variable. The results of simulation show that the detecting method is of both high detecting precision and rapid dynamic response.
Pulse width modulation (PWM) control method is another key technology of active power filter. Triangle carrier wave PWM control method is adopted in the paper, and the running process of unipolar PWM control method is analyzed. The simulation for active power filter is developed. The results prove that the proposed single-phase active power filter can eliminate harmonic current and purify the supply grid.
有源电力滤波器是本文研究的重点。谐波检测技术是有源电力滤波器的关键技术之一。文中介绍一种将自适应噪声对消技术与自适应线性神经网络理论相结合研究了自适应神经网络谐波电流检测方法。详细介绍自适应线性神经网络理论及其核心算法——LMS算法。在理论分析的基础上,同样进行大量仿真研究。该方法在负载电流发生变化和电网电压改变时,可以很好的自适应跟踪检测。但高检测精度和快响应速度很难一致,这主要与该方法的学习速率有关。于是本文构建一个变学习速率的谐波电流仿真模型,仿真结果表明这种变学习速率的检测方法不仅具有很高的检测精度,而且具有很快的动态响应速度。
有源电力滤波器的另一关键技术是PWM控制方式。本文的控制方式采用三角载波PWM方法,分析了单极性PWM法的工作过程。并对有源电力滤波器进行仿真研究,给出仿真结果。仿真结果证实单相有源电力滤波器能够消除谐波,净化电网。
Most domestic electric locomotives are of rectifier. The electric locomotive gets DC supply to drive traction electromotor through a locomotive’s transformer and a set of silicon rectifiers. But rectifier may produce harmonic current and distort the current of contact-grid. Moreover, when the locomotive operates in the regenerative brake mode, it doesn’t draw but produce regenerative braking current. If the regenerative energy is utilized well, much of energy is saved. So a device anti–parallel connected with locomotive’s silicon rectifier is discussed, which can eliminate harmonic current and inject regenerative energy to the AC grid.
Active power filter is the main issue in this paper. Harmonic detection is one of key technologies of active power filter. An adaptive neural network harmonic current detecting method, based on the adaptive noise eliminiting technology and the adaptive linear neural network theory, is discussed. The adaptive linear neural network theory and its core algorithm——LMS algorithm are introduced in detail. On the base of theoretical analysis, a number of simulations are developed. When load currents and the grid voltage change, the detecting method is well adapted. But high detecting precision and rapid dynamic response hardly achieve at the same time, because of the influence of learning speed. So a harmonic current simulation mode is set up. Its learning speed is variable. The results of simulation show that the detecting method is of both high detecting precision and rapid dynamic response.
Pulse width modulation (PWM) control method is another key technology of active power filter. Triangle carrier wave PWM control method is adopted in the paper, and the running process of unipolar PWM control method is analyzed. The simulation for active power filter is developed. The results prove that the proposed single-phase active power filter can eliminate harmonic current and purify the supply grid.
引文
[1]陈艳宝.谐波和无功补偿技术及其在牵引供电系统中的应用.西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2000
[2]王兆安,杨君,刘进军.谐波抑制和无功功率补偿.北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[3]谭秀炳,刘向阳.交流电气化铁道牵引供电系统.成都:西南交通大学出版社,2002
[4]王姿雅.韶山7型电力机车主变压器的分析与计算.西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2001
[5]刘凤君.Delta逆变技术及其在交流电源中的应用.北京:机械工业出版社,2003.9
[6] Gyugyi L.,Strycula E.C..Active ac power filters, Industry Applications System Annual Meeting, IEEE,1976, Page(s):529
[7]顾建军,徐殿国,刘汉奎,公茂忠.有源滤波技术现状及其发展.电机与控制学报.2003.6,7(2):126~132
[8]连级三.电力牵引控制系统.北京:中国铁道出版社,2001
[9]周洪亮.有源电力滤波控制技术的研究及应用.浙江大学博士论文.2002
[10] Marcus Sonst. DSP/FPGA control of an Active DC Traction Substation. Diploma in Electrical Engineering at the FACTS group, University of Stellenbosch. 1999
[11] John G. Kassakian, Martin F. Schlecht, George C. Verghese. Principles of Power Electronics.
[12]林渭勋.现代电力电子电路.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2002
[13]李玉梅,马伟明,唐爱红.电力有源滤波器的研究现状及发展.JOURNAL OF NAVAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING.1999,88(3), Pages:55～65
[14] Akagi H.Control strategy and site selection of shunt active for damping of harmonic propagation distribution filter systems. IEEE transactions on power delivery, 1997,12(1), Pages:354~363
[15] Duke R M, Round S D. The steady-state performance of a controlled current active filter. IEEE Transactions of Power Electronics, 1993, 8(2), Pages: 140~146
[16] Akagi H., Futjita H. A new power line conditioner for harmonics c ompensation in power system. IEEE Transactions of Power Electronics, 1995,10(3), Pages:1570~1575
[17]李庚银.快速傅立叶变换的两种改进算法.电力系统自动化,1997,21(12):38~40
[18] Bird B M, Marsh J F, Mclellan P R. Harmonic reduction in multiple converters by triple-frequency current injection. Inst elect eng droc, 1996, 116(10), Pages: 1730~1734
[19]浣喜明.电力有源滤波器的原理与应用.湖南工程学院学报.2003.12,13(4)
[20] Donghua Chen,Shaojun Xie.Review of the control stratejies applied to active power filters.IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies.2004.4,Pages:666～670
[21] Leobardo Cortes B., Sergio Horta M, Abraham Claudio S, Victor M. Chrde-nas G . Singlephase Active Power Filter for Reactive Power and Harmonic Compensation.IEEE,CIEP.1998, Pages:184～187
[22]金长星.有源电力滤波器的研究.合肥工业大学工程硕士学位论文.2003
[23] M.El-Habrouk, M.K.Darwish ,PMehta.Active power filters: A review.IEE Proc-Elertr. Power Appl., Vol. 147, No. 5, September 2000, Pages:403～413
[24]胡新晚.混合型有源电力滤波器的研究.湖南大学工程硕士学位论文.2005
[25]田志刚.有源电力滤波器中PWM方法的研究.华北电力大学(北京)硕士学位论文.2001
[26]姜齐荣,谢小荣,陈建业.电力系统并联补偿-结构﹑原理﹑控制与应用.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.7
[27]杨露露,单葆国.基于自适应噪声抵消技术的谐波电流检测电路研究.西北电力技术,2002,5:16, 17, 25
[28] S Luoetal .An adaptive Detecting Method For Harmonic And Reactive Currents.IEEC. Trans. 1993.8, Pages: 42～46
[29] Shiguo Luo, Zhencheng Hou. An Adaptive Detecting Method for Harmonic and Reactive Currents. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON lNDUSTRlAL ELEC -TRONICS, VOL. 42, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1995, Pages: 85～89
[30] Wang Qun,Wu Ning ,Jiang Zejia.An Adaptive Detecting Approach of Harmonic Currents for Active Power Filter.IEEE.1998, Pages:1528～1532
[31] Chen Weiji,Chen Wenhong,Ma Xiaojun,Chen Jianye,Wang Zhonghong, Han Yingduo.AN ADAPTIVE NOISE CANCELING THEORY BASED SINGLE-PHASE SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER.IEEE, PCC-Nagaoka’97.1997, Pages:191～196
[32] M.Rukonuzzamam,M. Nakaoka.Single-phase shunt active power filter with harmonic detection.IEE Proc-Elertr. Power Appl., Vol. 149, No. 5, September 2002, Pages: 343～350
[33]戴朝波,林海雪,雷林绪.两种谐波电流检测方法的比较研究.中国电机工程学报,2002,22(1):80～84
[34]杨露露,单葆国.基于自适应噪声抵消技术的谐波电流检测电路研究.西北电力技术,2002,5:16, 17,25
[35]曾云,陈华丽,李裕能.有源滤波器参考电流的自适应检测方法.电力系统通信.2002,10:17～19
[36]童诗白.模拟电子技术基础,北京:高等教育出版社,1988
[37]马玉良,赵光宙.电力系统故障诊断中的智能化方法及其应用,电力系统及其自动化学报,2003.4,15(2):98～102
[38]王群,谢品芳,苏向丰,吴宁.神经元自适应谐波电流检测方法的模拟电路实现.电工技术杂志,1998.3,3:4～5
[39] M.Rukonuzzaman , M.Nakaoka . Single-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter withAdaptive Neural Network Method for Determining Compensating Current.IECON’01:The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.2001, Pages: 2032～2037
[40] Richird P Lippmann. An introduction to computing with neural nets. IEEE Assp Magazine April, 1987, Pages: 4~22
[41]王群,吴宁,苏向丰.一种新的有源电力滤波器谐波电流检测方法.电工技术学报,1997,12(1):1~5
[42] WANG Qun, WU Ning, WANG Zhao-an. A neuron adaptive detecting approach of harmonic current for APF and its realization of analog circuit. IEEE Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2001, 50(1), Pages: 77~84
[43]沈福民.自适应信号处理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2001.3
[44]何振亚.自适应信号处理.北京:科学出版社,2002
[45]杨红,李生明.自适应滤波器在噪声对消中的应用.长江工程职业技术学院学报.2005.12,22(4):55～56,74
[46] B.维德罗,S.D.史蒂恩斯著,王永德,龙宪惠译.自适应信号处理.成都:四川大学出版社,1989
[47]刘建宝,赵录怀.有源电力滤波器新型控制策略.微电子学与计机.2004,21(4)
[48]李建林,张仲超.有源电力滤波器控制策略综述.电力建设.2003.6,24(6)
[49]张崇巍,张兴. PWM整流器及其控制.北京:机械工业出版社,2003.10
[50]沈本荫.现代交流传动及其控制系统.北京:中国铁道出版社,1997
[51]顾绳谷.电机及拖动基础(上、下册).北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[2]王兆安,杨君,刘进军.谐波抑制和无功功率补偿.北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[3]谭秀炳,刘向阳.交流电气化铁道牵引供电系统.成都:西南交通大学出版社,2002
[4]王姿雅.韶山7型电力机车主变压器的分析与计算.西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2001
[5]刘凤君.Delta逆变技术及其在交流电源中的应用.北京:机械工业出版社,2003.9
[6] Gyugyi L.,Strycula E.C..Active ac power filters, Industry Applications System Annual Meeting, IEEE,1976, Page(s):529
[7]顾建军,徐殿国,刘汉奎,公茂忠.有源滤波技术现状及其发展.电机与控制学报.2003.6,7(2):126~132
[8]连级三.电力牵引控制系统.北京:中国铁道出版社,2001
[9]周洪亮.有源电力滤波控制技术的研究及应用.浙江大学博士论文.2002
[10] Marcus Sonst. DSP/FPGA control of an Active DC Traction Substation. Diploma in Electrical Engineering at the FACTS group, University of Stellenbosch. 1999
[11] John G. Kassakian, Martin F. Schlecht, George C. Verghese. Principles of Power Electronics.
[12]林渭勋.现代电力电子电路.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2002
[13]李玉梅,马伟明,唐爱红.电力有源滤波器的研究现状及发展.JOURNAL OF NAVAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING.1999,88(3), Pages:55～65
[14] Akagi H.Control strategy and site selection of shunt active for damping of harmonic propagation distribution filter systems. IEEE transactions on power delivery, 1997,12(1), Pages:354~363
[15] Duke R M, Round S D. The steady-state performance of a controlled current active filter. IEEE Transactions of Power Electronics, 1993, 8(2), Pages: 140~146
[16] Akagi H., Futjita H. A new power line conditioner for harmonics c ompensation in power system. IEEE Transactions of Power Electronics, 1995,10(3), Pages:1570~1575
[17]李庚银.快速傅立叶变换的两种改进算法.电力系统自动化,1997,21(12):38~40
[18] Bird B M, Marsh J F, Mclellan P R. Harmonic reduction in multiple converters by triple-frequency current injection. Inst elect eng droc, 1996, 116(10), Pages: 1730~1734
[19]浣喜明.电力有源滤波器的原理与应用.湖南工程学院学报.2003.12,13(4)
[20] Donghua Chen,Shaojun Xie.Review of the control stratejies applied to active power filters.IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies.2004.4,Pages:666～670
[21] Leobardo Cortes B., Sergio Horta M, Abraham Claudio S, Victor M. Chrde-nas G . Singlephase Active Power Filter for Reactive Power and Harmonic Compensation.IEEE,CIEP.1998, Pages:184～187
[22]金长星.有源电力滤波器的研究.合肥工业大学工程硕士学位论文.2003
[23] M.El-Habrouk, M.K.Darwish ,PMehta.Active power filters: A review.IEE Proc-Elertr. Power Appl., Vol. 147, No. 5, September 2000, Pages:403～413
[24]胡新晚.混合型有源电力滤波器的研究.湖南大学工程硕士学位论文.2005
[25]田志刚.有源电力滤波器中PWM方法的研究.华北电力大学(北京)硕士学位论文.2001
[26]姜齐荣,谢小荣,陈建业.电力系统并联补偿-结构﹑原理﹑控制与应用.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.7
[27]杨露露,单葆国.基于自适应噪声抵消技术的谐波电流检测电路研究.西北电力技术,2002,5:16, 17, 25
[28] S Luoetal .An adaptive Detecting Method For Harmonic And Reactive Currents.IEEC. Trans. 1993.8, Pages: 42～46
[29] Shiguo Luo, Zhencheng Hou. An Adaptive Detecting Method for Harmonic and Reactive Currents. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON lNDUSTRlAL ELEC -TRONICS, VOL. 42, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1995, Pages: 85～89
[30] Wang Qun,Wu Ning ,Jiang Zejia.An Adaptive Detecting Approach of Harmonic Currents for Active Power Filter.IEEE.1998, Pages:1528～1532
[31] Chen Weiji,Chen Wenhong,Ma Xiaojun,Chen Jianye,Wang Zhonghong, Han Yingduo.AN ADAPTIVE NOISE CANCELING THEORY BASED SINGLE-PHASE SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER.IEEE, PCC-Nagaoka’97.1997, Pages:191～196
[32] M.Rukonuzzamam,M. Nakaoka.Single-phase shunt active power filter with harmonic detection.IEE Proc-Elertr. Power Appl., Vol. 149, No. 5, September 2002, Pages: 343～350
[33]戴朝波,林海雪,雷林绪.两种谐波电流检测方法的比较研究.中国电机工程学报,2002,22(1):80～84
[34]杨露露,单葆国.基于自适应噪声抵消技术的谐波电流检测电路研究.西北电力技术,2002,5:16, 17,25
[35]曾云,陈华丽,李裕能.有源滤波器参考电流的自适应检测方法.电力系统通信.2002,10:17～19
[36]童诗白.模拟电子技术基础,北京:高等教育出版社,1988
[37]马玉良,赵光宙.电力系统故障诊断中的智能化方法及其应用,电力系统及其自动化学报,2003.4,15(2):98～102
[38]王群,谢品芳,苏向丰,吴宁.神经元自适应谐波电流检测方法的模拟电路实现.电工技术杂志,1998.3,3:4～5
[39] M.Rukonuzzaman , M.Nakaoka . Single-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter withAdaptive Neural Network Method for Determining Compensating Current.IECON’01:The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.2001, Pages: 2032～2037
[40] Richird P Lippmann. An introduction to computing with neural nets. IEEE Assp Magazine April, 1987, Pages: 4~22
[41]王群,吴宁,苏向丰.一种新的有源电力滤波器谐波电流检测方法.电工技术学报,1997,12(1):1~5
[42] WANG Qun, WU Ning, WANG Zhao-an. A neuron adaptive detecting approach of harmonic current for APF and its realization of analog circuit. IEEE Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2001, 50(1), Pages: 77~84
[43]沈福民.自适应信号处理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2001.3
[44]何振亚.自适应信号处理.北京:科学出版社,2002
[45]杨红,李生明.自适应滤波器在噪声对消中的应用.长江工程职业技术学院学报.2005.12,22(4):55～56,74
[46] B.维德罗,S.D.史蒂恩斯著,王永德,龙宪惠译.自适应信号处理.成都:四川大学出版社,1989
[47]刘建宝,赵录怀.有源电力滤波器新型控制策略.微电子学与计机.2004,21(4)
[48]李建林,张仲超.有源电力滤波器控制策略综述.电力建设.2003.6,24(6)
[49]张崇巍,张兴. PWM整流器及其控制.北京:机械工业出版社,2003.10
[50]沈本荫.现代交流传动及其控制系统.北京:中国铁道出版社,1997
[51]顾绳谷.电机及拖动基础(上、下册).北京:机械工业出版社,1998