臭氧化生物活性炭深度处理微污染水源水的试验研究
|
摘要
水污染不断在加剧，而随着人们生活水平的提高，饮用水的卫生和安全越来越被关注，因此有必要采用先进的饮用水深度处理技术来获得优质饮用水，本文通过改变饮用水常规处理工艺、臭氧化、活性炭与生物活性炭的不同组合的中试试验研究，选择出了最佳处理工艺，又对最佳处理工艺的各个参数进行试验分析，确定出经济合理的工艺参数，在现有的条件下，对预臭氧化进行了生产试验。得出如下结论：
(1)最优化的深度处理饮用水的工艺应该是“常规处理+臭氧化+生物活性炭”，如果投加预臭氧，对微污染水源水中的氨氮没有效果，反而引起预氧化出水的浊度升高，但是对灭菌除藻，控制微生物的生长有一定的作用。
(2)臭氧分解后的产物是氧气，利用臭氧化不仅不会对水质造成二次污染，而且还可以提高水中的溶解氧，有利于生物处理。在臭氧化生物活性炭的深度处理工艺中，臭氧的最佳投加量为2.0mg／L～3.0mg／L，臭氧的接触时间在12min左右。
(3)生物活性炭滤池的碳床高度为2.0m，接触时间在12min左右。
(4)臭氧化可以使水中的AOC升高，促使生物不稳定，但是在臭氧投加量达到一定程度后，AOC又开始降低，投加臭氧后再加氯消毒不会使得AOC升高。
(5)臭氧化对三卤甲烷生成势的影响不大，但是生物活性炭有着较明显的效果，去除率可以达到10％，对卤乙酸的去除率可以达到30％。
(6)通过对预臭氧化的生产试验，水温较高的情况下，溶解氧容易达到饱和，甚至是过饱和状态，这样容易在滤池产生气阻现象，滤池的工作周期从三十六小时缩短到十几小时，影响水厂的正常运转。因此建议不单独投加预臭氧。
Water pollution was becoming intensified, while with the improvement of human's living standard, more attention was increasingly paid to the sanitation and safety of drinking water. So adopting advanced drinking water purification to obtain high quality water was necessary. By changing the different combination of drinking water's regular treatment process, ozonation, activated carbon and biological activated carbon, the paper chose the optimal treatment process, also the parameters of the process were analyzed through experiments, then the economic, reasonable process parameters were determined. Under the permitted conditions, the all-scale plant was made to pre-ozonation. The results showed:
(l)the optimal advanced purification drinking water process should be " regular treatment + ozonation + biological activated carbon". Though pre-ozonation had no effects on ammonia nitrogen in the water of micro-pollution water source, instead the turbidity of pre-oxidation finished water was raised, it had effects on killing bacteria and removing algae, and controlling the growth of micro-organism.
(2)after ozone was decomposed the result was oxygen, ozonation not only couldn't engender secondary pollution, but also could increase the dissolved oxygen in water and it was beneficial to biological treatment. In the advanced purification of ozonation biological activated carbon, the optimal dose of ozone was 2.0mg/l ~ 3.0mg/l, the retention time of ozone was about 12 minutes.
(3)the height of biological activated carbon bed was 2.0m, and the retention time was about 12 minutes.
(4)ozonation could increase the AOC in water, and cause organism unstable, but when the dose of ozone reached some degree, AOC began to decrease, and when putting into chlorine to disinfect wouldn't make AOC increase.
(S)ozonation didn't have great influence on THMFP but the effects of biological
activated carbon were obvious, the removing rate could reach 10%, and 30% to remove
HAAs.
(6)by the all-scale plant of the pre-ozonation experiment, when the water temperature is high, the dissolved oxygen could easily attain saturation, even over-saturation, then the phenomenon of air block could be caused in the tank, the working period of tank may shorten from 36 hours to less than 15 hours, it would influence the normal operation of water treatment plant, so it was suggested not use pre-ozonation only.
(1)最优化的深度处理饮用水的工艺应该是“常规处理+臭氧化+生物活性炭”，如果投加预臭氧，对微污染水源水中的氨氮没有效果，反而引起预氧化出水的浊度升高，但是对灭菌除藻，控制微生物的生长有一定的作用。
(2)臭氧分解后的产物是氧气，利用臭氧化不仅不会对水质造成二次污染，而且还可以提高水中的溶解氧，有利于生物处理。在臭氧化生物活性炭的深度处理工艺中，臭氧的最佳投加量为2.0mg／L～3.0mg／L，臭氧的接触时间在12min左右。
(3)生物活性炭滤池的碳床高度为2.0m，接触时间在12min左右。
(4)臭氧化可以使水中的AOC升高，促使生物不稳定，但是在臭氧投加量达到一定程度后，AOC又开始降低，投加臭氧后再加氯消毒不会使得AOC升高。
(5)臭氧化对三卤甲烷生成势的影响不大，但是生物活性炭有着较明显的效果，去除率可以达到10％，对卤乙酸的去除率可以达到30％。
(6)通过对预臭氧化的生产试验，水温较高的情况下，溶解氧容易达到饱和，甚至是过饱和状态，这样容易在滤池产生气阻现象，滤池的工作周期从三十六小时缩短到十几小时，影响水厂的正常运转。因此建议不单独投加预臭氧。
Water pollution was becoming intensified, while with the improvement of human's living standard, more attention was increasingly paid to the sanitation and safety of drinking water. So adopting advanced drinking water purification to obtain high quality water was necessary. By changing the different combination of drinking water's regular treatment process, ozonation, activated carbon and biological activated carbon, the paper chose the optimal treatment process, also the parameters of the process were analyzed through experiments, then the economic, reasonable process parameters were determined. Under the permitted conditions, the all-scale plant was made to pre-ozonation. The results showed:
(l)the optimal advanced purification drinking water process should be " regular treatment + ozonation + biological activated carbon". Though pre-ozonation had no effects on ammonia nitrogen in the water of micro-pollution water source, instead the turbidity of pre-oxidation finished water was raised, it had effects on killing bacteria and removing algae, and controlling the growth of micro-organism.
(2)after ozone was decomposed the result was oxygen, ozonation not only couldn't engender secondary pollution, but also could increase the dissolved oxygen in water and it was beneficial to biological treatment. In the advanced purification of ozonation biological activated carbon, the optimal dose of ozone was 2.0mg/l ~ 3.0mg/l, the retention time of ozone was about 12 minutes.
(3)the height of biological activated carbon bed was 2.0m, and the retention time was about 12 minutes.
(4)ozonation could increase the AOC in water, and cause organism unstable, but when the dose of ozone reached some degree, AOC began to decrease, and when putting into chlorine to disinfect wouldn't make AOC increase.
(S)ozonation didn't have great influence on THMFP but the effects of biological
activated carbon were obvious, the removing rate could reach 10%, and 30% to remove
HAAs.
(6)by the all-scale plant of the pre-ozonation experiment, when the water temperature is high, the dissolved oxygen could easily attain saturation, even over-saturation, then the phenomenon of air block could be caused in the tank, the working period of tank may shorten from 36 hours to less than 15 hours, it would influence the normal operation of water treatment plant, so it was suggested not use pre-ozonation only.
引文
[1] 陆坤明等．净水工艺的合理选择．深圳自来水，2001．(4)：22-23
[2] [美]R．G．赖斯，A．涅泽尔编，朱光等译．臭氧技术及应用手册，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1991，7
[3] [美]R．G．赖斯，A．涅泽尔编，朱光等译．臭氧技术及应用手册，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，199l，11～13
[4] Hann,V.A.,Disinfection of Dringking Water With Ozone,Journal American Wtaer Works Asociation,1956,1316
[5] 雷乐成等．水处理高级氧化技术．北京：化学工业出版社．2001
[6] [法]德格雷蒙公司编，王业俊等译，水处理手册，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1983，
[7] Rice RG.Ozone in the United States of America- state of the art. Ozone Science Engineering 1999,21:99～118
[8] Camel V.Bermond A.The use of ozone and associated oxidation processes in drinking water treatment. Water Reseach 1998.32:3208～3222
[9] 许保玖，龙腾锐编著，当代给水与废水处理原理(第二版)，高等教育出版社，1999：122
[10] [美]拉塞尔．爱尔．卡尔普等著，张亚杰等译，水的净化新概念，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1982，245～246
[11] [美]拉塞尔．爱尔．卡尔普等著，张亚杰等译，水的净化新概念，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1982，242
[12] Liquette,P.et al.B ackwashing First-stage Sand-BAC Filters,Journal AWWA. 1998,90(1):86
[13] Carlson,K.H.&Amy, G.L.,BOM Removal During Biofiltration. Journal AWWA. 1998,90(12):42
[14] Urfer, D.et al,Biological Filtration for BOM and Particle Removal:A Critical Review. Journal AWWA.1997,89(12):83
[15] 张金松等，臭氧化-生物活性炭工艺参数研究，深圳自来水，1998(4)12～17
[16] 孙昕等，生物活性炭滤池的工艺参数试验研究，深圳自来水，2001(3)10～16
[17] 王业耀等，影响臭氧化过程的水质指标，中国给水排水 1996 12(6)29～31
[18] 中华人民共和国标准GB 5750-85，生活饮用水标准检验法，
[19] 刘文君等．某市饮用水水质生物稳定性研究．环境科学，1999，20(2)：35
[20] 吴为中等．南方某市水源水、自来水的致突变活性现状与改善对策，中国环境监测，1998，14(6)：45～46
[21] 于鑫等．饮用水生物处理中生物量的脂磷法测定，给水排水，2002，28(5)：1～4
[22] 王琳，王宝贞．饮用水深度处理技术．北京：化学工业出版社．2002
[23] Symons, J.M, et al., Treatment Technique for Controlling Trihalomethane in Drinking Water, EPA
Report No.600/2-81-156, Municipal Environ. Res. Lab, Cincinnati, OH., 1981
[24] Toshio Kawanishi, et al., Evaluation of advanced oxidation process on removal of musty odors, pesticides and THMFP in drinking water treatment. Proceedings of 13th ozone world congress (1), Kyoto, Japan, 1997.169～174
[25] 雷乐成等．水处理高级氧化技术．北京：化学工业出版社．2001
[26] 许保玖，龙腾锐编著，当代给水与废水处理原理(第二版)，高等教育出版社，1999：203
[27] 许保玖 给水处理理论．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2000
[28] Yed R.Qasim,et al.The effect of preozonation on microorganism and particle removal [J].Wat Sci Tech,2000,41 (7):9～16
[29] David Chang and Philip C.Singer.The impact of ozonation particle stability and the removal of TOC and THM precursors [J].AWWA,1991,83(3):71～79
[30] Hoigne, J., The Chemistry of Ozone in Water. In Process Technologies for Water Treatment, Edited by Stucki, S., Plenum Press, 1988
[31] 王琳，王宝贞．优质饮用水净化技术．北京：科学出版社．2000
[32] 吴红伟等，臭氧组合工艺去除饮用水源水中有机物的效果，环境科学，2000．21(4)：29～31
[33] Stuart M.Hooper. et al.Improving GAC performance by optimized coagulation.[J] AWWA, 1996,88(8): 116
[34] 王占生等，微污染水源饮用水处理，中国建筑工业出版社，1998：55～56
[35] 许保玖 给水处理理论．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2000
[36] Bernhardt,H. and Clasen,J. Flocculation of micro-organisms. Journal of Water Supply :Research and Technology-AQUA, 1991,40(2):76～87
[37] Granham,N.JD., Wardlaw, V.E., Perry, R. and Jiang ,J.Q., Significance of alage as trihalomethane precursors. Water Science and Technology, 1998,37(2):83～89
[38] Plummer, J.D. and Edzwald,J.K., Effect of ozone on alage as precursors for trihalomethane and haloacetic acid production. Environment Science and Technology, 2001,35(18):3661～3668
[39] Sukenik, A.,Teltch,B.,Wachs,A.W.,Shelef, G.,Nir, I.and Levanon,D.,Effect of oxidants on microalgal flocculation, Water reseach. 1987, 21 (5): 533～539
[40] David L.Widrig 等.尤作亮译，预臭氧化与混凝去出水中的藻源有机物，深圳自来水，2001 (3) 40～44
[41] Urs von Gunten, Ozonation of drinking water :Part Ⅰ. Oxidation kinetics and product formation ,Water Research 2003,37(5):1457
[42] 懂晴宇．胡海峰，饮用水深度处理技术探讨，给水深度处理研究会2001’年会
[43] 王琳等编技饮用水深度處理技術琳等编，饮用水深度处理技术，化学工业出版社，2002：56～57
[44] LeChevallier, M.W.et al.Evaluating the performance of biologically active rapid sand filters.J.AWWA,1992,84(4):136
[45] 王琳等编，饮用水深度处理技术，化学工业出版社，2002：51～52
[46] Lori A.Cipparone等 .Ozonation and BDOC Removal:effect on water quality.Journal AWWA, 1997,89(2):95～96
[47] Bourdon,F. and Crowe,P.B., Biological process in drinking water treatment , Journal AWWA, 1988,80(9):82～93
[48] A.Kihn, A.Andersson, ELaurent, P.Servais and M.Prevost, Impact of filtration material on nitrification in biological filters used in drinking water production, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology -AQUA,2002,51(1):35
[49] 徐保玖 给水处理理论 中国建筑工业出版社 2000：112
[50] 徐保玖 给水处理理论 中国建筑工业出版社 2000：60～65
[51] JAWWA, 70: 691 (1983)
[52] JAWWA, 75: 47 (1983)
[53] AWWA, Inc. Water Quality and Treatment, 3rd ED., Chap.3 (1971)
[54] JAWWA, 73: 392 (1981)
[55] 储金宇等编，臭氧技术及应用，化学工业出版社，2002：25～27
[56] Alex A.Yavich and Susan J.Masten ,Use of Ozonation and FBT to control THM precursors, Journal AWWA, 2003,95(4): 165～167
[57] Van der Kooij et al..Substrate Utilization by an Oxalate-Consuming Spirillum Species in Relation to its Growth in Ozonation Water .Applied Environmental Microbiology, 1984,47(30:551)
[58] Lechevrallier M W et al..Bacterial nutrients in drinking water. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 1991,57(3):857
[59] Van der Kooij et al..Determining the Concentration of Easily Assimilable Organic Carbon in Drinking Water. Journal AWWA, 1982,74(10):540
[60] Louis A Kaplan et al..A survey of BOM in US drinking water .Journal AWWA, 1994,86(2): 121
[61] Hacker P Aet al..Production and removal of assimilable organic carbon under pilot-plant conditions through the use of ozone peroxone.Science and Engineering, 1994,16(3): 197
[62] Van Der Hoek et al..Minimizing bromate formation during ozone-activated carbon treatment.Water Supply, 1996,14(3-4):371
[63] Lechevrallier M W et al..Development of a rapid assimilable organic carbon method for water. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 1993,59(5): 1526
[64] 饮水中挥发性卤代烃研究．环境科学学报，1994，14(2)：244～250
[65] 徐海宇等．饮水中三卤甲烷形成机理预处理技术现状．上海环境科学，1999，18(12)：568～570
[66] 罗晓鸿等，饮用水消毒剂的比较与评价，给水排水，1994，20(10)：4
[67] John R.M., et al., Identification of Mutagenic Compounds From During Chlorination of Humic Acid, Mutation Research, 1985,120(10): 111
[68] M.D. Arguello, et al., Trihalomethanes in Water: A Report on the Occurrence, Seasonal Variation in
Concentration and Precursors ofTrihalomethanes, J. Am.Water Works Assoc., 1979,7(9): 504
[69] US Environmental Protection Agency, Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, Control of Organic Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water, Fed. Reg., 1978,43(28):57
[70] Rock J.J., Formation of Haloforms During Chlorition of Natural Waters, Wat. Treat. Exam. 1974, 23(2):234
[71] Bellar T. A., et al., The Occurrence of Oraganhalids in Chlorination Drinking Water, J. Am.Water Works Assoc., 1974,66(12):703
[72] James M. S., et al., National Organics Reconnaissance Survey for Halogenated Organics, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 1975,67(11):634
[73] Stuart W.K., et al., The Occurrence of Disinfection By-products in U.S. drinking Water, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 1989,81(8):41
[74] 岳舜琳，上海市自来水中氯化消毒副产物研究，中国给水排水，1992，8(5)：8
[75] 王琳、王宝贞，优质饮用水净化技术，科学出版社，2000年
[76] Pontius, EW., D-DBPs Rule to Set Tight Standards, J.Am.Water Works Assoc., 1993,85(11):25
[76] 国家卫生部，生活饮用水水质卫生规范，2001年
[77] 深圳市水务集团，2010年供水水质发展规划，2003年
[78] Legube B., et al., Identification of Ozonation Products of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Micropollatants Effect on Chlorination and Biological Filtration, Ozone Sci. Eng., 1981,3(1):33
[79] 孙昕、张金松，饮用水预臭氧化技术的进展，给水排水，2002，28(4)：7
[80] 王晓昌，臭氧用于给水处理的几个理论和应用问题，西安建筑科技大学学报，1998，30(4)：307
[81] Toshio Kawanishi, et al., Evaluation of Advanced Oxidation Process on Removal of Musty Odors, Pesticides and THMFP in Drinking Water Treatment, Proceedings of 13th Ozone World Congress(1), Kyoto, Japan, 1997,169
[82] Richard J.M., et al., Disinfection By-product Formation and Control by Ozonation and Biotreatment, J.Am.Water Works Assoc., 1992,84(11):53
[83] 蒋展鹏等，腐殖酸在活性炭上吸附平衡的研究，水处理技术，1988，14(5)：36
[84] Rip G.R., et al., Uses of Ozone in Drinking Water Treatment, J.Am.Water Works Assoc.,1981, 73(1):44
[85] 李君文，活性炭控制饮用水中有机致癌物三氯甲烷的研究进展，中国给水排水，1994，10(5)：37
[86] Mcguide J. M. and Robert G. M., AWWARF Trihalomethane Survey, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 1988,80(1):61
[87] 张宏陶等编．水质分析大全，科学技术文献出版社重庆分社出版，1989(第一版)：136
[2] [美]R．G．赖斯，A．涅泽尔编，朱光等译．臭氧技术及应用手册，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1991，7
[3] [美]R．G．赖斯，A．涅泽尔编，朱光等译．臭氧技术及应用手册，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，199l，11～13
[4] Hann,V.A.,Disinfection of Dringking Water With Ozone,Journal American Wtaer Works Asociation,1956,1316
[5] 雷乐成等．水处理高级氧化技术．北京：化学工业出版社．2001
[6] [法]德格雷蒙公司编，王业俊等译，水处理手册，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1983，
[7] Rice RG.Ozone in the United States of America- state of the art. Ozone Science Engineering 1999,21:99～118
[8] Camel V.Bermond A.The use of ozone and associated oxidation processes in drinking water treatment. Water Reseach 1998.32:3208～3222
[9] 许保玖，龙腾锐编著，当代给水与废水处理原理(第二版)，高等教育出版社，1999：122
[10] [美]拉塞尔．爱尔．卡尔普等著，张亚杰等译，水的净化新概念，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1982，245～246
[11] [美]拉塞尔．爱尔．卡尔普等著，张亚杰等译，水的净化新概念，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1982，242
[12] Liquette,P.et al.B ackwashing First-stage Sand-BAC Filters,Journal AWWA. 1998,90(1):86
[13] Carlson,K.H.&Amy, G.L.,BOM Removal During Biofiltration. Journal AWWA. 1998,90(12):42
[14] Urfer, D.et al,Biological Filtration for BOM and Particle Removal:A Critical Review. Journal AWWA.1997,89(12):83
[15] 张金松等，臭氧化-生物活性炭工艺参数研究，深圳自来水，1998(4)12～17
[16] 孙昕等，生物活性炭滤池的工艺参数试验研究，深圳自来水，2001(3)10～16
[17] 王业耀等，影响臭氧化过程的水质指标，中国给水排水 1996 12(6)29～31
[18] 中华人民共和国标准GB 5750-85，生活饮用水标准检验法，
[19] 刘文君等．某市饮用水水质生物稳定性研究．环境科学，1999，20(2)：35
[20] 吴为中等．南方某市水源水、自来水的致突变活性现状与改善对策，中国环境监测，1998，14(6)：45～46
[21] 于鑫等．饮用水生物处理中生物量的脂磷法测定，给水排水，2002，28(5)：1～4
[22] 王琳，王宝贞．饮用水深度处理技术．北京：化学工业出版社．2002
[23] Symons, J.M, et al., Treatment Technique for Controlling Trihalomethane in Drinking Water, EPA
Report No.600/2-81-156, Municipal Environ. Res. Lab, Cincinnati, OH., 1981
[24] Toshio Kawanishi, et al., Evaluation of advanced oxidation process on removal of musty odors, pesticides and THMFP in drinking water treatment. Proceedings of 13th ozone world congress (1), Kyoto, Japan, 1997.169～174
[25] 雷乐成等．水处理高级氧化技术．北京：化学工业出版社．2001
[26] 许保玖，龙腾锐编著，当代给水与废水处理原理(第二版)，高等教育出版社，1999：203
[27] 许保玖 给水处理理论．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2000
[28] Yed R.Qasim,et al.The effect of preozonation on microorganism and particle removal [J].Wat Sci Tech,2000,41 (7):9～16
[29] David Chang and Philip C.Singer.The impact of ozonation particle stability and the removal of TOC and THM precursors [J].AWWA,1991,83(3):71～79
[30] Hoigne, J., The Chemistry of Ozone in Water. In Process Technologies for Water Treatment, Edited by Stucki, S., Plenum Press, 1988
[31] 王琳，王宝贞．优质饮用水净化技术．北京：科学出版社．2000
[32] 吴红伟等，臭氧组合工艺去除饮用水源水中有机物的效果，环境科学，2000．21(4)：29～31
[33] Stuart M.Hooper. et al.Improving GAC performance by optimized coagulation.[J] AWWA, 1996,88(8): 116
[34] 王占生等，微污染水源饮用水处理，中国建筑工业出版社，1998：55～56
[35] 许保玖 给水处理理论．北京：中国建筑工业出版社．2000
[36] Bernhardt,H. and Clasen,J. Flocculation of micro-organisms. Journal of Water Supply :Research and Technology-AQUA, 1991,40(2):76～87
[37] Granham,N.JD., Wardlaw, V.E., Perry, R. and Jiang ,J.Q., Significance of alage as trihalomethane precursors. Water Science and Technology, 1998,37(2):83～89
[38] Plummer, J.D. and Edzwald,J.K., Effect of ozone on alage as precursors for trihalomethane and haloacetic acid production. Environment Science and Technology, 2001,35(18):3661～3668
[39] Sukenik, A.,Teltch,B.,Wachs,A.W.,Shelef, G.,Nir, I.and Levanon,D.,Effect of oxidants on microalgal flocculation, Water reseach. 1987, 21 (5): 533～539
[40] David L.Widrig 等.尤作亮译，预臭氧化与混凝去出水中的藻源有机物，深圳自来水，2001 (3) 40～44
[41] Urs von Gunten, Ozonation of drinking water :Part Ⅰ. Oxidation kinetics and product formation ,Water Research 2003,37(5):1457
[42] 懂晴宇．胡海峰，饮用水深度处理技术探讨，给水深度处理研究会2001’年会
[43] 王琳等编技饮用水深度處理技術琳等编，饮用水深度处理技术，化学工业出版社，2002：56～57
[44] LeChevallier, M.W.et al.Evaluating the performance of biologically active rapid sand filters.J.AWWA,1992,84(4):136
[45] 王琳等编，饮用水深度处理技术，化学工业出版社，2002：51～52
[46] Lori A.Cipparone等 .Ozonation and BDOC Removal:effect on water quality.Journal AWWA, 1997,89(2):95～96
[47] Bourdon,F. and Crowe,P.B., Biological process in drinking water treatment , Journal AWWA, 1988,80(9):82～93
[48] A.Kihn, A.Andersson, ELaurent, P.Servais and M.Prevost, Impact of filtration material on nitrification in biological filters used in drinking water production, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology -AQUA,2002,51(1):35
[49] 徐保玖 给水处理理论 中国建筑工业出版社 2000：112
[50] 徐保玖 给水处理理论 中国建筑工业出版社 2000：60～65
[51] JAWWA, 70: 691 (1983)
[52] JAWWA, 75: 47 (1983)
[53] AWWA, Inc. Water Quality and Treatment, 3rd ED., Chap.3 (1971)
[54] JAWWA, 73: 392 (1981)
[55] 储金宇等编，臭氧技术及应用，化学工业出版社，2002：25～27
[56] Alex A.Yavich and Susan J.Masten ,Use of Ozonation and FBT to control THM precursors, Journal AWWA, 2003,95(4): 165～167
[57] Van der Kooij et al..Substrate Utilization by an Oxalate-Consuming Spirillum Species in Relation to its Growth in Ozonation Water .Applied Environmental Microbiology, 1984,47(30:551)
[58] Lechevrallier M W et al..Bacterial nutrients in drinking water. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 1991,57(3):857
[59] Van der Kooij et al..Determining the Concentration of Easily Assimilable Organic Carbon in Drinking Water. Journal AWWA, 1982,74(10):540
[60] Louis A Kaplan et al..A survey of BOM in US drinking water .Journal AWWA, 1994,86(2): 121
[61] Hacker P Aet al..Production and removal of assimilable organic carbon under pilot-plant conditions through the use of ozone peroxone.Science and Engineering, 1994,16(3): 197
[62] Van Der Hoek et al..Minimizing bromate formation during ozone-activated carbon treatment.Water Supply, 1996,14(3-4):371
[63] Lechevrallier M W et al..Development of a rapid assimilable organic carbon method for water. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 1993,59(5): 1526
[64] 饮水中挥发性卤代烃研究．环境科学学报，1994，14(2)：244～250
[65] 徐海宇等．饮水中三卤甲烷形成机理预处理技术现状．上海环境科学，1999，18(12)：568～570
[66] 罗晓鸿等，饮用水消毒剂的比较与评价，给水排水，1994，20(10)：4
[67] John R.M., et al., Identification of Mutagenic Compounds From During Chlorination of Humic Acid, Mutation Research, 1985,120(10): 111
[68] M.D. Arguello, et al., Trihalomethanes in Water: A Report on the Occurrence, Seasonal Variation in
Concentration and Precursors ofTrihalomethanes, J. Am.Water Works Assoc., 1979,7(9): 504
[69] US Environmental Protection Agency, Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, Control of Organic Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water, Fed. Reg., 1978,43(28):57
[70] Rock J.J., Formation of Haloforms During Chlorition of Natural Waters, Wat. Treat. Exam. 1974, 23(2):234
[71] Bellar T. A., et al., The Occurrence of Oraganhalids in Chlorination Drinking Water, J. Am.Water Works Assoc., 1974,66(12):703
[72] James M. S., et al., National Organics Reconnaissance Survey for Halogenated Organics, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 1975,67(11):634
[73] Stuart W.K., et al., The Occurrence of Disinfection By-products in U.S. drinking Water, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 1989,81(8):41
[74] 岳舜琳，上海市自来水中氯化消毒副产物研究，中国给水排水，1992，8(5)：8
[75] 王琳、王宝贞，优质饮用水净化技术，科学出版社，2000年
[76] Pontius, EW., D-DBPs Rule to Set Tight Standards, J.Am.Water Works Assoc., 1993,85(11):25
[76] 国家卫生部，生活饮用水水质卫生规范，2001年
[77] 深圳市水务集团，2010年供水水质发展规划，2003年
[78] Legube B., et al., Identification of Ozonation Products of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Micropollatants Effect on Chlorination and Biological Filtration, Ozone Sci. Eng., 1981,3(1):33
[79] 孙昕、张金松，饮用水预臭氧化技术的进展，给水排水，2002，28(4)：7
[80] 王晓昌，臭氧用于给水处理的几个理论和应用问题，西安建筑科技大学学报，1998，30(4)：307
[81] Toshio Kawanishi, et al., Evaluation of Advanced Oxidation Process on Removal of Musty Odors, Pesticides and THMFP in Drinking Water Treatment, Proceedings of 13th Ozone World Congress(1), Kyoto, Japan, 1997,169
[82] Richard J.M., et al., Disinfection By-product Formation and Control by Ozonation and Biotreatment, J.Am.Water Works Assoc., 1992,84(11):53
[83] 蒋展鹏等，腐殖酸在活性炭上吸附平衡的研究，水处理技术，1988，14(5)：36
[84] Rip G.R., et al., Uses of Ozone in Drinking Water Treatment, J.Am.Water Works Assoc.,1981, 73(1):44
[85] 李君文，活性炭控制饮用水中有机致癌物三氯甲烷的研究进展，中国给水排水，1994，10(5)：37
[86] Mcguide J. M. and Robert G. M., AWWARF Trihalomethane Survey, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 1988,80(1):61
[87] 张宏陶等编．水质分析大全，科学技术文献出版社重庆分社出版，1989(第一版)：136