灌水量及覆盖方式对青花菜产量和品质的影响
摘要
本文对青花菜进行不同灌水量及不同覆盖方式处理，研究其对青花菜土壤环境、生长发育、生理指标、产量、灌溉水利用效率及品质的影响，以期探讨青花菜的最佳灌水量和覆盖在青花菜上的应用效果，为青花菜的栽培以及数字化农业提供科学依据。
结果表明：覆盖能够改善土壤状况，增加土壤湿度，使土壤保持湿润状态，秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖的土壤湿度分别比无覆盖的提高13.23％和9.28％。在一定范围内，土壤湿度随灌水量增加而增加，但水分过多，土壤散失的水分增加，导致湿度下降，土壤湿度以B_2(0.255m~3／区次)最高。覆盖能够改善土壤化学状况，提高土壤中碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量；增大灌水量，土壤中碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量下降。
覆盖能够促进植株生长，植株长势较强。无覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖的植株高度分别为：31.28cm，31.92cm，32.20cm。株高最高的为处理B_2(0.255m~3／区次)，其次为B_3(0.21m~3／区次)，B_4(0.165m~3／区次)和B_1(0.300m~3／区次)，分别为31.86cm、31.01cm、30.34cm和29.78cm。
在三种覆盖方式中，地膜覆盖的植株茎粗达到2.16cm，秸秆覆盖的次之，为2.08cm，无覆盖的最低，为2.00cm，地膜覆盖的植株茎粗比无覆盖的和秸秆覆盖的分别提高了8.0％和3.8％；随灌水量增加，茎粗有增加的趋势。但并不是灌水量越多越好，表现在生育后期灌水量最多的处理B_1的茎粗较小，小于处理B_2与B_3，灌水量最少的处理B_4最低。
覆盖能够提高植株的光合能力，叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度和气孔导度提高，增大灌水量，能够提高植株的光合能力。
地膜覆盖的处理产量最高，达到了1539.09kg／667m~2，秸秆覆盖次之，为1490.66kg／667m~2，无覆盖的最低，为1268.88kg／66m~2。灌水量对产量产生了明显影响：在四种灌水处理中B_2的产量最高，B_3次之，B_4较低，B_1最低，分别为1623.92 kg／667m~2，1513.91 kg／667m~2，1309.14 kg／667m~2，1284.53 kg／667m~2。其中B_4、B_1之间无明显差异，B_2、B_3的产量极显著高于B_4、B_1，而且B_2、B_3之间的差异也达到了极显著水平。表明在一定范围内产量随灌水量的增加而增加，但超过一定灌水量之后产量反而下降。
在各个处理中，以秸秆覆盖的维生素C含量最高，为68.35mg／100g，地膜覆盖的维生素C含量次之，达到67.56mg／100g，无覆盖的最低，为63.24mg／100g。秸秆覆盖的维生素C含量比无覆盖和地膜覆盖的分别高8.08％和1.17％。增加灌水量，青花菜的维生素C含量下降，灌水最少的处理B_4含量最高，为73.08mg／100g，比其它处理
吉林农业大学硕士学位论文灌水蚤及覆盖方式对青花菜产I和品质的影响
Bl(61.43mglloog)、BZ(64.74mglloog)、B3(66.29mg瓜g)分别高出18.96%、12.88%和
10.24%。
覆盖能够提高青花菜花球中可溶性固形物含量。桔秆覆盖比无覆盖的青花莱花球中
可溶性固形物含量提高了n .6%，达到了6.04%;地膜覆盖比无覆盖提高了6.7%，可溶
性固形物含量为5.77%，而无覆盖的可溶性固形物含量只有5.41%。灌水量明显影响青
花菜花球中可溶性固形物的含量。随灌水量的增加可溶性固形物的含量降低，灌水量最
少的处理B4可溶性固形物的含量最高达到5.97%，比Bl、BZ、B3分别增加了8.8%、7.9%、
2.9%，它们的可溶性固形物含量分别为5.49%、5.72%、5.8%。
随贮藏天数的增加花球失重率增加，其中无覆盖的失重最快，贮藏一天就下降了
0.25%，而桔秆覆盖和地膜覆盖仅下降了0.07%和0.09%。在四种灌水量处理中，B:失
重最快，明显高于其它几个处理。从其它三条曲线中，能够看出:随着灌水量增加，失
重率增加。
随贮藏天数增加，维生素c含量下降。覆盖能够有效抑制维生素c含量下降;灌
水量增加，下降幅度增大。到第9天维生素c含量分别下降到1.95m岁1009、2.46m岁1009、
1 .62 mgll00g、2，42 mg/10Og。
随贮藏天数增加，可溶性糖含量下降。贮藏期间，虽然无覆盖的可溶性糖下降幅
度较小，但由于其可溶性糖含量低，所以仍然没有表现出良好的品质，且随着灌水量增
加，可溶性糖含量的下降幅度有减少的趋势。
覆盖处理的花球在贮藏期间蛋白质含量高，而且地膜覆盖的要优于桔杆覆盖的。随
着灌水量的增加，下降的速率慢，利于保持原有的营养成分，但是其含量还是灌水量少
的高，品质好。
贮藏过程中，有机酸含量先上升，随后下降。
In order to research the optimized irrigation amount and the effect of coverings on broccoli, irrigation amounts and coverings were used to observe growth, yield, quality, physiological index of broccoli. WUE and characteristics of soil was also discussed, which can afford scientific proof for cultivation of broccoli and digital agriculture.
The results showed that coverings could increase water humidity and make the soil wet. Water humidity was 9.28% and 13.23% higher in the plot covered with plastic film, straw than that covered with nothing. In the certain scope, water humidity increased with the rise of irrigation amount. Once beyond the scope, water humidity would decrease.
Coverings could increase jeffective ingredients in soil. Among of which ,the content of available N,P,K in soil of were higher than that covered with nothing.
Coverings can improve the growth of plant .The height of plant which was covered with nothing, plastic film, straw wfts from 32.20cm, 31.92cm to 31.28cm; As far as irrigation amount was concerned, the highest height was treatment B2(0.255m3/plot . time) 31.86cm, following B3(0.210m3/plot . time) 31.01cm, B4 (0.165m3/plot . time) 30.34cm , B1(0.300m3/plot . time) 29.28pm was lowest.
Compared with no coverings and covering with straw, covering with plastic film increased 8.0% and 3.8% in stem thick respectively. The stem thick usually increased when irrigation amount increased, but it did not indicate that the most irrigation amount was superior to the others. In the later stage of bearing, the stem thick of the most irrigation amount was smaller, compared to B2 and B3 .Treatment B4had the smallest stem thick.
In covering treatment, the photosynthesis of the plant covered with plastic film, nothing, straw was from large to small because different covering treatment had different effect.
The highest yield was got by the plant covered with plastic film, reaching to 1534.12kg/667m2, next was straw (1495.63 kg/667m2) and the least was the plant covered
with nothing (1268.88 kg/667m ). Irrigation amount had significant effect on yield and the treatment of B2(1623.92kg/667m2), B3 (1513.91kg/667m2), B4 (1309.14 kg/667m2) and B1
(1284.53 kg/667m ) was from large to small on yield. B4 and B1 had no significant difference, but there is very significant difference between B2, B3 and B4, B1. Moreover, the significant positive correlation could be found between B2 and B3.
Compared with others, the most content of Vc in the plant covered with straw was the highest, reaching to 68.35mg/100g. The content of Vc in the ball-flower was least when there was no coverings. The content of Vc reduced when irrigation increased, so the lowest irrigation amount (B4) had the most content of Vc.
The content of soluble solids were increased by covering. The content of soluble solids in the broccoli of A3 (covered with straw) and A2 (covered with plastic film) was 11.6% and 6.7% higher than that of A1(no coverings),the content was 6.04%,5.77% and 5.41% respectively. Irrigation amount affected the soluble solids in broccoli's ball-flower greatly. With the rise of irrigation, the soluble solids of ball-flower dropped.
The weightlessness rate of ball-flower increased during storage. The rate of weightlessness of ball-flower decreased in the following order: the plant covered with nothing, straw and plastic film. When irrigation amount increased, weightlessness rate increased, and the highest rate was B2.
The content of Vc and soluble sugar decreased during storage. Covering restrained the dropping of Vc efficiently. With the rise of irrigation, the drop scope increased. In the ninth day, the content of Vc dropped to 1.95mg/100g, 2.46mg/100g, 1.62mg/100g and 2.42mg/100g. In the period of storing, although the plant covered with nothing had a little dropping range of soluble sugar, it was not determined optimized quality because of its low content of soluble sugar. With the rise of irrigation amount, the dropping scope of the content of soluble sugar decreased.
In the storing age, the coverings co
结果表明：覆盖能够改善土壤状况，增加土壤湿度，使土壤保持湿润状态，秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖的土壤湿度分别比无覆盖的提高13.23％和9.28％。在一定范围内，土壤湿度随灌水量增加而增加，但水分过多，土壤散失的水分增加，导致湿度下降，土壤湿度以B_2(0.255m~3／区次)最高。覆盖能够改善土壤化学状况，提高土壤中碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量；增大灌水量，土壤中碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量下降。
覆盖能够促进植株生长，植株长势较强。无覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖的植株高度分别为：31.28cm，31.92cm，32.20cm。株高最高的为处理B_2(0.255m~3／区次)，其次为B_3(0.21m~3／区次)，B_4(0.165m~3／区次)和B_1(0.300m~3／区次)，分别为31.86cm、31.01cm、30.34cm和29.78cm。
在三种覆盖方式中，地膜覆盖的植株茎粗达到2.16cm，秸秆覆盖的次之，为2.08cm，无覆盖的最低，为2.00cm，地膜覆盖的植株茎粗比无覆盖的和秸秆覆盖的分别提高了8.0％和3.8％；随灌水量增加，茎粗有增加的趋势。但并不是灌水量越多越好，表现在生育后期灌水量最多的处理B_1的茎粗较小，小于处理B_2与B_3，灌水量最少的处理B_4最低。
覆盖能够提高植株的光合能力，叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度和气孔导度提高，增大灌水量，能够提高植株的光合能力。
地膜覆盖的处理产量最高，达到了1539.09kg／667m~2，秸秆覆盖次之，为1490.66kg／667m~2，无覆盖的最低，为1268.88kg／66m~2。灌水量对产量产生了明显影响：在四种灌水处理中B_2的产量最高，B_3次之，B_4较低，B_1最低，分别为1623.92 kg／667m~2，1513.91 kg／667m~2，1309.14 kg／667m~2，1284.53 kg／667m~2。其中B_4、B_1之间无明显差异，B_2、B_3的产量极显著高于B_4、B_1，而且B_2、B_3之间的差异也达到了极显著水平。表明在一定范围内产量随灌水量的增加而增加，但超过一定灌水量之后产量反而下降。
在各个处理中，以秸秆覆盖的维生素C含量最高，为68.35mg／100g，地膜覆盖的维生素C含量次之，达到67.56mg／100g，无覆盖的最低，为63.24mg／100g。秸秆覆盖的维生素C含量比无覆盖和地膜覆盖的分别高8.08％和1.17％。增加灌水量，青花菜的维生素C含量下降，灌水最少的处理B_4含量最高，为73.08mg／100g，比其它处理
吉林农业大学硕士学位论文灌水蚤及覆盖方式对青花菜产I和品质的影响
Bl(61.43mglloog)、BZ(64.74mglloog)、B3(66.29mg瓜g)分别高出18.96%、12.88%和
10.24%。
覆盖能够提高青花菜花球中可溶性固形物含量。桔秆覆盖比无覆盖的青花莱花球中
可溶性固形物含量提高了n .6%，达到了6.04%;地膜覆盖比无覆盖提高了6.7%，可溶
性固形物含量为5.77%，而无覆盖的可溶性固形物含量只有5.41%。灌水量明显影响青
花菜花球中可溶性固形物的含量。随灌水量的增加可溶性固形物的含量降低，灌水量最
少的处理B4可溶性固形物的含量最高达到5.97%，比Bl、BZ、B3分别增加了8.8%、7.9%、
2.9%，它们的可溶性固形物含量分别为5.49%、5.72%、5.8%。
随贮藏天数的增加花球失重率增加，其中无覆盖的失重最快，贮藏一天就下降了
0.25%，而桔秆覆盖和地膜覆盖仅下降了0.07%和0.09%。在四种灌水量处理中，B:失
重最快，明显高于其它几个处理。从其它三条曲线中，能够看出:随着灌水量增加，失
重率增加。
随贮藏天数增加，维生素c含量下降。覆盖能够有效抑制维生素c含量下降;灌
水量增加，下降幅度增大。到第9天维生素c含量分别下降到1.95m岁1009、2.46m岁1009、
1 .62 mgll00g、2，42 mg/10Og。
随贮藏天数增加，可溶性糖含量下降。贮藏期间，虽然无覆盖的可溶性糖下降幅
度较小，但由于其可溶性糖含量低，所以仍然没有表现出良好的品质，且随着灌水量增
加，可溶性糖含量的下降幅度有减少的趋势。
覆盖处理的花球在贮藏期间蛋白质含量高，而且地膜覆盖的要优于桔杆覆盖的。随
着灌水量的增加，下降的速率慢，利于保持原有的营养成分，但是其含量还是灌水量少
的高，品质好。
贮藏过程中，有机酸含量先上升，随后下降。
In order to research the optimized irrigation amount and the effect of coverings on broccoli, irrigation amounts and coverings were used to observe growth, yield, quality, physiological index of broccoli. WUE and characteristics of soil was also discussed, which can afford scientific proof for cultivation of broccoli and digital agriculture.
The results showed that coverings could increase water humidity and make the soil wet. Water humidity was 9.28% and 13.23% higher in the plot covered with plastic film, straw than that covered with nothing. In the certain scope, water humidity increased with the rise of irrigation amount. Once beyond the scope, water humidity would decrease.
Coverings could increase jeffective ingredients in soil. Among of which ,the content of available N,P,K in soil of were higher than that covered with nothing.
Coverings can improve the growth of plant .The height of plant which was covered with nothing, plastic film, straw wfts from 32.20cm, 31.92cm to 31.28cm; As far as irrigation amount was concerned, the highest height was treatment B2(0.255m3/plot . time) 31.86cm, following B3(0.210m3/plot . time) 31.01cm, B4 (0.165m3/plot . time) 30.34cm , B1(0.300m3/plot . time) 29.28pm was lowest.
Compared with no coverings and covering with straw, covering with plastic film increased 8.0% and 3.8% in stem thick respectively. The stem thick usually increased when irrigation amount increased, but it did not indicate that the most irrigation amount was superior to the others. In the later stage of bearing, the stem thick of the most irrigation amount was smaller, compared to B2 and B3 .Treatment B4had the smallest stem thick.
In covering treatment, the photosynthesis of the plant covered with plastic film, nothing, straw was from large to small because different covering treatment had different effect.
The highest yield was got by the plant covered with plastic film, reaching to 1534.12kg/667m2, next was straw (1495.63 kg/667m2) and the least was the plant covered
with nothing (1268.88 kg/667m ). Irrigation amount had significant effect on yield and the treatment of B2(1623.92kg/667m2), B3 (1513.91kg/667m2), B4 (1309.14 kg/667m2) and B1
(1284.53 kg/667m ) was from large to small on yield. B4 and B1 had no significant difference, but there is very significant difference between B2, B3 and B4, B1. Moreover, the significant positive correlation could be found between B2 and B3.
Compared with others, the most content of Vc in the plant covered with straw was the highest, reaching to 68.35mg/100g. The content of Vc in the ball-flower was least when there was no coverings. The content of Vc reduced when irrigation increased, so the lowest irrigation amount (B4) had the most content of Vc.
The content of soluble solids were increased by covering. The content of soluble solids in the broccoli of A3 (covered with straw) and A2 (covered with plastic film) was 11.6% and 6.7% higher than that of A1(no coverings),the content was 6.04%,5.77% and 5.41% respectively. Irrigation amount affected the soluble solids in broccoli's ball-flower greatly. With the rise of irrigation, the soluble solids of ball-flower dropped.
The weightlessness rate of ball-flower increased during storage. The rate of weightlessness of ball-flower decreased in the following order: the plant covered with nothing, straw and plastic film. When irrigation amount increased, weightlessness rate increased, and the highest rate was B2.
The content of Vc and soluble sugar decreased during storage. Covering restrained the dropping of Vc efficiently. With the rise of irrigation, the drop scope increased. In the ninth day, the content of Vc dropped to 1.95mg/100g, 2.46mg/100g, 1.62mg/100g and 2.42mg/100g. In the period of storing, although the plant covered with nothing had a little dropping range of soluble sugar, it was not determined optimized quality because of its low content of soluble sugar. With the rise of irrigation amount, the dropping scope of the content of soluble sugar decreased.
In the storing age, the coverings co
引文
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