海南岛香蕉真菌病害调查及弯孢霉的生物学特性研究
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摘要
真菌病害是海南香蕉种植业的一大障碍。为了摸清海南香蕉上的真菌病害种类以及发生情况,为生产、检疫、科教部门提供资料依据,本研究于2004年～2006年通过对海口、儋州、乐东、东方、三亚、五指山、琼中、屯昌、昌江、澄迈、临高、文昌、琼海、白沙等香蕉种植区开展实地调查和病原鉴定。结果表明,海南香蕉真菌病害有15种,分别为:香蕉枯萎病(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.f.sp.cubense)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum musae)、砖格孢叶斑病(Alternaria alternata)、弯孢霉叶斑病(Curvularia lunata,Curvularia senegalensis)、暗双孢叶斑病(Cordana musae)、褐缘灰斑病(Mycosphaerella musicola)、小窦氏菌叶斑病(Deightoniella torulosa)、黑星病(Macrophoma musae)、软腐病(Rhizopus stolonifer)、叶瘟病(Magnaporthe grisea)、镰刀菌冠腐病(Fusarium.moniliforme)、芽枝霉叶斑病(Cladosporium musae)、曲霉病(Aspergillus niger)、棒孢菌叶斑病(Corynespora cassiicola)、黑孢霉叶斑病(Nigrospora sphaeri)等。本调查、鉴定结果比海南已经记载的真菌病害增加3种,分别为曲霉病、棒孢菌叶斑病和黑孢霉叶斑病,这3种病害也是国内新记录。调查结果还表明,海南香蕉上危害比较严重、普遍发生的真菌病害有枯萎病、黑星病、褐缘灰斑病、灰纹病、香蕉弯孢霉叶斑病、炭疽病和黑孢霉叶斑病等7种。在上述研究基础上,选取近年来在我国香蕉上危害情况呈上升趋势的弯孢霉叶斑病(Curvularia leaf spot)病原菌[Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed,简写为CL]为材料,开展生物学特性和药物敏感性研究。生物学特性的结果表明,适合CL菌丝生长的培养基有PSA、PDA和OMA等;适合CL菌丝生长、产孢和孢子萌发的温度为25～30℃;适合CL菌丝生长和产孢的碳源和氮源有蔗糖、葡萄糖、尿素、磷酸氢二氨和硝酸钠;适合CL菌丝生长、产孢和孢子萌发的pH为5～9;适合CL孢子萌发的RH≥80%,但RH越高,萌发率越高;光照条件对CL菌丝生长无明显影响,但光暗交替有利于产孢;孢子致死温度为55℃(10min)。药物敏感性的结果表明,6%戊唑醇微乳剂、250g/L升丙环唑乳油、25%咪鲜胺水乳剂、25%戊唑醇乳油和250g/L苯醚甲环唑乳油对CL菌丝生长均有较好的抑制效果,其中25%咪鲜胺水乳剂和250g/L苯醚甲环唑乳油的抑菌效果最好。
The fungus diseases are the important hinders of banana production in Hainan Island, China. On the purpose to obtain the information of the disease occurrence and category used for the banana producers, disease quarantine, science and education, a survey on the banana fungus diseases and the pathogen identification were carried out during 2004～2006 in the banana cultivation areas in Haikou, Danzhou, Ledong, Dongfang, Sanya, Tunchang, Lingao, Chengmai, Qionghai, Wenchang, Baisha, Hainan province, China. A total of 15 fungus diseases on banana were discovered and 16 pathogens were identified. Details are as followings: Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.f.sp.cubense), anthracnose (Colletotrichum musae), Alternaria leaf spot(Alternaria alternata), Curvularia leaf spot(Curvularia lunata,Curvularia senegalensis), Cordana leaf spot(Cordana musae), Mycosphaerella leaf spot(Mycosphaerella musicola), Deightoniella leaf spot(Deightoniella torulosa)、Black star disease(Macrophoma musae), Soft rot(Rhizopus stolonifer), Banana blast (Magnaporthe grisea), Fusarium crown rot (Fusarium.moniliforme), Cladosporium leaf spot (Cladosporium musae), Aspergillus disease(Aspergillus niger), Corynespora leaf spot (Corynespora cassiicola) and Nigrospora leaf spot (Nigrospora sphaeri)。On the basis of the above results, the pathogen of Curvularia leaf spot(Curvularia lunata, CL) was chosen for further study on the Biological Characteristics and the sensitivity to fungicides because of its potential damage on banana in Hainan Island. The results showed that the mediums suitable for the mycelium growth of CL included PSA, PDA and OMA, the temperature suitable for the mycelium growth,sporulation and conidium germination of CL was 25～30℃, the carbon and nitrogen sources suitable for the mycelium growth and sporulation of CL included sucrose, glucose, carbamide, potassium dihydrogen and sodium nitrate, the acidity suitable for the mycelium growth, sporulation and conidium germination of CL was pH5～9. Though RH≥80% was suitable for conidium germination of CL, germination rate was higher as RH increased. The effect of light on the mycelium growth was not obvious,however, alternation of light and dark was good for sporulation of CL. The lethal temperature for conidia was 55℃(10min). The test on the sensitivity of fungicides on CL showed that several fungicides including Tebuconazole, Propiconazole, Prochloraz, difenoconazole were able to inhibit pathogen mycelial growth.
The fungus diseases are the important hinders of banana production in Hainan Island, China. On the purpose to obtain the information of the disease occurrence and category used for the banana producers, disease quarantine, science and education, a survey on the banana fungus diseases and the pathogen identification were carried out during 2004～2006 in the banana cultivation areas in Haikou, Danzhou, Ledong, Dongfang, Sanya, Tunchang, Lingao, Chengmai, Qionghai, Wenchang, Baisha, Hainan province, China. A total of 15 fungus diseases on banana were discovered and 16 pathogens were identified. Details are as followings: Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.f.sp.cubense), anthracnose (Colletotrichum musae), Alternaria leaf spot(Alternaria alternata), Curvularia leaf spot(Curvularia lunata,Curvularia senegalensis), Cordana leaf spot(Cordana musae), Mycosphaerella leaf spot(Mycosphaerella musicola), Deightoniella leaf spot(Deightoniella torulosa)、Black star disease(Macrophoma musae), Soft rot(Rhizopus stolonifer), Banana blast (Magnaporthe grisea), Fusarium crown rot (Fusarium.moniliforme), Cladosporium leaf spot (Cladosporium musae), Aspergillus disease(Aspergillus niger), Corynespora leaf spot (Corynespora cassiicola) and Nigrospora leaf spot (Nigrospora sphaeri)。On the basis of the above results, the pathogen of Curvularia leaf spot(Curvularia lunata, CL) was chosen for further study on the Biological Characteristics and the sensitivity to fungicides because of its potential damage on banana in Hainan Island. The results showed that the mediums suitable for the mycelium growth of CL included PSA, PDA and OMA, the temperature suitable for the mycelium growth,sporulation and conidium germination of CL was 25～30℃, the carbon and nitrogen sources suitable for the mycelium growth and sporulation of CL included sucrose, glucose, carbamide, potassium dihydrogen and sodium nitrate, the acidity suitable for the mycelium growth, sporulation and conidium germination of CL was pH5～9. Though RH≥80% was suitable for conidium germination of CL, germination rate was higher as RH increased. The effect of light on the mycelium growth was not obvious,however, alternation of light and dark was good for sporulation of CL. The lethal temperature for conidia was 55℃(10min). The test on the sensitivity of fungicides on CL showed that several fungicides including Tebuconazole, Propiconazole, Prochloraz, difenoconazole were able to inhibit pathogen mycelial growth.
引文
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[2]陈年春.农药生物测定技术.北京:北京农业大学出版社.1991.161.
[3]范鸿雁,谢艺贤,张辉强,等.几种杀菌剂对香蕉枯萎病菌的室内毒力测定.农药.2004.43(3):142～143.
[4]方仲达.植病研究方法.北京:中国农业出版社.1998.第三版.6～155.
[5]黄圣明, 刘秀娟, 谢艺贤, 等. 咪鲜安等八种杀菌剂对芒果炭疽菌的毒性比较.热带作物学报.1992.13(1):67～69.
[6]胡小平,杨家荣,梅娜,等.苹果黑星病菌中国菌株生物学特性研究.植物病理学报,2004,34(3):283～286.
[7]黄朝豪,李增平,马遥燕.海南岛香蕉病害记述.中国南方果树.2000.29(3):23～25.
[8]江柏萱.用香蕉茎杆生产纸类材料.世界热带农业信息,1995,(11) ∶1 5.
[9]纪明山,王英姿,程根武,等.西瓜枯萎病拮抗菌株筛选及田间防效试验.中国生物防治,2002,18(2):71～74.
[10]陆家云.植物病原真菌学.北京:中国农业出版社.2000.332～360.
[11]林秀兰,郑德勇,高君强.香蕉叶制取叶绿素铜钠盐工艺研究.福建林学院学报,2000,20(1) ∶3 4～37.
[12]刘智,聂青.芭蕉香蕉叶梢制浆研究初探.湖北造纸,1998,(2) ∶1 6～19.
[13]农业部农垦司热带作物处,中国热带作物学会植保专业委员会.华南五省(区)热带作物病虫害名录.儋州:中国热带农业科学院,华南热带作物学院文印中心.1994.56～58.
[14]农业部全国植物保护总站.植物医生手册.北京:化学工业出版社.1994.535～537.
[15]潘劲松,谢标洪. 不同杀菌剂对棉花枯萎病病原菌室内毒力的研究.湖北植保.2000.(2):20～21.
[16]戚佩坤.广东果树真菌病害志.北京:中国农业出版社.2000.第一版.24～37.
[17]田建军.香蕉果实的采收、贮运及病害的防治.热带作物科技.1989(6):33～37.
[18]王壁生.香蕉黑星病的发生及防治.广东农业科学.1988(6):44～45.
[19]王璧生.广东香蕉的主要病害及其防治.中国南方果树.1997.26(30):33～36.
[20]魏景超.真菌鉴定手册.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1979.780.
[21]吴文革,吴碧珠, 叶建文,等.利用香蕉茎叶在香蕉园套栽平菇试验.中国食用菌,1996,(6) ∶2 8.
[22]吴少华.果品与食疗(续二).福建果树,1996,3:61.
[23]吴文军.植物化学保护实验技术导论.西安:陕西科技出版社.1988.133～145.
[24]魏永良.您该吃哪种水果.食品与健康.1998.9:19.
[25]王泽槐.香蕉优质丰产栽培关键技术.北京:中国农业出版社.2000.第一版.121～132.
[26]许林兵.香蕉高效益栽培技术 140 问.北京:中国农业出版社.2000.第一版.95～110.
[27]许林兵.世界香蕉产业状况与发展趋势.广东农业科学.2006.(10):33～36.
[28]熊月明,何光泽,柯冠武.南方果树病虫害防治技术.北京:中国农业出版社.2000.215～224.
[29]《英汉植物病理学词汇》编辑委员会.英汉植物病理学词汇.北京:中国农业出版社.2001.第二版.302～308,904～909.
[30]张宝棣.果树病虫害原色图谱第二册.广州:广东科技出版社.2001.第一版.70～81.
[31]张开明.香蕉病虫害防治.北京:中国农业出版社.1999.第一版.1～69.
[32]朱梅芳.牛的两种非常规饲料的开发利用.广西畜牧兽医,2003,19(5):201～202.
[33]张荣意,林运萍,谭志琼,等.4 株枯草芽孢杆菌对香蕉冠腐病的防效测定.热带农业科学.2004.24(2):4～8.
[34]张益先,吕国忠,梁景颐,等.玉米灰斑病菌生物学特性研究.植物病理学报,2003,33(4):292～295.
[35]周至宏.香蕉、菠萝、芒果病虫害防治彩色图说.北京:中国农业出版社.2000.第一版.2～12.
[36]张仲林.香蕉有种子吗.甘肃教育. 1995,3:43.
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