植物精油熏蒸杀虫活性研究
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摘要
本研究采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了8种植物精油,并测试了15种植物精油对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky成虫和赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneumHerbst成虫的熏蒸活性,分别筛选出2种熏蒸效果较好的植物精油,并对4种精油(薄荷油、留兰香油、八角茴香油、高良姜油)的不同浓度、添加粮食、不同温度条件下熏蒸作用进行了系统研究,最后测试了4种精油中的4种单体成分对玉米象成虫和赤拟谷盗成虫的熏蒸活性,探讨了其中的有效杀虫成分。研究结果如下:
1、采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取,减压除去溶剂石油醚后,得到8种植物精油。结果表明:用水蒸气蒸馏法提取植物精油的得率不高,不同植物的精油提取率有较大差异。8种植物中,只有2种植物的提取率大于1%,八角茴香的提取率最高,为1.87%,辣椒的提取率最低,为0.08%。
2、植物精油对玉米象成虫和赤拟谷盗成虫表现出不同程度的熏蒸活性。用14.7μL/L浓度处理48h后,有8种植物精油对玉米象有熏蒸作用,6种植物精油对赤拟谷盗有熏蒸作用。薄荷油和留兰香油对玉米象表现出较强的熏杀效果,48h后的熏蒸致死率分别为100%和79.17%。八角茴香油和高良姜油对赤拟谷盗有很强的熏蒸效果,48h后的熏蒸致死率都达到100%。
3、通过进一步熏蒸毒力测定测得,当熏蒸处理玉米象成虫24h、48h和72h时,薄荷油的LC_(50)值分别为11.53μL/L、9.49μL/L和7.93μL/L,留兰香油的LC_(50)值分别为13.43μL/L、11.36μL/L和9.20μL/L;当熏蒸处理赤拟谷盗成虫24h、48h和72h时,八角茴香油的LC_(50)值分别为6.50μL/L、3.70μL/L和3.31μL/L,高良姜油的LC_(50)值分别为10.42μL/L、9.18μL/L和8.01μL/L。
4、添加粮食后,4种精油对试虫仍具有较好的熏蒸作用。装满70%的小麦熏蒸处理7天后,对玉米象成虫薄荷油和留兰香油的LC_(50)值分别为231.50μL/L、268.71μL/L,对赤拟谷盗成虫八角茴香油和高良姜油的LC_(50)值分别为273.10μL/L、294.76μL/L。同一粮食装满度时,随着精油浓度的增加,试虫的校正死亡率逐渐加大。不同粮食装满度时,随着粮食的增加,熏蒸所需要的精油浓度也逐渐增加。从吸着比率来看,小麦对不同精油的吸附率不一样,但小麦占空间体积越大,对精油的吸附就越大。
5、在10℃、18℃、27℃的不同温度条件下,用4种精油熏蒸试虫24h、48h和72h时,随着熏蒸温度的升高,LC_(50)值都呈现下降趋势,在27℃时有最小的LC_(50)值。当温度相同时,随着熏蒸时间的延长,LC_(50)值也都出现逐渐下降的趋势。在27℃熏蒸处理72h后,4种精油对试虫的熏蒸效果最佳。
6、薄荷油和留兰香油中的3种单体对玉米象成虫的熏蒸活性:香芹酮＞柠檬烯＞薄荷醇。熏蒸处理24h后,香芹酮三个浓度的校正死亡率均已达到100%。八角茴香油和高良姜油中的2种单体,反式茴香脑和柠檬烯,对赤拟谷盗成虫都有很好的熏蒸效果。熏蒸处理24h后,反式茴香脑三个浓度的校正死亡率均达到100%。可见,香芹酮、柠檬烯、反式茴香脑是熏蒸杀虫的有效活性成分之一。
This research extracted 8 plant essential oils by steam distillation and tested the fumigant toxic effects of 15 species of essential oils vapours on the adult of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Tribolium castaneum Herbst to select two better plant essential oils respectively.And then under different conditions(i.e.different concentration,adding foodstuff and different temperature) the fumigant toxic effects were studied.Finally fumigant activities of four monomers on the adult of S. zeamais and T.castaneum was tested.The result was as follow:
1.Eight plant materials were extracted by steam distillation to get the oil water mixtures.The mixtures were extracted by the petroleum ether.The petroleum ether extracts were concentrated to get the maximum oils.Result showed that extract rate of the plant essential oils were low by steam distillation and the obtained extract rate presented important differences.The extract rates of only 2 species reached 1%,with a maximum for Illicium verum with 1.87%.The extract rates of the other 6 species were all under 1%,with a minimum for Capsicum annuum with 0.08%.
2.The essential oils presented different fumigant activities on the adult of S. zeamais and T.castaneum.With the fumigant concentration of 14.7μL/L and 48h exposure time,eight plant essential oils had fumigant effects on S.zeamais and six plant essential oils had fumigant effects on T.castaneum.Mentha haplocalyx oil and Mentha spicata oil had better fumigant effects on S.zeamais.At 48h,lethality rate of M.haplocalyx oil had reached 100%mortality,and M.spicata oil values reached 79.17%.Ⅰ.verum oil and Alpinia officinarum oil had stronger fumigant effects on T. castaneum.At 48h,lethality rate of the two oils both reched 100%mortality.
3.More results showed by the fumigant toxicity experiments.After 24h,48h and 72h,values of LC_(50) of M.haplocalyx oil on S.zeamais were respectively 11.53μL/L,9.49μL/L and 7.93μL/L,and values of LC_(50) of M.spicata oil on S. zeamais were respectively 13.43μL/L,11.36μL/L and 9.20μL/L.Values of LC_(50) ofⅠ. verum oil on T.castaneum were respectively 6.50μL/L,3.70μL/L and 3.31μL/L after 24h,48h and 72h,and values of LC_(50) of A.officinarum oil on T.castaneum were respectively 10.42μL/L,9.18μL/L and 8.01μL/L.
4.The four essential oils still had good fumigant effects on the testing insects after adding grain.With 70%grain loading degree and 7 days exposure time,values of LC_(50) of M.haplocalyx oil and M.spicata oil on S.zeamais were 231.50μL/L and 268.71μL/L,and values of LC_(50) ofⅠ.verum oil and A.officinarum oil on T. castaneum were 273.10μL/L and 294.76μL/L.On the condition of same grain loading degree,the mortalities of testing insects increased with the concentrations of essential oils.When the grain loading degree was different,the fumigant concentrations increased with the amount of grain.Adsorption rate of wheat to essential oils were different.The bigger of space volume of wheat,the more adsorption to essential oil.
5.With different temperature(10℃,18℃,27℃),at 24h,48h and 72h expoure periods,the values of LC_(50) of four essential oils presented downtrend along with the increaseing of fumigant temperature,with the minimum value at 27℃.When the temperature is same,the values of LC_(50) decreased with the longer of the exposure time.The four essential oils had best fumigant effects at 27℃72h exposure time.
6.Fumigant activities of three compounds in M.haplocalyx oil and M.spicata oil on the adults of S.zeamais:carvone＞limonene＞menthol.After 24h exposure time,the correct mortalities of carvone with three fumigant concentrations had reached 100%.Two compounds inⅠ.verum oil and A.officinarum oil,transanethole and limonene,had good fumigant effects on adults of T.castaneum.The correct mortalities of trans - anethole with three concentrations had reached 100%. So carvone,limonene and trans - anethole are effectively insecticidal activity component of fumigant.
1、采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取,减压除去溶剂石油醚后,得到8种植物精油。结果表明:用水蒸气蒸馏法提取植物精油的得率不高,不同植物的精油提取率有较大差异。8种植物中,只有2种植物的提取率大于1%,八角茴香的提取率最高,为1.87%,辣椒的提取率最低,为0.08%。
2、植物精油对玉米象成虫和赤拟谷盗成虫表现出不同程度的熏蒸活性。用14.7μL/L浓度处理48h后,有8种植物精油对玉米象有熏蒸作用,6种植物精油对赤拟谷盗有熏蒸作用。薄荷油和留兰香油对玉米象表现出较强的熏杀效果,48h后的熏蒸致死率分别为100%和79.17%。八角茴香油和高良姜油对赤拟谷盗有很强的熏蒸效果,48h后的熏蒸致死率都达到100%。
3、通过进一步熏蒸毒力测定测得,当熏蒸处理玉米象成虫24h、48h和72h时,薄荷油的LC_(50)值分别为11.53μL/L、9.49μL/L和7.93μL/L,留兰香油的LC_(50)值分别为13.43μL/L、11.36μL/L和9.20μL/L;当熏蒸处理赤拟谷盗成虫24h、48h和72h时,八角茴香油的LC_(50)值分别为6.50μL/L、3.70μL/L和3.31μL/L,高良姜油的LC_(50)值分别为10.42μL/L、9.18μL/L和8.01μL/L。
4、添加粮食后,4种精油对试虫仍具有较好的熏蒸作用。装满70%的小麦熏蒸处理7天后,对玉米象成虫薄荷油和留兰香油的LC_(50)值分别为231.50μL/L、268.71μL/L,对赤拟谷盗成虫八角茴香油和高良姜油的LC_(50)值分别为273.10μL/L、294.76μL/L。同一粮食装满度时,随着精油浓度的增加,试虫的校正死亡率逐渐加大。不同粮食装满度时,随着粮食的增加,熏蒸所需要的精油浓度也逐渐增加。从吸着比率来看,小麦对不同精油的吸附率不一样,但小麦占空间体积越大,对精油的吸附就越大。
5、在10℃、18℃、27℃的不同温度条件下,用4种精油熏蒸试虫24h、48h和72h时,随着熏蒸温度的升高,LC_(50)值都呈现下降趋势,在27℃时有最小的LC_(50)值。当温度相同时,随着熏蒸时间的延长,LC_(50)值也都出现逐渐下降的趋势。在27℃熏蒸处理72h后,4种精油对试虫的熏蒸效果最佳。
6、薄荷油和留兰香油中的3种单体对玉米象成虫的熏蒸活性:香芹酮＞柠檬烯＞薄荷醇。熏蒸处理24h后,香芹酮三个浓度的校正死亡率均已达到100%。八角茴香油和高良姜油中的2种单体,反式茴香脑和柠檬烯,对赤拟谷盗成虫都有很好的熏蒸效果。熏蒸处理24h后,反式茴香脑三个浓度的校正死亡率均达到100%。可见,香芹酮、柠檬烯、反式茴香脑是熏蒸杀虫的有效活性成分之一。
This research extracted 8 plant essential oils by steam distillation and tested the fumigant toxic effects of 15 species of essential oils vapours on the adult of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Tribolium castaneum Herbst to select two better plant essential oils respectively.And then under different conditions(i.e.different concentration,adding foodstuff and different temperature) the fumigant toxic effects were studied.Finally fumigant activities of four monomers on the adult of S. zeamais and T.castaneum was tested.The result was as follow:
1.Eight plant materials were extracted by steam distillation to get the oil water mixtures.The mixtures were extracted by the petroleum ether.The petroleum ether extracts were concentrated to get the maximum oils.Result showed that extract rate of the plant essential oils were low by steam distillation and the obtained extract rate presented important differences.The extract rates of only 2 species reached 1%,with a maximum for Illicium verum with 1.87%.The extract rates of the other 6 species were all under 1%,with a minimum for Capsicum annuum with 0.08%.
2.The essential oils presented different fumigant activities on the adult of S. zeamais and T.castaneum.With the fumigant concentration of 14.7μL/L and 48h exposure time,eight plant essential oils had fumigant effects on S.zeamais and six plant essential oils had fumigant effects on T.castaneum.Mentha haplocalyx oil and Mentha spicata oil had better fumigant effects on S.zeamais.At 48h,lethality rate of M.haplocalyx oil had reached 100%mortality,and M.spicata oil values reached 79.17%.Ⅰ.verum oil and Alpinia officinarum oil had stronger fumigant effects on T. castaneum.At 48h,lethality rate of the two oils both reched 100%mortality.
3.More results showed by the fumigant toxicity experiments.After 24h,48h and 72h,values of LC_(50) of M.haplocalyx oil on S.zeamais were respectively 11.53μL/L,9.49μL/L and 7.93μL/L,and values of LC_(50) of M.spicata oil on S. zeamais were respectively 13.43μL/L,11.36μL/L and 9.20μL/L.Values of LC_(50) ofⅠ. verum oil on T.castaneum were respectively 6.50μL/L,3.70μL/L and 3.31μL/L after 24h,48h and 72h,and values of LC_(50) of A.officinarum oil on T.castaneum were respectively 10.42μL/L,9.18μL/L and 8.01μL/L.
4.The four essential oils still had good fumigant effects on the testing insects after adding grain.With 70%grain loading degree and 7 days exposure time,values of LC_(50) of M.haplocalyx oil and M.spicata oil on S.zeamais were 231.50μL/L and 268.71μL/L,and values of LC_(50) ofⅠ.verum oil and A.officinarum oil on T. castaneum were 273.10μL/L and 294.76μL/L.On the condition of same grain loading degree,the mortalities of testing insects increased with the concentrations of essential oils.When the grain loading degree was different,the fumigant concentrations increased with the amount of grain.Adsorption rate of wheat to essential oils were different.The bigger of space volume of wheat,the more adsorption to essential oil.
5.With different temperature(10℃,18℃,27℃),at 24h,48h and 72h expoure periods,the values of LC_(50) of four essential oils presented downtrend along with the increaseing of fumigant temperature,with the minimum value at 27℃.When the temperature is same,the values of LC_(50) decreased with the longer of the exposure time.The four essential oils had best fumigant effects at 27℃72h exposure time.
6.Fumigant activities of three compounds in M.haplocalyx oil and M.spicata oil on the adults of S.zeamais:carvone＞limonene＞menthol.After 24h exposure time,the correct mortalities of carvone with three fumigant concentrations had reached 100%.Two compounds inⅠ.verum oil and A.officinarum oil,transanethole and limonene,had good fumigant effects on adults of T.castaneum.The correct mortalities of trans - anethole with three concentrations had reached 100%. So carvone,limonene and trans - anethole are effectively insecticidal activity component of fumigant.
引文
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