冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统低温风口的设计和实验研究
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摘要
近20年来，改革开放促进了我国的国民经济快速发展，随着城市现代化进程的加快和人民生活水平的提高，民用空调建筑在全国各地的大、中城市如雨后春笋般地耸立起来。空调用电负荷的迅速增加给城市供电电网施加了巨大的压力，特别是峰谷期的用电不均衡现象更为突出，在此背景下，能有效均衡用电峰谷的冰蓄冷技术开始在我国逐渐发展起来。由于单纯的冰蓄冷空调工程的初投资费用较常规空调工程高出许多，而采用冰蓄冷结合低温送风技术则能使初投资费用得以大大降低，甚至可能低于常规空调工程。目前制约低温送风技术在我国发展的主要原因之一就是末端产品几乎全部依赖进口，导致系统投资过高，影响了业主采用冰蓄冷低温送风技术的积极性。因此，引进和消化国外现有产品，自主开发末端产品对促进冰蓄冷低温送风技术在我国的应用具有十分积极的意义。
本文简要回顾了冰蓄冷低温送风技术的发展历史和一些发达国家应用冰蓄冷低温送风技术的近况。介绍了空气射流运动规律及空气射流的参数计算法，分析了在低温送风下可能会带来的一些问题，作为设计低温风口的基本要求，同时参照国外现有的低温送风风口产品，设计出了低温风口样本，并制定了一套详细的试验方案，按照低温送风要求搭建了冰蓄冷低温送风试验台，对低温风口样本进行了实验测试，对实验数据进行了整理和分析，认为所设计的低温风口能够满足低温送风要求。
本文最后对冰蓄冷低温送风系统低温风口的实验研究作了总结，并给出了进一步开展低温风口研究的一些建议。
In recent twenty years, domestic economic in China has developed rapidly due to reform and open-up. With the development of city's modernization and improvement of people's living conditions, more and more buildings equipped with air conditioning systems have emerged in big and medium scale cities all around China. City's electric power supply network has taken heavy burden when air conditioning systems load increases quickly. Furthermore, the imbalanced phenomenon of using electric power becomes evidently especially between peak and valley time. Under this background, ice storage technology which can reduce this kind of phenomenon effectively is developed gradually. The initial cost of "pure" ice storage air conditioning systems was higher than the initial cost of conventional systems, but it can be reduced by using low temperature air supply technology , and the first cost even maybe lower than the first cost of conventional systems. Today this new technology is restricted in China , one of the main reason
is because of high costs of terminal units imported from other countries, and it influences the owner's enthusiasm of using the new technology. Therefore, it has important meaning to introduce in and digest the present cold air diffuser products from foreign countries and do some research on it.
This paper reviews the historical developments of ice storage & cold air distribution technologies and recent situation of using this technology in some developed countries, and also introduces the movement rule and parameter numeration of air flows. Some questions in cold air distribution systems are discussed and will be considered in designing cold air diffusers. Refer to the present cold air diffuser products from foreign countries, we designed some diffusers, and also made a set of detailed experimental scheme. Ice storage & cold air distribution systems lab was built according to the requirements of low temperature air supply. Experimental study on cold air diffusers has been done, and the experimental data was analyzed. The results show that this kind of cold air diffuser can meet the requirements of low temperature air supply.
Finally experimental study on cold air diffuser is summarized, and some suggestions to further study is also given in this paper.
本文简要回顾了冰蓄冷低温送风技术的发展历史和一些发达国家应用冰蓄冷低温送风技术的近况。介绍了空气射流运动规律及空气射流的参数计算法，分析了在低温送风下可能会带来的一些问题，作为设计低温风口的基本要求，同时参照国外现有的低温送风风口产品，设计出了低温风口样本，并制定了一套详细的试验方案，按照低温送风要求搭建了冰蓄冷低温送风试验台，对低温风口样本进行了实验测试，对实验数据进行了整理和分析，认为所设计的低温风口能够满足低温送风要求。
本文最后对冰蓄冷低温送风系统低温风口的实验研究作了总结，并给出了进一步开展低温风口研究的一些建议。
In recent twenty years, domestic economic in China has developed rapidly due to reform and open-up. With the development of city's modernization and improvement of people's living conditions, more and more buildings equipped with air conditioning systems have emerged in big and medium scale cities all around China. City's electric power supply network has taken heavy burden when air conditioning systems load increases quickly. Furthermore, the imbalanced phenomenon of using electric power becomes evidently especially between peak and valley time. Under this background, ice storage technology which can reduce this kind of phenomenon effectively is developed gradually. The initial cost of "pure" ice storage air conditioning systems was higher than the initial cost of conventional systems, but it can be reduced by using low temperature air supply technology , and the first cost even maybe lower than the first cost of conventional systems. Today this new technology is restricted in China , one of the main reason
is because of high costs of terminal units imported from other countries, and it influences the owner's enthusiasm of using the new technology. Therefore, it has important meaning to introduce in and digest the present cold air diffuser products from foreign countries and do some research on it.
This paper reviews the historical developments of ice storage & cold air distribution technologies and recent situation of using this technology in some developed countries, and also introduces the movement rule and parameter numeration of air flows. Some questions in cold air distribution systems are discussed and will be considered in designing cold air diffusers. Refer to the present cold air diffuser products from foreign countries, we designed some diffusers, and also made a set of detailed experimental scheme. Ice storage & cold air distribution systems lab was built according to the requirements of low temperature air supply. Experimental study on cold air diffusers has been done, and the experimental data was analyzed. The results show that this kind of cold air diffuser can meet the requirements of low temperature air supply.
Finally experimental study on cold air diffuser is summarized, and some suggestions to further study is also given in this paper.
引文
[1]Allan T．Kirkpatrick and James S．Elleson编著，汪训昌译．低温送风系统设计指南．1999，中国建筑工业出版社
[2]史钟璋，邢秀强．冰蓄冷空调技术的发展．青岛建筑工程学院学报．Vol．13，No．2，1992
[3]张永铨．蓄能式空调系统．制冷技术．No．3，1996
[4]刘道平．蓄冷技术及其应用现状．暖通空调．No．4：30-33，1995
[5]严德隆，张维君．空调蓄冷应用技术．1997，中国建筑工业出版社
[6]陈光明．日本蓄热空调现状．暖通空调．No．4：33-35，1998
[7]潘雨顺．21世纪冰蓄冷空调技术发展方向探讨．通风与除尘．No．4：24-25，1998
[8]潘雨顺．冰蓄冷在制冷空调中的应用前景与发展趋势．四川制冷．No．1，1997
[9]叶水泉，陈国邦．蓄冷空调技术及其发展．低温工程．No．1：33-39，2001
[10]张永铨．中国蓄冷技术应用的新发展．制冷．No．1：33-37，2000
[11]汪训昌．结合国情，稳步建设蓄冷空调工程．暖通空调．No．5：16-21，1997
[12]潘雨顺．冰蓄冷技术研究现状与广阔的应用前景．制冷学报．No．2：32-39，1996
[13]张永铨．国内外冰蓄冷技术的发展与应用．制冷．5，1999
[14]巨永平，孙志荣．空调工程中的蓄冷技术(一、二)．暖通空调．5、6，1995
[15]方贵银．蓄冷技术在空调系统中的应用．能源工程．No．1：31-36，1998
[16]叶水泉．冰储冷空调应用综述．水利电力施工机械．No．1，2000
[17]胡兴邦，朱华，叶水泉，冯踏青．蓄冷空调系统原理、工程设计及应用．1997，浙江大学出版社
[18]潘雨顺，吴建国，贾燕芳．冰蓄冷低温送风空调技术研究现状与发展优势．低温与特气．Vol．19，No．5：1-4，2001
[19]潘雨顺．关于推广应用冰蓄冷技术的若干问题．通风除尘．No．1：16-19，1996
[20]谷波，孙涛，田树波．蓄冷节能技术发展综述．节能．No．2：6-9，2001
[21]潘家海，张蓉蓉．冰储冷空调和低温送风技术在建行杭州市分行大楼中的应用．水利电力施工机械．21(1)：33-36，2000
[22]杨光，苏夺，周凌云．整体化蓄冰空调设计．暖通空调新技术(4)：108-112，2002
[23]Dorgan, C.E. , and Elleson, J.S. " Cold air distribution. ASHRAE Transactions 94 (3): 2008-2025, 1988.
[24]刘绍基．低温送风技术述评．通风除尘．No2：29-31，1998
[25]潘雨顺，林志远．论当代最优越的空调方式——冰蓄冷低温送风．制冷．Vol．19，No．4，2000
[26]Berglund, L.G.. , and W.S. Cain. Perceived air quality and the thermal
environment. IAQ'89, The Human Condition: Health and Comfort. PP. 93-99, Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1989.
[27]Berglund, L.G.. Comfort benefits for summer air conditioning with ice storage. ASHRAE Transactions 97(1): 843-847. 1991.
[28]Berglund, L. G.. Thermal Comfort with cold air distribution/cold thermal storage. Proc. EPRI Workshop-Advances in Cold Air Distribution Technology. Palo Alto, Calif. : Electric Power Research Institute. 1994.
[29]潘雨顺．论冰蓄冷空调系统的优化设计方法与发展趋势．冷藏技术．No．4：4-6，1997
[30]陆耀庆主编．供暖通风设计手册．1987，中国建筑工业出版社
[31]电子工业部第十设计研究院主编．空气调节设计手册(第二版)．1995，中国建筑工业出版社
[32]周谟仁主编．流体力学 泵与风机(第二版)．1985，中国建筑工业出版社
[33]薛殿华．空气调节．1991，清华大学出版社
[34]Hassani, V., Malmstrom, T., and Kirkpatrick, A. T.. Indoor thermal environment of cold air distribution systems. ASHRAE Transactions 93(4): 1359-1364. 1987
[35]Kirkpatrick, A., and Hassani, V.. Determination of the operational Characteristics of cold air diffusers. EPRI TR-101480. Palo Alto, Calif. :Electric Power Research Institute. 1992.
[36]Miller, P.L. Diffuser selection for cold air distribution systems. EPRI RP2732-20. Palo Alto, Calif. : Electric Power Research Institute. 1990.
[37]Bosman, T.A., and Rask, D.R.. Indoor air quality implications for low supply temperatures. EPRI RP2732-14. Palo Alto, Calif. : Electric Power Research Institute. 1990.
[38]ASHRAE handbook—Fundamentals. Atalnta:American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Inc. 1993.
[39]Engel, J.A., and Kirkpatrick, A.T.. Experimental determination of the airflow performance of a variable-area radial diffuser. ASHRAE Transactions 93(3): 759-769. 1987.
[40]Koestel, A. Jet velocities from radial flow outlets. ASHRAE Transactions 63: 505-526. 1957.
[41]Tuve, G. L. Air velocities in ventilating jets. ASHRAE Transactions 59: 261-282. 1953.
[42]Koestel, A., Hermann, P., and Tuve, G. L.. Comparative study of ventilating jets from various types of outlets. ASHRAE Transactions 56: 459-478. 1950.
[43]ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-1992. Thermal environmental conditions for
humanoccupancy. Atlanta:American Society of Heating , Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineer, Inc. 1992.
[44]Fountain, M.E.. Laboratory studies of the effect of air motion on thermal comfort. ASHRAE Transactions 97(1): 863-873. 1991.
[45]吴喜平，朱哲．低温送风空调室内气流和舒适度的研究．华东电力．Vol8：16-18，2000
[46]Knebel, D.E., and John, D.A.. Cold air distribution,application, and field evaluation of a nozzle-type diffuser. ASHRAE Transactions 93(2): 1337-1348. 1987.
[47]Elleson, J.S.. High-quality air conditioning with cold air distribution. ASHRAE Transactions 91(1): 839-842. 1985.
[48]Elleson, J.S.. Energy use of fan-powered mixing boxes with cold air distribution. ASHRAE Transactions 93(3): 1349-1358. 1987.
[49]程建杰，陈汝东．空调系统的优化——冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统．节能．Vol．6：6-8，1999
[50]Calvin D. Maccracken. Cold air should be jet mixed, not distributed. ASHRAE Transactions 93(1): 1333-1336. 1987.
[51]曾燕琳，蔡德源，刘应清．冰蓄冷空调系统低温送风末端装置的研究．重庆建筑大学学报．Vol．19，No．6：73-77，1997
[52]蔡德源，关彦征，曾燕琳．低温送风系统散流器的性能评价．西南交通大学学报．Vol 37，No．1：85-89，2002
[53]Ying Xiaoer, Chen Yonglin, Ye Shuiquan. Anew type of VAV terminal. International Conference—Energy Storage Cooling Technology, P83-85. Tongji University, P.R. China.2001.
[2]史钟璋，邢秀强．冰蓄冷空调技术的发展．青岛建筑工程学院学报．Vol．13，No．2，1992
[3]张永铨．蓄能式空调系统．制冷技术．No．3，1996
[4]刘道平．蓄冷技术及其应用现状．暖通空调．No．4：30-33，1995
[5]严德隆，张维君．空调蓄冷应用技术．1997，中国建筑工业出版社
[6]陈光明．日本蓄热空调现状．暖通空调．No．4：33-35，1998
[7]潘雨顺．21世纪冰蓄冷空调技术发展方向探讨．通风与除尘．No．4：24-25，1998
[8]潘雨顺．冰蓄冷在制冷空调中的应用前景与发展趋势．四川制冷．No．1，1997
[9]叶水泉，陈国邦．蓄冷空调技术及其发展．低温工程．No．1：33-39，2001
[10]张永铨．中国蓄冷技术应用的新发展．制冷．No．1：33-37，2000
[11]汪训昌．结合国情，稳步建设蓄冷空调工程．暖通空调．No．5：16-21，1997
[12]潘雨顺．冰蓄冷技术研究现状与广阔的应用前景．制冷学报．No．2：32-39，1996
[13]张永铨．国内外冰蓄冷技术的发展与应用．制冷．5，1999
[14]巨永平，孙志荣．空调工程中的蓄冷技术(一、二)．暖通空调．5、6，1995
[15]方贵银．蓄冷技术在空调系统中的应用．能源工程．No．1：31-36，1998
[16]叶水泉．冰储冷空调应用综述．水利电力施工机械．No．1，2000
[17]胡兴邦，朱华，叶水泉，冯踏青．蓄冷空调系统原理、工程设计及应用．1997，浙江大学出版社
[18]潘雨顺，吴建国，贾燕芳．冰蓄冷低温送风空调技术研究现状与发展优势．低温与特气．Vol．19，No．5：1-4，2001
[19]潘雨顺．关于推广应用冰蓄冷技术的若干问题．通风除尘．No．1：16-19，1996
[20]谷波，孙涛，田树波．蓄冷节能技术发展综述．节能．No．2：6-9，2001
[21]潘家海，张蓉蓉．冰储冷空调和低温送风技术在建行杭州市分行大楼中的应用．水利电力施工机械．21(1)：33-36，2000
[22]杨光，苏夺，周凌云．整体化蓄冰空调设计．暖通空调新技术(4)：108-112，2002
[23]Dorgan, C.E. , and Elleson, J.S. " Cold air distribution. ASHRAE Transactions 94 (3): 2008-2025, 1988.
[24]刘绍基．低温送风技术述评．通风除尘．No2：29-31，1998
[25]潘雨顺，林志远．论当代最优越的空调方式——冰蓄冷低温送风．制冷．Vol．19，No．4，2000
[26]Berglund, L.G.. , and W.S. Cain. Perceived air quality and the thermal
environment. IAQ'89, The Human Condition: Health and Comfort. PP. 93-99, Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1989.
[27]Berglund, L.G.. Comfort benefits for summer air conditioning with ice storage. ASHRAE Transactions 97(1): 843-847. 1991.
[28]Berglund, L. G.. Thermal Comfort with cold air distribution/cold thermal storage. Proc. EPRI Workshop-Advances in Cold Air Distribution Technology. Palo Alto, Calif. : Electric Power Research Institute. 1994.
[29]潘雨顺．论冰蓄冷空调系统的优化设计方法与发展趋势．冷藏技术．No．4：4-6，1997
[30]陆耀庆主编．供暖通风设计手册．1987，中国建筑工业出版社
[31]电子工业部第十设计研究院主编．空气调节设计手册(第二版)．1995，中国建筑工业出版社
[32]周谟仁主编．流体力学 泵与风机(第二版)．1985，中国建筑工业出版社
[33]薛殿华．空气调节．1991，清华大学出版社
[34]Hassani, V., Malmstrom, T., and Kirkpatrick, A. T.. Indoor thermal environment of cold air distribution systems. ASHRAE Transactions 93(4): 1359-1364. 1987
[35]Kirkpatrick, A., and Hassani, V.. Determination of the operational Characteristics of cold air diffusers. EPRI TR-101480. Palo Alto, Calif. :Electric Power Research Institute. 1992.
[36]Miller, P.L. Diffuser selection for cold air distribution systems. EPRI RP2732-20. Palo Alto, Calif. : Electric Power Research Institute. 1990.
[37]Bosman, T.A., and Rask, D.R.. Indoor air quality implications for low supply temperatures. EPRI RP2732-14. Palo Alto, Calif. : Electric Power Research Institute. 1990.
[38]ASHRAE handbook—Fundamentals. Atalnta:American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Inc. 1993.
[39]Engel, J.A., and Kirkpatrick, A.T.. Experimental determination of the airflow performance of a variable-area radial diffuser. ASHRAE Transactions 93(3): 759-769. 1987.
[40]Koestel, A. Jet velocities from radial flow outlets. ASHRAE Transactions 63: 505-526. 1957.
[41]Tuve, G. L. Air velocities in ventilating jets. ASHRAE Transactions 59: 261-282. 1953.
[42]Koestel, A., Hermann, P., and Tuve, G. L.. Comparative study of ventilating jets from various types of outlets. ASHRAE Transactions 56: 459-478. 1950.
[43]ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-1992. Thermal environmental conditions for
humanoccupancy. Atlanta:American Society of Heating , Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineer, Inc. 1992.
[44]Fountain, M.E.. Laboratory studies of the effect of air motion on thermal comfort. ASHRAE Transactions 97(1): 863-873. 1991.
[45]吴喜平，朱哲．低温送风空调室内气流和舒适度的研究．华东电力．Vol8：16-18，2000
[46]Knebel, D.E., and John, D.A.. Cold air distribution,application, and field evaluation of a nozzle-type diffuser. ASHRAE Transactions 93(2): 1337-1348. 1987.
[47]Elleson, J.S.. High-quality air conditioning with cold air distribution. ASHRAE Transactions 91(1): 839-842. 1985.
[48]Elleson, J.S.. Energy use of fan-powered mixing boxes with cold air distribution. ASHRAE Transactions 93(3): 1349-1358. 1987.
[49]程建杰，陈汝东．空调系统的优化——冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统．节能．Vol．6：6-8，1999
[50]Calvin D. Maccracken. Cold air should be jet mixed, not distributed. ASHRAE Transactions 93(1): 1333-1336. 1987.
[51]曾燕琳，蔡德源，刘应清．冰蓄冷空调系统低温送风末端装置的研究．重庆建筑大学学报．Vol．19，No．6：73-77，1997
[52]蔡德源，关彦征，曾燕琳．低温送风系统散流器的性能评价．西南交通大学学报．Vol 37，No．1：85-89，2002
[53]Ying Xiaoer, Chen Yonglin, Ye Shuiquan. Anew type of VAV terminal. International Conference—Energy Storage Cooling Technology, P83-85. Tongji University, P.R. China.2001.